1
|
Maje Bello A, Chaimongkolnukul K, Poomputsa K, Mekvichitsaeng P, Maprang Roshorm Y. Immunogenicity and immunodominant linear B-cell epitopes of a new DNA-based tetravalent vaccine against four major enteroviruses causing hand, foot, and mouth disease. Vaccine 2024; 42:3733-3743. [PMID: 38705805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) poses a significant public health threat primarily caused by four major enteroviruses: enterovirus 71 (EV71), coxsackieviruses A16, A10, and A6. Broadly protective immune responses are essential for complete protection against these major enteroviruses. In this study, we designed a new tetravalent immunogen for HFMD, validated it in silico, in vivo evaluated the immunogenicity of the DNA-based tetravalent vaccine in mice, and identified immunogenic B-cell and T-cell epitopes. A new tetravalent immunogen, VP1me, was designed based on the chimeric protein and epitope-based vaccine principles. It contains a complete EV71 VP1 protein and six reported neutralizing B-cell epitopes derived from the four major enteroviruses causing HFMD. In silico validation using multiple immunoinformatic tools indicated good attributes of the VP1me immunogen suitable for vaccine development. The VP1me-based DNA vaccine efficiently induced both humoral and cellular immune responses in BALB/cAJcl mice. A combination of in silico prediction and immunoassays enabled the identification of immunogenic linear B-cell and CD8 T-cell epitopes within the VP1me immunogen. Immunodominant linear B-cell epitopes were identified in six regions of VP1me, with one epitope located at the N-terminus of the VP1 protein (aa 9-23) regarded as a novel epitope. Interestingly, some B-cell epitopes could also induce the CD8 T-cell response, suggesting their dual functions in immune stimulation. These results lay the groundwork for further development of VP1me as a new vaccine candidate.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/prevention & control
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Female
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Enterovirus/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus A, Human/genetics
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliyu Maje Bello
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano Nigeria
| | | | - Kanokwan Poomputsa
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand; Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phenjun Mekvichitsaeng
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yaowaluck Maprang Roshorm
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand; Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou J, Zhou Y, Luo K, Liao Q, Zheng W, Gong H, Shi H, Zhao S, Wang K, Qiu Q, Dai B, Ren L, Wang L, Gao L, Xu M, Liu N, Lu W, Zheng N, Chen X, Chen Z, Yang J, Cauchemez S, Yu H. The transfer of maternal antibodies and dynamics of maternal and natural infection-induced antibodies against coxsackievirus A16 in Chinese children 0-13 years of age: a longitudinal cohort study. BMC Med 2022; 20:436. [PMID: 36352415 PMCID: PMC9645321 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02604-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) pathogen, coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), has predominated in several of the last 10 years and caused the largest number of HFMD outbreaks between 2011 and 2018 in China. We evaluated the efficacy of maternal anti-CVA16 antibody transfer via the placenta and explored the dynamics of maternal and natural infection-induced neutralizing antibodies in children. METHODS Two population-based longitudinal cohorts in southern China were studied during 2013-2018. Participants were enrolled in autumn 2013, including 2475 children aged 1-9 years old and 1066 mother-neonate pairs, and followed for 3 years. Blood/cord samples were collected for CVA16-neutralizing antibody detection. The maternal antibody transfer efficacy, age-specific seroprevalence, geometric mean titre (GMT) and immune response kinetics were estimated. RESULTS The average maternal antibody transfer ratio was 0.88 (95% CI 0.80-0.96). Transferred maternal antibody levels declined rapidly (half-life: 2.0 months, 95% CI 1.9-2.2 months). The GMT decayed below the positive threshold (8) by 1.5 months of age. Due to natural infections, it increased above 8 after 1.4 years and reached 32 by 5 years of age, thereafter dropping slightly. Although the average duration of maternal antibody-mediated protection was < 3 months, the duration extended to 6 months on average for mothers with titres ≥ 64. CONCLUSIONS Anti-CVA16 maternal antibodies are efficiently transferred to neonates, but their levels decline quickly. Children aged 0-5 years are the main susceptible population and should be protected by CVA16 vaccination, with the optimal vaccination time between 1.5 months and 1 year of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiwei Luo
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Qiaohong Liao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Gong
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Huilin Shi
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanlu Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Qiu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbing Dai
- Anhua County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yiyang, China
| | - Lingshuang Ren
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Lidong Gao
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Xu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Nuolan Liu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanying Lu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, UMR2000, CNRS, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou Y, Zhou J, Yang J, Qiu Q, Wang L, Yang J, Li Y, Liang L, Cui P, Cheng Y, Zheng W, Shi H, Gong H, Wang K, Zhou C, Chu JJH, Yu H. Comparison of Neutralizing Antibody Response Kinetics in Patients with Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Caused by Coxsackievirus A16 or Enterovirus A71: A Longitudinal Cohort Study of Chinese Children, 2017-2019. