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Kühnel I, Vogler I, Spreu J, Bonig H, Döring C, Steinle A. The activating receptor NKp65 is selectively expressed by human ILC3 and demarcates ILC3 from mature NK cells. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2250318. [PMID: 38072999 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Innate lymphocytes comprise cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells and tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells (ILC) that are subgrouped according to their cytokine profiles into group 1 ILC (ILC1), ILC2, and ILC3. However, cell surface receptors unambiguously defining or specifically activating such ILC subsets are scarcely known. Here, we report on the physiologic expression of the human activating C-type lectin-like receptor (CTLR) NKp65, a high-affinity receptor for the CTLR keratinocyte-associated C-type lectin (KACL). Tracking rare NKp65 transcripts in human blood, we identify ILC3 to selectively express NKp65. NKp65 expression not only demarcates "bona fide" ILC3 from likewise RORγt-expressing ILC precursors and lymphoid tissue inducer cells but also from mature NK cells which acquire the NKp65-relative NKp80 during a Notch-dependent differentiation from NKp65+ precursor cells. Hence, ILC3 and NK cells mutually exclusively and interdependently express the genetically coupled sibling receptors NKp65 and NKp80. Much alike NKp80, NKp65 promotes cytotoxicity by innate lymphocytes which may become relevant during pathophysiological reprogramming of ILC3. Altogether, we report the selective expression of the activating immunoreceptor NKp65 by ILC3 demarcating ILC3 from mature NK cells and endowing ILC3 with a dedicated immunosensor for the epidermal immune barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Kühnel
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Isabel Vogler
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jessica Spreu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Halvard Bonig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claudia Döring
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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2
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Bláha J, Skálová T, Kalousková B, Skořepa O, Cmunt D, Grobárová V, Pazicky S, Poláchová E, Abreu C, Stránský J, Kovaľ T, Dušková J, Zhao Y, Harlos K, Hašek J, Dohnálek J, Vaněk O. Structure of the human NK cell NKR-P1:LLT1 receptor:ligand complex reveals clustering in the immune synapse. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5022. [PMID: 36028489 PMCID: PMC9418145 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by the human C-type lectin-like receptor, natural killer (NK) cell inhibitory receptor NKR-P1, has a critical role in many immune-related diseases and cancer. C-type lectin-like receptors have weak affinities to their ligands; therefore, setting up a comprehensive model of NKR-P1-LLT1 interactions that considers the natural state of the receptor on the cell surface is necessary to understand its functions. Here we report the crystal structures of the NKR-P1 and NKR-P1:LLT1 complexes, which provides evidence that NKR-P1 forms homodimers in an unexpected arrangement to enable LLT1 binding in two modes, bridging two LLT1 molecules. These interaction clusters are suggestive of an inhibitory immune synapse. By observing the formation of these clusters in solution using SEC-SAXS analysis, by dSTORM super-resolution microscopy on the cell surface, and by following their role in receptor signaling with freshly isolated NK cells, we show that only the ligation of both LLT1 binding interfaces leads to effective NKR-P1 inhibitory signaling. In summary, our findings collectively support a model of NKR-P1:LLT1 clustering, which allows the interacting proteins to overcome weak ligand-receptor affinity and to trigger signal transduction upon cellular contact in the immune synapse. NKR-P1 is an inhibitory receptor on the surface of natural killer cells, and its engagement with the ligand LLT1 on activated monocytes and B cells triggers NK cell self-tolerance and other immunological processes. Here authors set up a comprehensive, structure-based model of NKR-P1-LLT1 interaction that involves NKR-P1 homodimer formation and subsequent bridging of two LLT1 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bláha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic.,EMBL, Hamburg Unit c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tereza Skálová
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Centre, Průmyslová 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Kalousková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Applied Physics - Biophysics group, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ondřej Skořepa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denis Cmunt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Valéria Grobárová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Pazicky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Drive 60, 637551, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edita Poláchová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Celeste Abreu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Stránský
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Centre, Průmyslová 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kovaľ
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Centre, Průmyslová 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Dušková
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Centre, Průmyslová 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK
| | - Jindřich Hašek
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Centre, Průmyslová 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dohnálek
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Centre, Průmyslová 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic.
