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Wan B, Yang Y, Zhang Z. Identification of Differentially Methylated Genes Associated with Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and Their Prognostic Values. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 2023:8405945. [PMID: 36793506 PMCID: PMC9925242 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8405945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogeneous disease comprising histologically defined subtypes among which clear cell RCC (ccRCC) accounts for 70% of all RCC cases. DNA methylation constitutes a main part of the molecular mechanism of cancer evolution and prognosis. In this study, we aim to identify differentially methylated genes related to ccRCC and their prognostic values. Methods The GSE168845 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ccRCC tissues and paired tumor-free kidney tissues. DEGs were submitted to public databases for functional and pathway enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, promoter methylation analysis, and survival correlation analysis. Results In the setting of |log2FC| ≥ 2 and adjusted p value <0.05 during differential expression analysis of the GSE168845 dataset, 1659 DEGs between ccRCC tissues and paired tumor-free kidney tissues were sorted out. The most enriched pathways were "T cell activation" and "cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction." After PPI analysis, 22 hub genes related to ccRCC stood out, among which CD4, PTPRC, ITGB2, TYROBP, BIRC5, and ITGAM exhibited higher methylation levels, and BUB1B, CENPF, KIF2C, and MELK exhibited lower methylation levels in ccRCC tissues compared with paired tumor-free kidney tissues. Among these differentially methylated genes, TYROBP, BIRC5, BUB1B, CENPF, and MELK were significantly correlated with the survival of ccRCC patients (p < 0.001). Conclusion Our study indicates the DNA methylation of TYROBP, BIRC5, BUB1B, CENPF, and MELK may be promising results for the prognosis of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wan
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Jiujiang, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Jiujiang, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Jiujiang, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, China
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Mason HD, McGavern DB. How the immune system shapes neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:733-748. [PMID: 36075783 PMCID: PMC9746609 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a major cause of death and disability worldwide and are influenced by many factors including age, genetics, and injuries. While these diseases are often thought to result from the accumulation and spread of aberrant proteins, recent studies have demonstrated that they can be shaped by the innate and adaptive immune system. Resident myeloid cells typically mount a sustained response to the degenerating CNS, but peripheral leukocytes such as T and B cells can also alter disease trajectories. Here, we review the sometimes-dichotomous roles played by immune cells during neurodegenerative diseases and explore how brain trauma can serve as a disease initiator or accelerant. We also offer insights into how failure to properly resolve a CNS injury might promote the development of a neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah D Mason
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Audrain M, Haure-Mirande JV, Mleczko J, Wang M, Griffin JK, St George-Hyslop PH, Fraser P, Zhang B, Gandy S, Ehrlich ME. Reactive or transgenic increase in microglial TYROBP reveals a TREM2-independent TYROBP-APOE link in wild-type and Alzheimer's-related mice. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 17:149-163. [PMID: 33314529 PMCID: PMC7938663 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Microglial TYROBP (DAP12) is a network hub and driver in sporadic late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). TYROBP is a cytoplasmic adaptor for TREM2 and other receptors, but little is known about its roles and actions in AD. Herein, we demonstrate that endogenous Tyrobp transcription is specifically increased in recruited microglia. Methods Using a novel transgenic mouse overexpressing TYROBP in microglia, we observed a decrease of the amyloid burden and an increase of TAU phosphorylation stoichiometry when crossed with APP/PSEN1 or MAPTP301S mice, respectively. Characterization of these mice revealed Tyrobp‐related modulation of apolipoprotein E (Apoe) transcription. We also showed that Tyrobp and Apoe mRNAs were increased in Trem2‐null microglia recruited around either amyloid beta deposits or a cortical stab injury. Conversely, microglial Apoe transcription was dramatically diminished when Tyrobp was absent. Conclusions Our results provide evidence that TYROBP‐APOE signaling does not require TREM2 and could be an initiating step in establishment of the disease‐associated microglia (DAM) phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Audrain
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Justyna Mleczko
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer K Griffin
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter H St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Fraser
