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Nemtut DM, Petreanu CA, Ulmeanu R, Rajnoveanu AG, Rajnoveanu RM. Life expectancy in cancer patients with pulmonary thromboembolism: From clinical prognostic biomarkers and paraclinical investigations to therapeutic approaches (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 28:354. [PMID: 39071911 PMCID: PMC11273361 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary embolisms (PEs) are obstructions of the pulmonary arteries by thrombi, which are emboli and they most frequently originate from the deep venous system of the inferior limbs. Emboli can also come from the inferior vena cava, abdominal and pelvic veins, or the upper body venous system from the right atrium or ventricle of the heart. Thrombi can form in situ inside pulmonary arteries as well. A cancer patient is at a higher risk for thromboembolic phenomena given both the oncological pathological context and also due to the associated medical or surgical treatment they receive. PE is a high-risk medical emergency that is associated with an increased risk of early mortality, with sudden death occurring in 25% of patients. The long-term presence of this condition can result in thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. The risk of mortality, both in the acute and long-term, is dependent on the severity of the acute form, the recurrence of the embolism and the associated conditions. The majority of deaths associated with PE can be prevented by early diagnosis. The aim of the present review was to describe the various biological and cellular parameters, together with known paraclinical investigations, to assist in the rapid diagnosis of PE. Mortality in patients with PE and neoplastic conditions may be reduced by initiating anticoagulant treatment as soon as possible. PE may be the first manifestation of an underlying silent malignancy or may represent a complication of an already diagnosed malignancy. Exclusion or confirmation of the diagnosis is of utmost importance to avoid unnecessary anticoagulant treatment associated with a high risk of bleeding or to start immediate anticoagulant treatment if required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cornel Adrian Petreanu
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Pneumology Institute Marius Nasta, Bucharest 050159, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Ulmeanu
- Bronchoscopy Department, North Hospital, Provita Medical Group, Bucharest 020335, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea 410073, Romania
| | - Armand Gabriel Rajnoveanu
- Occupational Medicine Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Mioara Rajnoveanu
- Palliative Medicine Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca 400012, Romania
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Wolff A, Krone P, Maennicke J, Henne J, Oehmcke-Hecht S, Redwanz C, Bergmann-Ewert W, Junghanss C, Henze L, Maletzki C. Prophylaxis with abemaciclib delays tumorigenesis in dMMR mice by altering immune responses and reducing immunosuppressive extracellular vesicle secretion. Transl Oncol 2024; 47:102053. [PMID: 38986222 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib is an FDA-approved agent and induces T-cell-mediated immunity. Previously, we confirmed the therapeutic potential of abemaciclib on mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) tumors in mice. Here, we applied a prophylactic administration/dosage setting using two preclinical mouse models of dMMR-driven cancer. METHODS Mlh1-/- and Msh2loxP/loxP mice received repeated prophylactic applications of abemaciclib mesylate (75 mg/kg bw, per oral) as monotherapy or were left untreated. Blood phenotyping and multiplex cytokine measurements were performed regularly. The tumor microenvironment was evaluated by immunofluorescence and Nanostring-based gene expression profiling. Numbers, size and immune composition and activity of extracellular vesicles (EVs) were studied at the endpoint. FINDINGS Prophylactic abemaciclib-administration delayed tumor development and significantly prolonged overall survival in both mouse strains (Mlh1-/-: 50.0 wks vs. control: 33.9 wks; Msh2loxP/loxP;TgTg(Vil1-cre: 58.4 wks vs. control 44.4 wks). In Mlh1-/- mice, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6) significantly increased, whereas IL-10 and IL-17A decreased. Circulating and splenic exhausted and regulatory T cell numbers were significantly lower in the abemaciclib groups. Deeper analysis of late-onset tumors revealed activation of the Hedgehog and Notch signaling in Mlh1-/- mice, and activation of the MAPK pathway in Msh2loxP/loxP;TgTg(Vil1-cre mice. Still, arising tumors had fewer infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (vs. control). Notably, prophylactic abemaciclib-administration prevented secretion of procoagulant EVs but triggered release of immunomodulatory EVs in Mlh1-/- mice. INTERPRETATION Prophylactic abemaciclib prolongs survival via global immunomodulation. Prophylactic use of abemaciclib should be considered further for individuals with inherited dMMR. FUNDING This work was supported by grants from the German research foundation [DFG grant number: MA5799/2-2] and the Brigitte und Dr. Konstanze Wegener-Stiftung to CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabell Wolff
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III -Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Paula Krone
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III -Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Johanna Maennicke
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III -Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Julia Henne
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III -Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sonja Oehmcke-Hecht
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Caterina Redwanz
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wendy Bergmann-Ewert