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3
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Gonçalves-Maia M, Gache Y, Basante M, Cosson E, Salavagione E, Muller M, Bernerd F, Avril MF, Schaub S, Sarasin A, Braud VM, Magnaldo T. NK Cell and Fibroblast-Mediated Regulation of Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma Invasion by CLEC2A Is Compromised in Xeroderma Pigmentosum. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1723-1732. [PMID: 32061658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to invade and disseminate can be affected by components of the surrounding microenvironment. To identify dermal components that regulate the growth of epidermal carcinomas, we studied the genetic disease called xeroderma pigmentosum that bears mutations in genes involved in the nucleotide excision repair of DNA. Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum are more prone to develop cutaneous tumors than the general population and their dermal fibroblasts display the features of dermal cancer-associated fibroblasts, which promote the invasion of keratinocytes. Here, we report that 3-dimensional dermal cultures of fibroblasts from healthy donors but not from patients with xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C express CLEC2A, which is the ligand of the activating NK cell receptor NKp65. A similar loss of CLEC2A was observed in sporadic dermal cancer-associated fibroblasts and upon the culture of fibroblasts with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma-conditioned medium. Using an innovative 3-dimensional organotypic skin culture model that contain NK cells in addition to fibroblasts and squamous cell carcinoma cells, we unveiled a key role of CLEC2A that orchestrates a crosstalk between fibroblasts and NK cells, thereby leading to the control of squamous cell carcinoma invasion. These findings indicate that CLEC2A-expressing dermal fibroblasts play a major role in immune surveillance of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gonçalves-Maia
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, U1081, UMR7284, Nice, France
| | - Yannick Gache
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, U1081, UMR7284, Nice, France
| | - Miguel Basante
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, U1081, UMR7284, Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Estelle Cosson
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, Valbonne, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Emie Salavagione
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, Valbonne, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Margot Muller
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, U1081, UMR7284, Nice, France
| | | | - Marie Françoise Avril
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Cochin, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Schaub
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Alain Sarasin
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, UMR8200, CNRS, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Véronique M Braud
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, Valbonne, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Thierry Magnaldo
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, U1081, UMR7284, Nice, France.
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4
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Neuss S, Bartel Y, Born C, Weil S, Koch J, Behrends C, Hoffmeister M, Steinle A. Cellular Mechanisms Controlling Surfacing of AICL Glycoproteins, Cognate Ligands of the Activating NK Receptor NKp80. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1275-1286. [PMID: 29980609 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AICL glycoproteins are cognate activation-induced ligands of the C-type lectin-like receptor NKp80, which is expressed on virtually all mature human NK cells, and NKp80-AICL interaction stimulates NK cell effector functions such as cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Notably, AICL and NKp80 are encoded by adjacent genes in the NK gene complex and are coexpressed by human NK cells. Whereas AICL is intracellularly retained in resting NK cells, exposure of NK cells to proinflammatory cytokines results in AICL surfacing and susceptibility to NKp80-mediated NK fratricide. In this study, we characterize molecular determinants of AICL glycoproteins that cause intracellular retention, thereby controlling AICL surface expression. Cys87 residing within the C-type lectin-like domain not only ensures stable homodimerization of AICL glycoproteins by disulfide bonding, but Cys87 is also required for efficient cell surface expression of AICL homodimers and essential for AICL-NKp80 interaction. In contrast, cytoplasmic lysines act as negative regulators targeting AICL for proteasomal degradation. One atypical and three conventional N-linked glycosylation sites in the AICL C-type lectin-like domain critically impact maturation and surfacing of AICL, which is strictly dependent on glycosylation of at least one conventional glycosylation site. However, although the extent of conventional N-linked glycosylation positively correlates with AICL surface expression, the atypical glycosylation site impairs AICL surfacing. Stringent control of AICL surface expression by glycosylation is reflected by the pronounced interaction of AICL with calnexin and the impaired AICL expression in calnexin-deficient cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that AICL expression and surfacing are tightly controlled by several independent cellular posttranslational mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Neuss
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yvonne Bartel
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christina Born
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sandra Weil
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Koch
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Behrends
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; and
| | - Meike Hoffmeister
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
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5