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:280-287. [PMID: 35777850 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which is mainly caused by coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) or enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), poses a serious threat to children's health. However, the long-term dynamics of the neutralizing Ab (NAb) response and ideal paired-serum sampling time for serological diagnosis of CVA16-infected HFMD patients were unclear. In this study, 336 CVA16 and 253 EV-A71 PCR-positive HFMD inpatients were enrolled and provided 452 and 495 sera, respectively, for NAb detection. Random-intercept modeling with B-spline was conducted to characterize NAb response kinetics. The NAb titer of CVA16 infection patients was estimated to increase from negative (2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4-3.3) on the day of onset to a peak of 304.8 (95% CI: 233.4-398.3) on day 21 and then remained >64 until 26 mo after onset. However, the NAb response level of EV-A71-infected HFMD patients was much higher than that of CVA16-infected HFMD patients throughout. The geometric mean titer was significantly higher in severe EV-A71-infected patients than in mild patients, with a 2.0-fold (95% CI: 1.4-3.2) increase. When a 4-fold rise in titer was used as the criterion for serological diagnosis of CVA16 and EV-A71 infection, acute-phase serum needs to be collected at 0-5 d, and the corresponding convalescent serum should be respectively collected at 17.4 (95% CI: 9.6-27.4) and 24.4 d (95% CI: 15.3-38.3) after onset, respectively. In conclusion, both CVA16 and EV-A71 infection induce a persistent humoral immune response but have different NAb response levels and paired-serum sampling times for serological diagnosis. Clinical severity can affect the anti-EV-A71 NAb response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianli Yang
- Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Qiu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Junmei Yang
- Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liang
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China; and
| | - Peng Cui
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibing Cheng
- Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Huilin Shi
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Gong
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongchen Zhou
- Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Disease Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Grifoni A, Mahajan S, Sidney J, Martini S, Scheuermann RH, Peters B, Sette A. A survey of known immune epitopes in the enteroviruses strains associated with acute flaccid myelitis. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:923-929. [PMID: 31451291 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are potentially linked to the emergence of Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM), a rare but very serious condition that affects the nervous system. AFM has been associated with coxsackievirus A16, enterovirus A71 (EVA71) and enterovirus D68 (EVD68). Little is known about host-pathogen interactions for these viruses, and whether immune responses may have a protective or immunopathological role in disease presentations. Towards addressing this issue, we used the Immune Epitope Database to assess the known inventory of B and T cell epitopes from enteroviruses, focusing on data related to human hosts. The extent of conservation in areas that are targets of B and T cell immune responses were examined. This analysis sheds light on regions of the enterovirus polypeptide that can be probed to induce a specific or cross-reactive B or T cell the immune response to enteroviruses, with a particular focus on coxsackievirus A16, EVA71 and EVD68. In addition, these analyses reveal the current gap-of-knowledge in the T and B cell immune responses that future studies should aim to address.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Grifoni
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Swapnil Mahajan
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sheridan Martini
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard H Scheuermann
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aw‐Yong KL, NikNadia NMN, Tan CW, Sam I, Chan YF. Immune responses against enterovirus A71 infection: Implications for vaccine success. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2073. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kam Leng Aw‐Yong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Nik Mohd Nasir NikNadia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - I‐Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yee PTI, Poh CL. T Cell Immunity To Enterovirus 71 Infection In Humans And Implications For Vaccine Development. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1143-1152. [PMID: 30123051 PMCID: PMC6097258 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.26450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is one of the major pathogens causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Some strains can lead to neurological disease and fatality in children. Up to date, there is no FDA-approved vaccine to prevent severe HFMD and mortality. Although the inactivated vaccine has advanced to production in China, lack of long-term protection and the requirement of multiple boosters have necessitated the development of other types of vaccines. Recent studies indicate that cellular and not humoral immunity determines the clinical outcome of EV-A71 infections. High levels of cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ tend to correlate with clinical severity in patients with pulmonary edema and encephalitis. The live attenuated vaccine may serve as the preferred choice as it can induce excellent humoral and cellular immunity as well as live-long immunity. Expression of certain HLA alleles such as TNF-α promoter type II (-308 allele), HLA-A33 and HLA-DR17 responses have been linked to severe HFMD. However, the high variability of MHC genes could restrict T cell recognition and be a major obstacle in the design of peptide vaccines. Hence, the development of a T cell universal vaccine (incorporating both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes) that induces broad, multifunctional and cross-reactive CD8+ T cell responses maybe desirable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinn Tsin Isabel Yee