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting & Cell Analysis, Laboratory for Clinical Immunology, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Junghanss
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III -Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Larissa Henze
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III -Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Claudia Maletzki
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III -Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Hagan CE, Snyder AG, Headley M, Oberst A. Apoptotic cells promote circulating tumor cell survival and metastasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595217. [PMID: 38826267 PMCID: PMC11142129 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
During tumor progression and especially following cytotoxic therapy, cell death of both tumor and stromal cells is widespread. Despite clinical observations that high levels of apoptotic cells correlate with poorer patient outcomes, the physiological effects of dying cells on tumor progression remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that circulating apoptotic cells robustly enhance tumor cell metastasis to the lungs. Using intravenous metastasis models, we observed that the presence of apoptotic cells, but not cells dying by other mechanisms, supports circulating tumor cell (CTC) survival following arrest in the lung vasculature. Apoptotic cells promote CTC survival by recruiting platelets to the forming metastatic niche. Apoptotic cells externalize the phospholipid phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, which we found increased the activity of the coagulation initiator Tissue Factor, thereby triggering the formation of platelet clots that protect proximal CTCs. Inhibiting the ability of apoptotic cells to induce coagulation by knocking out Tissue Factor, blocking phosphatidylserine, or administering the anticoagulant heparin abrogated the pro-metastatic effect of apoptotic cells. This work demonstrates a previously unappreciated role for apoptotic cells in facilitating metastasis by establishing CTC-supportive emboli, and suggests points of intervention that may reduce the pro-metastatic effect of apoptotic cells. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Zou X, Lei Q, Luo X, Yin J, Chen S, Hao C, Shiyu L, Ma D. Advances in biological functions and applications of apoptotic vesicles. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:260. [PMID: 37749626 PMCID: PMC10519056 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptotic vesicles are extracellular vesicles generated by apoptotic cells that were previously regarded as containing waste or harmful substances but are now thought to play an important role in signal transduction and homeostasis regulation. METHODS In the present review, we reviewed many articles published over the past decades on the subtypes and formation of apoptotic vesicles and the existing applications of these vesicles. RESULTS Apoptotic bodies were once regarded as vesicles released by apoptotic cells, however, apoptotic vesicles are now regarded to include apoptotic bodies, apoptotic microvesicles and apoptotic exosomes, which exhibit variation in terms of biogenesis, sizes and properties. Applications of apoptotic vesicles were first reported long ago, but such reports have been rarer than those of other extracellular vesicles. At present, apoptotic vesicles have been utilized mainly in four aspects, including in direct therapeutic applications, in their engineering as carriers, in their construction as vaccines and in their utilization in diagnosis. CONCLUSION Building on a deeper understanding of their composition and characteristics, some studies have utilized apoptotic vesicles to treat diseases in more novel ways. However, their limitations for clinical translation, such as heterogeneity, have also emerged. In general, apoptotic vesicles have great application potential, but there are still many barriers to overcome in their investigation. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Zou
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China
| | - Qian Lei
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China
| | - Xinghong Luo
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China
| | - Jingyao Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuoling Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China
| | - Chunbo Hao
- Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Liu Shiyu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710032, China.
| | - Dandan Ma
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China.
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In situ generation of micrometer-sized tumor cell-derived vesicles as autologous cancer vaccines for boosting systemic immune responses. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6534. [PMID: 36319625 PMCID: PMC9626595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccine, which can promote tumor-specific immunostimulation, is one of the most important immunotherapeutic strategies and holds tremendous potential for cancer treatment/prevention. Here, we prepare a series of nanoparticles composed of doxorubicin- and tyrosine kinase inhibitor-loaded and hyaluronic acid-coated dendritic polymers (termed HDDT nanoparticles) and find that the HDDT nanoparticles can convert various cancer cells to micrometer-sized vesicles (1.6-3.2 μm; termed HMVs) with ~100% cell-to-HMV conversion efficiency. We confirm in two tumor-bearing mouse models that the nanoparticles can restrain tumor growth, induce robust immunogenic cell death, and convert the primary tumor into an antigen depot by producing HMVs in situ to serve as personalized vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, the HDDT-healed mice show a strong immune memory effect and the HDDT treatment can realize long-term protection against tumor rechallenge. Collectively, the present work provides a general strategy for the preparation of tumor-associated antigen-containing vesicles and the development of personalized cancer vaccines.
