Management of male pelvic fracture urethral injuries: Review and current topics

A systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical approaches in pelvic fracture-associated urethral injury in children: Primary endoscopic realignment versus delayed urethroplasty

BACKGROUND

The management of pediatric patients afflicted with pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI) remains a topic of ongoing debate and controversy within the realm of urology. There is persistent discourse concerning the optimal timing for intervention, specifically between immediate primary realignment (PR) and delayed urethroplasty via suprapubic cystostomy (SCDU). This study was undertaken with the objective of conducting a systematic review of the existing body of evidence, with a focus on comparing the outcomes associated with PR and SCDU as interventions for PFUI among pediatric population.

METHODS

A systematic search across databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and Cochrane Library) was conducted without time or language limitations. Both medical subject heading and free text terms as well as variations of keywords were searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), nonrandomized comparative studies and single-arm case series were included. Data were narratively synthesized considering methodological and clinical heterogeneity. The risk of bias of each included study was assessed.

RESULTS

From 1,776 identified articles, 5 studies encompassing 95 PR and 180 SCDU pediatric patients met our eligibility criteria. All studies were non-randomized comparative studies. In general, included studies were of moderately quality. Follow-up durations ranged from 3 to 204 months. Meta-analysis demonstrated that PR and SCDU had similar stricture rates (OR = 0.63, [95 %CI 0.29-1.36], p = 0.24), similar rates of urinary incontinence (OR = 0.65, [95 %CI 0.28-1.48], p = 0.3), and similar rates of ED (OR = 0.59, [95 %CI 0.23-1.53], p = 0.28).

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that primary realignment procedure did not yield superior outcomes in terms of stricture formation, urinary incontinence, and rates of erectile dysfunction compared to SCDU in pediatric populations with PFUI. It is noteworthy that the predominant inclusion of non-randomized retrospective studies in this analysis introduces a potential for bias. Consequently, there is a pressing requirement for further high-quality research, notably prospective studies and randomized controlled trials, to bolster the robustness of the existing evidence base.

Repair of Traumatic Urethral Strictures: La Paz University Hospital Experience

INTRODUCTION

The management of traumatic urethral strictures remains a challenge for urologists. Alteration of the pelvic anatomy and the significant fibrosis generated by the trauma make surgical repair complex. In most cases, the existing defect between the urethral ends is small, and the ideal treatment is end-to-end perineal urethroplasty. Cases of extensive strictures that are left with long gap defects may require the use of different sequential maneuvers to achieve a tension-free anastomosis.

OBJECTIVE

To describe the experience at our center with urethral strictures induced by closed perineal trauma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective analysis of 116 patients who underwent urethroplasty for urethral stricture after blunt perineal trauma at our center between 1965 and 2020 was conducted. Demographic data, date, mechanism of action of the trauma, emergency management, previous urethral interventions, surgical technique carried out in our center, complications, presence of erectile dysfunction, and urinary incontinence were collected.

RESULTS

82 patients (70.7%) presented with pelvic fractures. The most frequent etiology of trauma was traffic accidents (68%), followed by crushing injuries (24%). Suprapubic cystostomy was placed in 50.2% of patients, and urethral realignment was performed in 25.3%. The mean stricture length was 2.2 cm, affecting mostly the membranous urethra (67%). During surgery, it was necessary to perform crural separation in 61.5% and partial pubectomy in 18.8% of the cases. Erectile dysfunction developed after trauma in 40.5% of cases, while new erectile dysfunction was noted in 4.3% of patients after surgery. Surgery was successful in 91.3% of cases, with a median follow-up of 16 (6-47) months.

CONCLUSION

Delayed anastomotic urethroplasty offers a high success rate in traumatic urethral strictures.