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Friede ME, Leibelt S, Dudziak D, Steinle A. Select Clr-g Expression on Activated Dendritic Cells Facilitates Cognate Interaction with a Minor Subset of Splenic NK Cells Expressing the Inhibitory Nkrp1g Receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:983-996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Bauer B, Wotapek T, Zöller T, Rutkowski E, Steinle A. The Activating C-type Lectin-like Receptor NKp65 Signals through a Hemi-immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motif (hemITAM) and Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk). J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3213-3223. [PMID: 28082678 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.759977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NKp65 is an activating human C-type lectin-like receptor (CTLR) triggering cellular cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion upon high-affinity interaction with the cognate CTLR keratinocyte-associated C-type lectin (KACL) selectively expressed by human keratinocytes. Previously, we demonstrated that NKp65-mediated cellular cytotoxicity depends on tyrosine 7, located in a cytoplasmic sequence motif of NKp65 resembling a hemi-immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (hemITAM). HemITAMs have been reported for a few activating myeloid-specific CTLRs, including Dectin-1 and CLEC-2, and consist of a single tyrosine signaling unit preceded by a triacidic motif. Upon receptor engagement, the hemITAM undergoes phosphotyrosinylation and specifically recruits spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), initiating cellular activation. In this study, we addressed the functionality of the putative hemITAM of NKp65. We show that NKp65 forms homodimers and is phosphorylated at the hemITAM-embedded tyrosine 7 upon engagement by antibodies or KACL homodimers. HemITAM phosphotyrosinylation initiates a signaling pathway involving and depending on Syk, leading to cellular activation and natural killer (NK) cell degranulation. However, although NKp65 utilizes Syk for NK cell activation, a physical association of Syk with the NKp65 hemITAM could not be detected, unlike shown previously for the hemITAM of myeloid CTLR. Failure of NKp65 to recruit Syk is not due to an alteration of the triacidic motif, which rather affects the efficiency of hemITAM phosphotyrosinylation. In summary, NKp65 utilizes a hemITAM-like motif for cellular activation that requires Syk, although Syk appears not to be recruited to NKp65.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Bauer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tanja Wotapek
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Zöller
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Emilia Rutkowski
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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7
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Rutkowski E, Leibelt S, Born C, Friede ME, Bauer S, Weil S, Koch J, Steinle A. Clr-a: A Novel Immune-Related C-Type Lectin-like Molecule Exclusively Expressed by Mouse Gut Epithelium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:916-926. [PMID: 27956531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mouse gut epithelium represents a constitutively challenged environment keeping intestinal commensal microbiota at bay and defending against invading enteric pathogens. The complex immunoregulatory network of the epithelial barrier surveillance also involves NK gene complex (NKC)-encoded C-type lectin-like molecules such as NKG2D and Nkrp1 receptors. To our knowledge, in this study, we report the first characterization of the orphan C-type lectin-like molecule Clr-a encoded by the Clec2e gene in the mouse NKC. Screening of a panel of mouse tissues revealed that Clec2e transcripts are restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. Using Clr-a-specific mAb, we characterize Clr-a as a disulfide-linked homodimeric cell surface glycoprotein. Of note, a substantial fraction of Clr-a molecules are retained intracellularly, and analyses of Clr-a/Clr-f hybrids attribute intracellular retention to both the stalk region and parts of the cytoplasmic domain. Combining quantitative PCR analyses with immunofluorescence studies revealed exclusive expression of Clr-a by intestinal epithelial cells and crypt cells throughout the gut. Challenge with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid results in a rapid and strong downregulation of intestinal Clr-a expression in contrast to the upregulation of Clr-f, a close relative of Clr-a, that also is specifically expressed by the intestinal epithelium and acts as a ligand of the inhibitory Nkrp1g receptor. Collectively, we characterize expression of the mouse NKC-encoded glycoprotein Clr-a as strictly associated with mouse intestinal epithelium. Downregulation upon polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid challenge and expression by crypt cells clearly distinguish Clr-a from the likewise intestinal epithelium-restricted Clr-f, pointing to a nonredundant function of these highly related C-type lectin-like molecules in the context of intestinal immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Rutkowski
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Leibelt
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christina Born
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Miriam E Friede
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Weil
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; and.,Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Koch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; and.,Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
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8
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Ortega-Recalde O, Silgado D, Fetiva C, Fonseca DJ, Laissue P. Transcriptomic analysis of skin in a case of ichthyosis Curth-Macklin caused by a KRT1 mutation. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:1372-1375. [PMID: 27518765 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Ortega-Recalde
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Genómica-CIGGUR, Grupo GENIUROS, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - D Silgado
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Genómica-CIGGUR, Grupo GENIUROS, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - C Fetiva
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Genómica-CIGGUR, Grupo GENIUROS, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - D J Fonseca
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Genómica-CIGGUR, Grupo GENIUROS, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - P Laissue
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Genómica-CIGGUR, Grupo GENIUROS, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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