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Suprunenko EA, Sazonova EA, Vasiliev AV. Extracellular Vesicles of Pluripotent Stem Cells. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Li M, Liao L, Tian W. Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Apoptotic Cells: An Essential Link Between Death and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:573511. [PMID: 33134295 PMCID: PMC7561711 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.573511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a universal and continuous event during tissue development, restoration, repair, and regeneration. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that apoptosis is essential for the activation of tissue regeneration. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. A striking development in recent years comes from research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from apoptotic cells. During apoptosis, cells secrete vesicles of various sizes containing various components. Apoptotic cell-derived EVs (ApoEVs) have been found to transit to neighboring cells or cells in distant tissues through the circulation. These vesicles could act as containers to transmit the nucleic acid, protein, and lipid signals to target cells. ApoEVs have been shown to promote regeneration in the cardiovascular system, skin, bone, muscle, kidney, etc. Moreover, several specific signaling pathways mediating the anabolic effects of ApoEVs have been classified. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the latest findings on the function of ApoEVs in tissue regeneration and disease prevention. These findings may reveal unexpected clues regarding the regulatory network between cell death and tissue regeneration and suggest novel targets for regenerative medicine. The findings discussed here also raise the question whether and to what extent ApoEVs contribute to embryonic development. This question is all the more urgent because the exact functions of apoptotic events during numerous developmental processes are still largely unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojiao Li
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Macia L, Nanan R, Hosseini-Beheshti E, Grau GE. Host- and Microbiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicles, Immune Function, and Disease Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010107. [PMID: 31877909 PMCID: PMC6982009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are blebs of either plasma membrane or intracellular membranes carrying a cargo of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. EVs are produced by eukaryotic cells both under physiological and pathological conditions. Genetic and environmental factors (diet, stress, etc.) affecting EV cargo, regulating EV release, and consequences on immunity will be covered. EVs are found in virtually all body fluids such as plasma, saliva, amniotic fluid, and breast milk, suggesting key roles in immune development and function at different life stages from in utero to aging. These will be reviewed here. Under pathological conditions, plasma EV levels are increased and exacerbate immune activation and inflammatory reaction. Sources of EV, cells targeted, and consequences on immune function and disease development will be discussed. Both pathogenic and commensal bacteria release EV, which are classified as outer membrane vesicles when released by Gram-negative bacteria or as membrane vesicles when released by Gram-positive bacteria. Bacteria derived EVs can affect host immunity with pathogenic bacteria derived EVs having pro-inflammatory effects of host immune cells while probiotic derived EVs mostly shape the immune response towards tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Macia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (G.E.G.); Tel.: +61-2-8627-6525 (L.M.); +61-2-9036-3260 (G.E.G.)
| | - Ralph Nanan
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Penrith 2751, Australia
| | - Elham Hosseini-Beheshti
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Vascular Immunology Unit, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Georges E. Grau
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Vascular Immunology Unit, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (G.E.G.); Tel.: +61-2-8627-6525 (L.M.); +61-2-9036-3260 (G.E.G.)
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Thrombin Generation and Cancer: Contributors and Consequences. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010100. [PMID: 30654498 PMCID: PMC6356447 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The high occurrence of cancer-associated thrombosis is associated with elevated thrombin generation. Tumour cells increase the potential for thrombin generation both directly, through the expression and release of procoagulant factors, and indirectly, through signals that activate other cell types (including platelets, leukocytes and erythrocytes). Furthermore, cancer treatments can worsen these effects. Coagulation factors, including tissue factor, and inhibitors of coagulation are altered and extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can promote and support thrombin generation, are released by tumour and other cells. Some phosphatidylserine-expressing platelet subsets and platelet-derived EVs provide the surface required for the assembly of coagulation factors essential for thrombin generation in vivo. This review will explore the causes of increased thrombin production in cancer, and the availability and utility of tests and biomarkers. Increased thrombin production not only increases blood coagulation, but also promotes tumour growth and metastasis and as a consequence, thrombin and its contributors present opportunities for treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis and cancer itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J McConnell
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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