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Du X, Liu H, Tian Z, Zhang S, Shi L, Wang Y, Guo X, Zhang B, Yuan S, Zeng X, Zhang H. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway mediated-cell cycle dysregulation contribute to malignant proliferation of mouse spermatogonia induced by microcystin-leucine arginine. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:343-358. [PMID: 36288207 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental cyanotoxin exposure may be a trigger of testicular cancer. Activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is the critical molecular event in testicular carcinogenesis. As a widespread cyanotoxin, microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is known to induce cell malignant transformation and tumorigenesis. However, the effects of MC-LR on the regulatory mechanism of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in seminoma, the most common testicular tumor, are unknown. In this study, mouse spermatogonia cell line (GC-1) and nude mice were used to investigate the effects and mechanisms of MC-LR on the malignant transformation of spermatogonia by nude mouse tumorigenesis assay, cell migration invasion assay, western blot, and cell cycle assay, and so forth. The results showed that, after continuous exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of MC-LR (20 nM) for 35 generations, the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of GC-1 cells were increased by 120%, 340%, and 370%, respectively. In nude mice, MC-LR-treated GC-1 cells formed tumors with significantly greater volume (0.998 ± 0.768 cm3 ) and weight (0.637 ± 0.406 g) than the control group (0.067 ± 0.039 cm3 ; 0.094 ± 0.087 g) (P < .05). Furthermore, PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its downstream proteins (c-MYC, CDK4, CCND1, and MMP14) activated by MC-LR. Blocking PI3K alleviated MC-LR-induced cell cycle disorder and malignant proliferation, migration and invasive of GC-1 cells. Altogether, our findings suggest that MC-LR can induce malignant transformation of mouse spermatogonia, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-mediated cell cycle dysregulation may be an important target for malignant proliferation. This study provides clues to further reveal the etiology and pathogenesis of seminoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Tian
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linjia Shi
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongshui Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing Guo
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingyu Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shumeng Yuan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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3
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Medvedev KE, Savelyeva AV, Chen KS, Bagrodia A, Jia L, Grishin NV. Integrated Molecular Analysis Reveals 2 Distinct Subtypes of Pure Seminoma of the Testis. Cancer Inform 2022; 21:11769351221132634. [PMID: 36330202 PMCID: PMC9623390 DOI: 10.1177/11769351221132634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are the most common solid malignancy in adolescent and young men, with a rising incidence over the past 20 years. Overall, TGCTs are second in terms of the average life years lost per person dying of cancer, and clinical therapeutics without adverse long-term side effects are lacking. Platinum-based regimens for TGCTs have heterogeneous outcomes even within the same histotype that frequently leads to under- and over-treatment. Understanding of molecular differences that lead to diverse outcomes of TGCT patients may improve current treatment approaches. Seminoma is the most common subtype of TGCTs, which can either be pure or present in combination with other histotypes. Methods Here we conducted a computational study of 64 pure seminoma samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas, applied consensus clustering approach to their transcriptomic data and revealed 2 clinically relevant seminoma subtypes: seminoma subtype 1 and 2. Results Our analysis identified significant differences in pluripotency stage, activity of double stranded DNA breaks repair mechanisms, rates of loss of heterozygosity, and expression of lncRNA responsible for cisplatin resistance between the subtypes. Seminoma subtype 1 is characterized by higher pluripotency state, while subtype 2 showed attributes of reprograming into non-seminomatous TGCT. The seminoma subtypes we identified may provide a molecular underpinning for variable responses to chemotherapy and radiation. Conclusion Translating our findings into clinical care may help improve risk stratification of seminoma, decrease overtreatment rates, and increase long-term quality of life for TGCT survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill E Medvedev
- Department of Biophysics, University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anna V Savelyeva
- Department of Urology, University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth S Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Children’s Medical Center Research
Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aditya Bagrodia
- Department of Urology, University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Urology, University of
California San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Liwei Jia
- Department of Pathology, University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Department of Biophysics, University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University
of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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4
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Tsukahara S, Shiota M, Takamatsu D, Nagakawa S, Matsumoto T, Kiyokoba R, Yagi M, Setoyama D, Noda N, Matsumoto S, Hayashi T, Contreras-Sanz A, Black PC, Inokuchi J, Kohashi K, Oda Y, Uchiumi T, Eto M, Kang D. Cancer genomic profiling identified dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency in bladder cancer promotes sensitivity to gemcitabine. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8535. [PMID: 35595780 PMCID: PMC9122908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a standard therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, genomic alterations associated with chemotherapy sensitivity in MIBC have not been fully explored. This study aimed to investigate the genomic landscape of MIBC in association with the response to chemotherapy and to explore the biological role of genomic alterations. Genomic alterations in MIBC were sequenced by targeted exome sequencing of 409 genes. Gene expression in MIBC tissues was analyzed by western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and RNA microarray. Cellular sensitivity to gemcitabine and gemcitabine metabolite was examined in bladder cancer cells after modulation of candidate gene. Targeted exome sequencing in 20 cases with MIBC revealed various genomic alterations including pathogenic missense mutation of DPYD gene encoding dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD). Conversely, high DPYD and DPD expression were associated with poor response to gemcitabine-containing chemotherapy among patients with MIBC, as well as gemcitabine resistance in bladder cancer cells. DPD suppression rendered cells sensitive to gemcitabine, while DPD overexpression made cells gemcitabine-resistant through reduced activity of the cytotoxic gemcitabine metabolite difluorodeoxycytidine diphosphate. This study revealed the novel role of DPD in gemcitabine metabolism. It has been suggested that DPYD genomic alterations and DPD expression are potential predictive biomarkers in gemcitabine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Tsukahara