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu L, Li W, Qi G, Liu N, Sheng L, Shang L, Qi B. The immune mechanism of intestinal tract Toll-like receptor in mediating EV71 virus type severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease and the MAPK pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2263-2266. [PMID: 28565836 PMCID: PMC5443248 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological response is thought to play a crucial role in the development of a severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) infection in children, but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study was designed to help in elucidating the immunopathological pathways involved in the disease by quantifying Toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNAs, MAPK factors and cytokine levels in children experiencing the disease. A total of 86 enterovirus 71 (EV71)-infected HFMD children (49 with mild and 27 with severe disease), along with 30 healthy children were involved in the study. Peripheral vein blood samples were collected from each individual, and used to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for mRNA extraction and sera for measuring levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10. The average expression levels of TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR8 mRNA in PBMCs of children with severe HFMD were significantly higher than those in the other children, the lowest values were found in the healthy control group (P<0.05). The expression levels of TLR2 and TLR9 mRNA were not significantly different (P>0.05) among the groups. Additionally, the expression levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 in the serum of the children in the severe group were significantly higher than those in the other two groups, and the lowest values were again found in the control group (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR8 mRNA levels in PBMCs were positively correlated with the TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 levels in the serum (P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression levels of the ERK, JNK and p38 mRNA in PBMCs of children in the severe group were significantly higher than those in the other two groups, with the lowest values being in the control group (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR8 mRNA levels in PBMCs were positively correlated with ERK, JNK and p38 mRNA levels (P<0.05). The results of our study seem to indicate that the high expression levels of TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR8 induced in severe EV71 HFMD regulate the expression of cytokines by MAPK signaling pathway and negatively affect the ability of the organism to resolve the infection. Further studies are needed to test the hypothesis that immuno-modulation would be an effective treatment approach in pediatric cases of severe HFMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Gongjian Qi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Liping Sheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Boxiang Qi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin CH, Wang YB, Chen SH, Hsiung CA, Lin CY. Precise genotyping and recombination detection of Enterovirus. BMC Genomics 2015; 16 Suppl 12:S8. [PMID: 26678286 PMCID: PMC4682392 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-16-s12-s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EV) with different genotypes cause diverse infectious diseases in humans and mammals. A correct EV typing result is crucial for effective medical treatment and disease control; however, the emergence of novel viral strains has impaired the performance of available diagnostic tools. Here, we present a web-based tool, named EVIDENCE (EnteroVirus In DEep conception, http://symbiont.iis.sinica.edu.tw/evidence), for EV genotyping and recombination detection. We introduce the idea of using mixed-ranking scores to evaluate the fitness of prototypes based on relatedness and on the genome regions of interest. Using phylogenetic methods, the most possible genotype is determined based on the closest neighbor among the selected references. To detect possible recombination events, EVIDENCE calculates the sequence distance and phylogenetic relationship among sequences of all sliding windows scanning over the whole genome. Detected recombination events are plotted in an interactive figure for viewing of fine details. In addition, all EV sequences available in GenBank were collected and revised using the latest classification and nomenclature of EV in EVIDENCE. These sequences are built into the database and are retrieved in an indexed catalog, or can be searched for by keywords or by sequence similarity. EVIDENCE is the first web-based tool containing pipelines for genotyping and recombination detection, with updated, built-in, and complete reference sequences to improve sensitivity and specificity. The use of EVIDENCE can accelerate genotype identification, aiding clinical diagnosis and enhancing our understanding of EV evolution.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bengs S, Marttila J, Susi P, Ilonen J. Elicitation of T-cell responses by structural and non-structural proteins of coxsackievirus B4. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:322-330. [PMID: 25381056 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.069062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B4 (CV-B4) belongs to the genus Enterovirus within the family Picornaviridae. To investigate target proteins recognized by T-cells in human enterovirus B infections, virus-encoded structural [VP0 (VP4 and VP2), VP1, VP3] and non-structural (2A, 2B, 2C, 3C and 3D) proteins were expressed and purified in Escherichia coli. Peripheral blood of 19 healthy adult donors was used to create enterovirus-specific T-cell lines by repeated stimulation with CV-B4 cell lysate antigen. T-cell lines responded in individual patterns, and responses to all purified proteins were observed. The most often recognized enteroviral protein was VP0, which is the fusion between the most conserved structural proteins, VP4 and VP2. T-cell responses to VP0 were detected in 15 of the 19 (79 %) donor lines. Non-structural 2C protein was recognized in 11 of the 19 (58 %) lines, and 11 of the 19 (58 %) lines also had a response to 3D protein. Furthermore, responses to other non-structural proteins (2A, 2B and 3C) were also detected. T-cell responses did not correlate clearly to the individual HLA-DR-DQ phenotype or the history of past coxsackie B virus infections of the donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Bengs
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jane Marttila
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Susi
- Biomaterials and Diagnostics Group, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Turku, Finland.,Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|