Positive Predictive Factors for Urogenital Injuries in Severely Injured Patients with Pelvic and Spinal Fractures: Introducing the UPPS Scoring System

Background and Objectives: Although urogenital injuries are common in severely injured patients, their diagnosis is often delayed. Predicting genitourinary injuries (GUI), especially in the immediate stages post injury, remains a challenge. This study aims to evaluate and determine positive predictive factors for the presence of GUI in polytrauma patients. Subsequently, these factors shall be used to develop an easy-to-use scoring system, deployable directly in the emergency setting. Materials and Methods: This study evaluates all severely injured patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 16 admitted to the emergency departments of two German university hospitals between 2016 and 2020. These patients were retrospectively scanned for injuries of the thoracic and/or lumbar spine and/or the pelvic girdle. Demographic data was analyzed alongside trauma mechanism, type of injuries, mortality, length of hospital stays, surgeries, laboratory results, and urological treatment. Subgroup analysis was performed to compare patients with and without GUIs using t-tests. Conducting a binary logistic regression model, the significant factors were combined to create a scoring system, which was further analyzed for accuracy. Results: In total, 413 patients with an average ISS of 33.8 ± 15.0 were identified, and 47 patients (11.4%) sustained urogenital injuries with an average Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score of 2.3 ± 1.1 (range: 1−5). The severity of the pelvic girdle injury correlated with the presence of urogenital injuries (p = 0.002), while there was no correlation with spinal injuries. Moreover, most GUIs resulted from motorcycle accidents (p < 0.001) and 87.2% of these patients were male. Patients with GUI were significantly more likely to show macrohematuria (p < 0.001) on admission and were more severely injured overall (ISS > 34). There was no significant difference in the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, the days until discharge, or death rates. Conclusions: Factors or circumstances which reliably predict the presence of GUI were found to include the male sex, a motorcycle accident, high severity of pelvic girdle fractures, macrohematuria on admission to the emergency department, and an ISS > 34. With these findings, we introduce the ‘Urotrauma in Polytrauma patients with Pelvic and/or Spinal injuries’ (UPPS) score for easier prediction of GUI in the emergency setting.

Could the bulbar urethral end location on the cystourethrogram predict the outcome after posterior urethroplasty for pelvic fracture urethral injury?

Objectives

To identify cystourethrogram (CUG) findings that independently predict the outcome of posterior urethroplasty (PU) following pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI).

Methods

Findings of CUG included the location of the proximal end of the bulbar urethra in zones A (superficial) or B (deep) according to its relationship with the pubic arch. Others included the presence of pelvic arch fracture, bladder neck, and posterior urethral appearance. The primary outcome was the need for reintervention either endoscopically or by redo urethroplasty. Independent predictors were modeled using a logistic regression model and a nomogram was constructed and internally validated using 100-bootstrap resampling. Time-to-event analysis was performed to validate the results.

Results

A total of 196 procedures in 158 patients were analyzed. The success rate was 83.7% with 32 (16.3%) procedures requiring direct vision internal urethrotomy, urethroplasty, or both in 13 (6.6%), 12 (6.1%), and 7 (3.6%) patients, respectively. On multivariate analysis, bulbar urethral end located at zone B (odds ratio [OR]: 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-8.5; p = 0.02), pubic arch fracture (OR: 3.9; 95%CI: 1.5-9.7; p = 0.003), and previous urethroplasty (OR: 4.2; 95% CI: 1.8-10.1; p = 0.001) were independent predictors. The same predictors were significant in the time-to-event analysis. The nomogram discrimination was 77.3% and 75% in the current data and after validation.

Conclusions

The location of the proximal end of the bulbar urethra and redo urethroplasty could predict the need for reintervention after PU for PFUI. The nomogram could be used preoperatively for patient counseling and procedure planning.

Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the management of male pelvic fracture urethral injury

The management of male pelvic fracture urethral injury remains a urological challenge. Pelvic fracture urethral injury can be associated with sequelae, such as urethral gap, erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence. Delayed anastomotic urethroplasty, the gold standard treatment for urethral gaps caused by pelvic fracture urethral injuries, is technically demanding, and reconstructive urologists should preoperatively obtain as much detailed anatomical information as possible. A combination of antegrade and retrograde urethrography is the fundamental preoperative evaluation, but it cannot accurately assess the urethral gap length, the degree of lateral prostatic displacement, the anatomical relationship of the urethra with its surrounding structures (such as the rectum and dorsal venous complex) or periurethral problems (such as minor fistulae or cavitation). To make up for these limitations of urethrography, magnetic resonance imaging has emerged as a non-invasive, multiplanar and high-resolution modality for the evaluation of pelvic fracture urethral injury. Magnetic resonance imaging has excellent soft-tissue contrast, and can clearly show the urethra and periurethral tissues without the effects of radiation, thus enabling clinicians to anticipate the required ancillary techniques for delayed anastomotic urethroplasty and to predict functional outcomes, such as erectile function and urinary continence, after delayed anastomotic urethroplasty. This review discusses the role of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of pelvic fracture urethral injury and its impact on patient management.

Epidemiologic study of bladder and urethral injury in Korea: A nationwide population-based study

Purpose

We aimed to analyze the characteristics and management of bladder and urethral injuries in Korea by use of the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database.

Materials and Methods

Data from the NHIS database representative of all cases of Korean bladder injury (n=4,631) and urethral injury (n=17,858) reported between 2012 and 2016 were analyzed. We used the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, clinical modification codes to identify the diagnoses.

Results

A total of 491 males (1.97/100,000) and 590 females (2.39/100,000) experienced bladder injury in 2012, and 449 males (1.76/100,000) and 624 females (2.47/100,000) in 2016. The risk of bladder injury was higher in female than in male (hazard ratio [HR], 1.267; p<0.001). The annual incidence of bladder injury did not increase (HR, 0.992; p=0.409). A total of 2,886 (62.3%) patients were managed with conservative treatment, and 1,745 (37.7%) patients underwent surgical treatment. A total of 4,114 males (16.5/100,000) and 285 females (1.2/100,000) had urethral injury in 2012, while 4,465 males (17.5/100,000) and 303 females (1.2/100,000) had urethral injury in 2016. The incidence of urethral injury is increasing annually (HR, 1.010; p=0.036).

Conclusions

The incidence of urethral injury increased continuously over the years studied, whereas that of bladder injury remained unchanged in Korea. The incidence of bladder injury was higher in females, and more than 90% of total urethral injuries were reported in males. This is the first study to evaluate the epidemiology of bladder and urethral injury using a nationwide population database.

[Outcomes of partial pubectomy assisted anastomotic urethroplasty for male patients with pelvic fracture urethral distraction defect]

OBJECTIVE

To summarize the clinical outcomes of partial pubectomy assisted anastomotic urethroplasty for male patients with pelvic fracture urethral distraction defect (PFUDD) and discuss the skills of partial pubectomy.

METHODS

The clinical data of 63 male patients with PFUDD were retrospective reviewed. The procedure of the anastomotic urethroplasty was as follows: (1) circumferentially mobilizing the bulbar urethra; (2) separating the corporal bodies; (3) performing the urethral anastomosis after partial pubectomy and exposure of the healthy two ends of the urethra.

