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Lu H, Kong J, Cai S, Huang H, Luo J, Liu L. Hsa_circ_0096157 silencing suppresses autophagy and reduces cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer by weakening the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:703. [PMID: 38822881 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09552-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide, and new diagnostic markers are urgently needed. We aimed to investigate the mechanism by which hsa_circ_0096157 regulates autophagy and cisplatin (DDP) resistance in NSCLC. METHODS A549 cells were treated with DDP (0 μg/mL or 3 μg/mL). Then, the autophagy activator rapamycin (200 nm) was applied to the A549/DDP cells. Moreover, hsa_circ_0096157 and Nrf2 were knocked down, and Nrf2 was overexpressed in A549/DDP cells. The expression of Hsa_circ_0096157, the Nrf2/ARE pathway-related factors Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1, and the autophagy-related factors LC3, Beclin-1, and p62 was evaluated by qRT‒PCR or western blotting. Autophagosomes were detected through TEM. An MTS assay was utilized to measure cell proliferation. The associated miRNA levels were also tested by qRT‒PCR. RESULTS DDP (3 μg/mL) promoted hsa_circ_0096157, LC3 II/I, and Beclin-1 expression and decreased p62 expression. Knocking down hsa_circ_0096157 resulted in the downregulation of LC3 II/I and Beclin-1 expression, upregulation of p62 expression, and decreased proliferation. Rapamycin reversed the effect of interfering with hsa_circ_0096157. Keap1 expression was lower, and Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 expression was greater in the A549/DDP group than in the A549 group. HO-1 expression was repressed after Nrf2 interference. In addition, activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway promoted autophagy in A549/DDP cells. Moreover, hsa_circ_0096157 activated the Nrf2/ARE pathway. The silencing of hsa_circ_0096157 reduced Nrf2 expression by releasing miR-142-5p or miR-548n. Finally, we found that hsa_circ_0096157 promoted A549/DDP cell autophagy by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway. CONCLUSION Knockdown of hsa_circ_0096157 inhibits autophagy and DDP resistance in NSCLC cells by downregulating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huasong Lu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinliang Kong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangqi Cai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
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Wang Y, Chang Z, Ouyang M, Wang K, Gao X, Tang B. Advancing Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Diagnosis Accuracy via Dual Detection Fluorescent Nanoprobes. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6812-6818. [PMID: 38634576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Among the primary threats to human health worldwide, nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a significant factor and is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Due to subtle early symptoms, NSCLC patients are diagnosed at advanced stages, resulting in low survival rates. Herein, novel Au-Se bond nanoprobes (NPs) designed for the specific detection of Calpain-2 (CAPN2) and Human Neutrophil Elastase (HNE), pivotal biomarkers in NSCLC, were developed. The NPs demonstrated exceptional specificity and sensitivity toward CAPN2 and HNE, enabling dual-color fluorescence imaging to distinguish between NSCLC cells and normal lung cells effectively. The NPs' performance was consistent across a wide pH range (6.2 to 8.0), and it exhibited remarkable resistance to biological thiol interference, indicating its robustness in complex physiological environments. These findings suggest the nanoprobe is a promising tool for early NSCLC diagnosis, offering a novel approach for enhancing the accuracy of cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinian Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Edu-cation, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Chang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Edu-cation, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Mingyi Ouyang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Edu-cation, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Keyi Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Edu-cation, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Edu-cation, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Edu-cation, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
- Laoshan Laboratory, 168 Wenhai Middle Rd, Aoshanwei Jimo, Qingdao ,Shandong266237, P. R. China
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Pan N, Zhang Y, Huang M, Liang Z, Gong Y, Chen X, Li Y, Wu C, Huang Z, Sun J. Lysosome-targeted ruthenium(II) complex encapsulated with pluronic ® F-127 induces oncosis in A549 cells. J Biol Inorg Chem 2024; 29:265-278. [PMID: 38189962 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-02039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal complexes with characteristics of unique packaging in nanoparticles and remarkable cancer cell cytotoxicity have emerged as potential alternatives to platinum-based antitumor drugs. Here we report the synthesis, characterization, and antitumor activities of three new Ruthenium complexes that introduce 5-fluorouracil-derived ligands. Notably, encapsulation of one such metal complex, Ru3, within pluronic® F-127 micelles (Ru3-M) significantly enhanced Ru3 cytotoxicity toward A549 cells by a factor of four. To determine the mechanisms underlying Ru3-M cytotoxicity, additional in vitro experiments were conducted that revealed A549 cell treatment with lysosome-targeting Ru3-M triggered oxidative stress, induced mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, and drastically reduced intracellular ATP levels. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Ru3-M killed cells mainly via a non-apoptotic pathway known as oncosis, as evidenced by observed Ru3-M-induced cellular morphological changes including cytosolic flushing, cell swelling, and cytoplasmic vacuolation. In turn, these changes together caused cytoskeletal collapse and activation of porimin and calpain1 proteins with known oncotic functions that distinguished this oncotic process from other cell death processes. In summary, Ru3-M is a potential anticancer agent that kills A549 cells via a novel mechanism involving Ru(II) complex triggering of cell death via oncosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanlian Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, 523059, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Minying Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Zhijun Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yao Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Xide Chen
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523710, China.
| | - Yuling Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Ciling Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Zunnan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design of Dongguan City, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523710, China.