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,National Institute on Aging-Designated Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Research and Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Gao S, Yi Y, Xia G, Yu C, Ye C, Tu F, Shen L, Wang W, Hua C. The characteristics and pivotal roles of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 18:25-35. [PMID: 30408584 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) engagement can directly trigger inflammation or amplify an inflammatory response by synergizing with TLRs or NLRs. Autoimmune diseases are a family of chronic systemic inflammatory disorders. The pivotal role of TREM-1 in inflammation makes it important to explore its immunological effects in autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the structural and functional characteristics of TREM-1. Particularly, we discuss recent findings on TREM-1 pathway regulation in various autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), type 1 diabetes (T1D), and psoriasis. This receptor may potentially be manipulated to alter the inflammatory response to chronic inflammation and possible therapies are explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Gao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yongdong Yi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guojun Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chengyang Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chenmin Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fuyang Tu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Leibin Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wenqian Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Chunyan Hua
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Jay TR, von Saucken VE, Landreth GE. TREM2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:56. [PMID: 28768545 PMCID: PMC5541421 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TREM2 variants have been identified as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Because TREM2 encodes a receptor exclusively expressed on immune cells, identification of these variants conclusively demonstrates that the immune response can play an active role in the pathogenesis of NDDs. These TREM2 variants also confer the highest risk for developing Alzheimer's disease of any risk factor identified in nearly two decades, suggesting that understanding more about TREM2 function could provide key insights into NDD pathology and provide avenues for novel immune-related NDD biomarkers and therapeutics. The expression, signaling and function of TREM2 in NDDs have been extensively investigated in an effort to understand the role of immune function in disease pathogenesis and progression. We provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of TREM2 biology, including new insights into the regulation of TREM2 expression, and TREM2 signaling and function across NDDs. While many open questions remain, the current body of literature provides clarity on several issues. While it is still often cited that TREM2 expression is decreased by pro-inflammatory stimuli, it is now clear that this is true in vitro, but inflammatory stimuli in vivo almost universally increase TREM2 expression. Likewise, while TREM2 function is classically described as promoting an anti-inflammatory phenotype, more than half of published studies demonstrate a pro-inflammatory role for TREM2, suggesting that its role in inflammation is much more complex. Finally, these components of TREM2 biology are applied to a discussion of how TREM2 impacts NDD pathologies and the latest assessment of how these findings might be applied to immune-directed clinical biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R. Jay
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Victoria E. von Saucken
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Gary E. Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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Disease Progression-Dependent Effects of TREM2 Deficiency in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 2017; 37:637-647. [PMID: 28100745 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2110-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an important contributor to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, as underscored by the recent identification of immune-related genetic risk factors for AD, including coding variants in the gene TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2). Understanding TREM2 function promises to provide important insights into how neuroinflammation contributes to AD pathology. However, studies so far have produced seemingly conflicting results, with reports that amyloid pathology can be both decreased and increased in TREM2-deficient AD mouse models. In this study, we unify these previous findings by demonstrating that TREM2 deficiency ameliorates amyloid pathology early, but exacerbates it late in disease progression in the APPPS1-21 mouse model of AD. We also demonstrate that TREM2 deficiency decreases plaque-associated myeloid cell accumulation by reducing cell proliferation, specifically late in pathology. In addition, TREM2 deficiency reduces myeloid cell internalization of amyloid throughout pathology, but decreases inflammation-related gene transcript levels selectively late in disease progression. Together, these results suggest that TREM2 plays distinct functional roles at different stages in AD pathology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder and there are currently no effective treatments that modify disease progression. However, the recent identification of genetic risk factors for AD promises to provide new insight into AD biology and possible new therapeutic targets. Among these risk factors, variants in the gene TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) confer greatly elevated risk for developing the disease. We demonstrate that TREM2 deficiency has opposing effects on AD-related pathologies at early and late stages of disease progression, unifying previous work in the field. In addition, we examine how TREM2 affects the function of the brain immune cell populations in which it is expressed throughout disease progression to understand possible mechanisms underlying its differential impacts on pathology.