RESULTS

The mean age of the patients was (39.2±15.6) years (range: 15-72 years). The median time between incidents and operation was 15 months (range: 3-240 months) and the mean length of stricture was (3.85±0.91) cm (range: 1.5-5.5 cm). All the patients had undergone suprapubic cystostomy in acute setting. Thirteen patients (20.6%) were re-do cases and the patients who had undergone dilation, direct vision internal urethrotomy (DVIU), and open primary realignment were 22 (34.9%), 8 (12.7%), and 8 (12.7%), respectively. Assisted with partial pubectomy, the anastomotic urethroplasty had been successfully performed in all the patients. The mean time of operation was (160.2±28.1) min (110-210 min), and the mean evaluated blood loss was (261.1±130.3) mL (100-800 mL). There were 3 cases (4.8%) with perioperative blood transfusions. The postoperative complications were bleeding and urinary tract infection, which were controlled conservatively. The mean maximum urine flow rate was (23.7±7.4) mL/s (15.0-48.2 mL/s) after removing the catheters 4 weeks after urethroplasty. The median follow-up was 23 months (12-37 months). The urethroscopy showed 2 cases of stricture recurrences and 1 case of iatrogenic penile urethral stricture due the symptoms of urinary tract infection and decreased urine flow and all of them were successfully managed with dilation.

CONCLUSION

Partial pubectomy can effectively reduce the gap between the ends of the urethra and promote tension-free anastomosis during the anastomotic urethroplsty for patients with PFUDD. The skills of the procedure include good exposure of the anterior surface of pubic symphysis between the separated corporal bodies, carefully mobilizing and securing the deep dorsal vein of the penis, removing the partial pubic bone and the harden scar beneath the pubic bone for good exposure of the proximal urethral end.

Erectile dysfunction and penile rehabilitation after pelvic fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the rate of erectile dysfunction (ED) after pelvic ring fracture (PRF).

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

A systematic literature search of the Cochrane, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science Library databases was conducted in January 2020. Included were original studies performed on humans assessing ED after PRF according to the 5-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire and fracture classification following Young and Burgess, Tile or Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopedic Trauma Association. Furthermore, interventional cohort studies assessing the effect of penile rehabilitation therapy with phosphodiesterase-5-inhibitors (PDE-5-I) on IIEF-5 scores compared before and after treatment were included. Results were presented as forest plots of proportions of patients with ED after PRF or mean changes on IIEF-5 questionnaires before and after penile rehabilitation. Studies not included in the quantitative analysis were narratively summarised. Risk of bias assessment was conducted using the revised tool for the Quality Assessment on Diagnostic Accuracy Studies.

RESULTS

The systematic literature search retrieved 617 articles. Seven articles were included in the qualitative analysis and the meta-analysis. Pooled proportions revealed 37% of patients with ED after suffering any form of PRF (result on probability scale pr=0.37, 95% CI: 0.26 to 0.50). Patients after 3 months of penile rehabilitation therapy reported a higher IIEF-5 score than before (change score=6.5 points, 95% CI: 2.54 to 10.46, p value=0.0013).

CONCLUSION

Despite some heterogeneity and limited high-quality research, this study concludes that patients suffering from any type of PRF have an increased risk of developing ED. Oral intake of PDE-5-I for the purpose of penile rehabilitation therapy increases IIEF-5 scores and may relevantly influence quality-of-life in these patients.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42020169699.

The value of magnetic resonance imaging geometric parameters in pre-assessing the surgical approaches of pelvic fracture urethral injury

Background

To investigate the correlation between the magnetic resonance urethrography and the surgical approach and complexity for the patients with pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI) by combining the geometry with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

Forty-three male patients with PFUI (part of the patients complicated with rectal injury) from January 2016 to December 2018 were analyzed in this retrospective research. All the patients underwent a delayed anastomotic urethroplasty and were divided into 2 groups according to the approaches (simple perineal approach or inferior pubectomy). For magnetic resonance urethrography, we measured and calculated the geometric parameters such as the gap distance between two urethral ends, the pubourethral vertical distance (PUVD), and the rectourethral median distance (RUMD).

Results

Of the 43 patients, 16 underwent inferior pubectomy and 27 underwent simple perineal approach. The numbers of patients with and without rectal injury history were 17 and 26, respectively. The operation time and intraoperative blood loss was significantly higher in the inferior pubectomy group. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that gap distance and PUVD were independent factors of the surgical approaches. The accuracies were 83.7% and 67.4% respectively in the ROC curve analysis. In addition, the RUMD was significantly shorter in the patients with rectal injury history (1.4, 1.8 cm).