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaki Shiota
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Dai Takamatsu
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shohei Nagakawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Kiyokoba
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mikako Yagi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daiki Setoyama
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nozomi Noda
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Hayashi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Peter C Black
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Junichi Inokuchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uchiumi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. .,Department of Health and Science, School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Dongchon Kang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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5
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Kawahara T, Kawai K, Kojima T, Nagumo Y, Sakka S, Kandori S, Negoro H, Mathis BJ, Maruo K, Miura K, Sakamoto N, Shinohara N, Yamashita S, Yonemori K, Kishida T, Ukimura O, Nishimura K, Kobayashi Y, Nishiyama H. Phase II trial of nivolumab monotherapy and biomarker screening in patients with chemo‐refractory germ cell tumors. Int J Urol 2022; 29:741-747. [PMID: 35462438 PMCID: PMC9545636 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Germ cell tumors are highly susceptible to chemotherapy; however, there is a lack of established treatments for consistently relapsing germ cell tumor. Therefore, in this phase II study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of nivolumab for relapsed germ cell tumor. Methods Seventeen adult patients (median age 34 years) with refractory primary germ cell tumor after second‐line or higher chemotherapy were enrolled. Nivolumab was administered over 30 min at 240 mg/body every 2 weeks until disease progression or intolerable adverse event occurrence. The primary endpoint was the overall response rate. Result We performed a biomarker analysis of programmed death ligand‐1 expression and genomic sequencing. Tumor histology revealed nonseminoma and seminoma in 14 and three patients, respectively. Patients were pretreated with a median of three chemotherapy lines, and three patients received high‐dose chemotherapy. The median number of nivolumab doses was 3 (range 2–46). One patient showed a partial response and three showed stable disease. Responses were durable in one patient with a partial response and one patient with stable disease (median 90 and 68 weeks, respectively). Nivolumab was well‐tolerated, with only two Grade 3 adverse events observed. Programmed death ligand‐1 expression was not associated with objective responses. Genomic sequencing revealed a high tumor mutation burden in a patient with a durable partial response. While a small subset of chemorefractory germ cell tumors may respond to nivolumab, programmed death ligand‐1 is unreliable to measure response. Conclusions Tumor mutation burden is a potential biomarker for future testing of germ cell tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawahara
- Department of Urology University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Koji Kawai
- Department of Urology International University of Health and Welfare Narita Chiba Japan
| | - Takahiro Kojima
- Department of Urology University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nagumo
- Department of Urology University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Shotarou Sakka
- Department of Urology University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Shuya Kandori
- Department of Urology University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Negoro
- Department of Urology University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Bryan J Mathis
- International Medical Center University of Tsukuba Affiliated Hospital Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Kazushi Maruo
- Department of Clinical Trial and Clinical Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Koji Miura
- Tsukuba Clinical Research and Development Organization (T‐CReDO), Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Noriaki Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Nobuo Shinohara
- Department of Urology Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Shinichi Yamashita
- Department of Urology Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai Miyagi Japan
| | - Kan Yonemori
- Department of Breast and Medical Oncology National Cancer Center Hospital Chuo‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Takeshi Kishida
- Department of Urology Kanagawa Cancer Center Yokohama Kanagawa Japan
| | - Osamu Ukimura
- Department of Urology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto Kyoto Japan
| | - Kazuo Nishimura
- Department of Urology Osaka International Cancer Institute Osaka Osaka Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Urology Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Okayama Japan
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6
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Gene expression microarray analysis of adult testicular germ cell tumor: a comparison between pure-type seminomas and seminoma components in mixed tumors. Virchows Arch 2021; 479:1177-1186. [PMID: 34347114 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated a genetic evidence of the progression from seminoma to embryonal carcinoma in mixed testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). This process, the "reprogramming" of seminoma cells, is crucial for pathological tumorigenesis and should be kept in mind while designing clinical therapeutic strategies. We hypothesized that a comparison between pure-type seminomas and seminoma components in mixed tumors (mixed-type seminomas) could reveal early changes in the reprogramming process. In the present study, we performed gene expression microarray analysis of six pure-type and six mixed-type seminomas. Hierarchical clustering analysis properly grouped each type of seminomas into a separated cluster. Supervised analysis between pure-type and mixed-type seminomas revealed 154 significantly dysregulated genes (Storey-adjusted q < 0.05). The genes with the highest overexpression in mixed-type seminomas compared with the pure-type seminomas included MT1 isoforms, PRSS8, TSC22D1, and SLC39A4; downregulated genes included DEFB123, LMTK2, and MYRF. Functional annotation analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed that the top-ranked functional categories were related to cellular zinc metabolism and consisted of MT1 isoforms and SLC39A4, the results of which were validated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis. In conclusion, this research provides further evidence that pure and mixed types of seminomas are molecularly different, which may contribute to elucidate the reprogramming mechanism in the progression of TGCTs.
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