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Zhou X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Cipriano P, Xiao B, Zhou W. Inhibition of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 ameliorates experimental autoimmune neuritis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1565-1570. [PMID: 28260057 PMCID: PMC5365016 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a cluster of differentiation 4+ T helper 1 cell-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system and serves as a useful animal model for Guillain‑Barré syndrome. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells‑1 (TREM‑1) is an important receptor involved in sepsis and the innate inflammatory response. Linear plasmid 17 (LP 17) peptide is a competitive antagonist of TREM‑1. To investigate the role of TREM‑1 in EAN, 64 male Lewis rats were randomly divided into four groups: Normal saline, complete Freund's adjuvant, EAN and LP 17. The present study assessed the mRNA expression levels of TREM‑1, tumor necrosis factor‑α and interleukin‑1β in sciatic nerves and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The results demonstrated that inhibiting TREM-1 by administering LP 17 ameliorated symptoms and reduced inflammation in EAN rats. The present study concluded that TREM‑1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of EAN, and that inhibition of TREM-1 may ameliorate EAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central‑South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Neurology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Peter Cipriano
- Department of Radiology, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central‑South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central‑South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Hinshaw SJH, Ogbeifun O, Wandu WS, Lyu C, Shi G, Li Y, Qian H, Gery I. Digoxin Inhibits Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis in Mice, but Causes Severe Retinal Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:1441-7. [PMID: 27028065 PMCID: PMC4821074 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-19040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Digoxin, a major medication for heart disease, was recently reported to have immunosuppressive capacity. Here, we determined the immunosuppressive capacity of digoxin on the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and on related immune responses. METHODS The B10.A mice were immunized with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) and were treated daily with digoxin or vehicle control. On postimmunization day 14, the mouse eyes were examined histologically, while spleen cells were tested for cytokine production in response to IRBP and purified protein derivative. The immunosuppressive activity of digoxin was also tested in vitro, by its capacity to inhibit development of Th1 or Th17 cells. To investigate the degenerative effect of digoxin on the retina, naïve (FVB/N × B10.BR)F1 mice were similarly treated with digoxin and tested histologically and by ERG. RESULTS Treatment with digoxin inhibited the development of EAU, as well as the cellular response to IRBP. Unexpectedly, treatment with digoxin suppressed the production of interferon-γ to a larger extent than the production of interleukin 17. Importantly, digoxin treatment induced severe retinal degeneration, determined by histologic analysis with thinning across all layers of the retina. Digoxin treatment also induced dose-dependent vision loss monitored by ERG on naïve mice without induction of EAU. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of mice with digoxin inhibited the development of EAU and cellular immune response to IRBP. However, the treatment induced severe damage to the retina. Thus, the use of digoxin in humans should be avoided due to its toxicity to the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. H. Hinshaw
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Osato Ogbeifun
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Wambui S. Wandu
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Cancan Lyu
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Guangpu Shi
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Yichao Li
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Haohua Qian
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Igal Gery
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Zhang L, Bell BA, Yu M, Chan CC, Peachey NS, Fung J, Zhang X, Caspi RR, Lin F. Complement anaphylatoxin receptors C3aR and C5aR are required in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:447-54. [PMID: 26394814 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0415-157r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that reagents inhibiting complement activation could be effective in treating T cell mediated autoimmune diseases such as autoimmune uveitis. However, the precise role of the complement anaphylatoxin receptors (C3a and C5a receptors) in the pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis remains elusive and controversial. We induced experimental autoimmune uveitis in mice deficient or sufficient in both C3a and C5a receptors and rigorously compared their retinal phenotype using various imaging techniques, including indirect ophthalmoscopy, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, topical endoscopic fundus imaging, and histopathological analysis. We also assessed retinal function using electroretinography. Moreover, we performed Ag-specific T cell recall assays and T cell adoptive transfer experiments to compare pathogenic T cell activity between wild-type and knockout mice with experimental autoimmune uveitis. These experiments showed that C3a receptor/C5a receptor-deficient mice developed much less severe uveitis than did control mice using all retinal examination methods and that these mice had reduced pathogenic T cell responses. Our data demonstrate that both complement anaphylatoxin receptors are important for the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis, suggesting that targeting these receptors could be a valid approach for treating patients with autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zhang
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brent A Bell
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Minzhong Yu
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Neal S Peachey
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John Fung
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Feng Lin
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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