Conclusions

Longer gap distance and shorter PUVD were the two independent factors of the inferior pubectomy approach. Furthermore, among the patients with rectal injury history, the tissue posterior to the urethra was often weaker and should be carefully handled during the surgery.

Trial registration

This research has been registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. The registration number is ChiCTR2000030573.

Biodegradable drug-eluting urethral stent in limiting urethral stricture formation after urethral injury: An experimental study in rabbit

In this study, a reproducible urethral injury animal model was developed and the role of the biodegradable drug-eluting urethral stent in limiting urethral stricture formation after urethral injury was evaluated. A total of 22 rabbits were used, and 20 rabbits were randomly chosen to develop urethral injury animal model. Bulbar urethral injury was made by a self-designed explosion device in the 20 rabbits. The urethral injury animal model was then randomly assigned to 2 groups of 10 each, which received a treatment of biodegradable paclitaxel-eluting urethral stent or only end-to-end anastomosis. Other two rabbits served as normal control group. Stents were surgically implanted into the injured urethras of rabbits under direct vision. Reparative effects, including stent degradation, were evaluated by urethroscopy, retrograde urethrography, and histology at different intervals at weeks 4, 8, and 12. In stent-free group, 8 of 10 rabbits developed obvious urethral stricture which was demonstrated by urethroscopy and retrograde urethrography, while in biodegradable paclitaxel-eluting stent group, urethral stricture was absent in all animals (p < 0.05). Histological follow-up indicated that the drug-eluting stents can also minimize the inflammatory reactions and fibrosis formation compared with the stent-free groups. Scanning electron microscope demonstrated that the biodegradable drug-eluting stent can gradually degrade in 12 weeks. The biodegradable paclitaxel-eluting urethral stent is effective in limiting urethral stricture formation after urethral injury.

[Combined transperineal and transpubic urethroplasty for patients with complex male pelvic fracture urethral distraction defect]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the clinical effects and characteristics of combined transperineal and transpubic urethroplasty for patients with complex pelvic fracture urethral distraction defect (PFUDD).

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 17 male patients with complex posterior PFUDD from January 2010 to December 2019. The complications included urethrorectal fistulas in 2 patients (11.8%), urethroperineal fistula in 1 patient (5.9%). Ten patients had undergone previous treatments: dilatation in 3 patients (17.6%), internal urethrotomy in 1 patient, failed urethroplasty in 6 patients (35.3%), of whom 2 patients had two times of failed urethroplasties. All the patients were performed with urethroplasty by combined transperineal and transpubic approach with removing the entire pubic bone followed by the anastomosis.

RESULTS

The mean age of the patients included in this study was 35.5 (range: 21-62) years. The mean length of stricture was 5.5 (range: 4.5-7.0) cm, the mean follow-up was 27 (range: 7-110) months, the mean time of operation was 190 (range: 150-260) min, the mean evaluated blood loss was 460 (range: 200-1 200) mL. There were 5 patients who needed blood transfusion intraoperatively or postoperatively. Wound infection was seen in 4 out of 17 patients and thrombosis of lower extremities in 1 out of 17 patients. The last follow-up showed that the mean postoperative maximum urinary flow rate was 22.7 (range: 15.5-40.7) mL/s. After removing the catheter, one patient presented with decreased urinary flow and symptoms of urinary infection. Cystoscopy showed the recurrent anastomotic stricture, which was cured by internal urethrotomy. In our series, the success rate of the combined transperineal and transpubic urethroplasty was 94.1% (16/17).

CONCLUSION

Combined transperineal and transpubic urtheroplasty can achieve a tension free anastomosis after removing the entire wedge of pubis in some patients with complex PFUDD. However, this procedure should be completed in a regional referral hospital due to the complexity of the operation and the high percentage of complications.