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Dorset SR, Daugaard TF, Larsen TV, Nielsen AL. RGMb impacts partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition and BMP2-Induced ID mRNA expression independent of PD-L2 in nonsmall cell lung cancer cells. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:1799-1812. [PMID: 37434531 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
PD-1/PD-ligand-axis immunotherapy-mediated activation of T-cells for cancer cell elimination is a promising treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the effect of immunotherapy on intracellular signaling pathways in cancer cells still needs further delineation. Repulsive Guidance Molecule b (RGMb), a regulator of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) signaling, interacts with the PD-ligand, PD-L2, at cancer cell membranes. Accordingly, a clarification of the functions of RGMb and its relation to PD-L2 might provide insight into NSCLC cell signaling responses to PD-1/PD-ligand-axis immunotherapy. In this study, the functions of RGMb and PD-L2 were examined using the two NSCLC cell lines HCC827 and A549. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to decrease the expression of RGMb and PD-L2, while lentiviral vectors were used to increase their expression. Downstream effects were examined by RT-qPCR and immunoassays. Ectopic expression of RGMb impacted BMP2-induced expression of ID1 and ID2 messenger RNA (mRNA) independently of PD-L2, while RGMb depletion by CRISPR/Cas9 did not affect the BMP2-mediated induction of ID1, ID2, and ID3 mRNA. However, depletion of RGMb resulted in a partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene expression profile in HCC827 cells, which was not mimicked by PD-L2 depletion. The results show that RGMb is a coregulator of BMP signaling and hence, ID mRNA expression and that RGMb can control the EMT balance in NSCLC cells. However, RGMb appears to exert these functions independently of PD-L2, and accordingly, the PD-1/PD-ligand axis for immune surveillance in NSCLC cells.
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Chen Y, Gong L, Gu P, Hua Y, Sun Y, Ni S, Zhou X, Tang Z. Pan-immune-inflammation and its dynamics: predictors of survival and immune-related adverse events in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving immunotherapy. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:944. [PMID: 37803437 PMCID: PMC10557237 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) is defined by the neutrophil, platelet, monocyte, and lymphocyte counts and is associated with immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy outcomes in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC). However, PIV is dynamic under therapy and its longitudinal assessment may help predict efficacy. This study investigated the impact of baseline PIV and its dynamics on ICI efficacy and its immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The study additionally attempted to understand the biological significance of PIV. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective study analyzed the clinical data of 269 consecutive patients with aNSCLC. PIV was calculated at baseline and at weeks 3-4 to determine its association with overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and irAEs. RESULTS Results revealed that low baseline PIV was positively correlated with the incidence of irAEs. Moreover, a low PIV at baseline was significantly associated with a prolonged PFS (median PFS: 10 vs. 7 months, p = 0.0005) and OS (median OS: 29 vs. 21 months, p < 0.0001). When the PIV at baseline and weeks 3-4 was considered together, its low dynamics correlated with a higher incidence of irAEs (p = 0.001), a longer PFS (median PFS, 9 vs. 6 months, p = 0.012), and a longer OS (median OS; 28 vs. 21 months, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Thus, PIV at baseline and its dynamics are novel and potent predictors of irAEs, PFS, and OS in patients with aNSCLC receiving immunotherapy. Moreover, the PIV dynamics may be an effective, novel surrogate marker to dynamically observe the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Lingyan Gong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Pengyang Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yiwen Hua
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yingfang Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Pharmacy School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Songshi Ni
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Pharmacy School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Putzu C, Canova S, Paliogiannis P, Lobrano R, Sala L, Cortinovis DL, Colonese F. Duration of Immunotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Survivors: A Lifelong Commitment? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030689. [PMID: 36765647 PMCID: PMC9913378 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common human malignancies and the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Novel therapeutic approaches, like targeted therapies against specific molecular alterations and immunotherapy, have revolutionized in the last decade the oncological outcomes in patients affected by non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The advent of immunotherapy for the treatment of NSCLC has significantly improved overall and progression-free survival, as well as the patient's quality of life in comparison to traditional chemotherapy. Currently, it is estimated that long-term survival can be achieved in more than 15% of NSCLC patients treated with immunotherapy. Therefore, the optimal duration of immunotherapy in long survivors needs to be established to avoid overtreatment, side effects, and high costs and at the same time, protect them from potential disease relapse or progression. We performed a narrative review to discuss all the aspects related to the optimal duration of immunotherapy in long survivors with NSCLC. Data regarding the duration of immunotherapy in the most impacting clinical trials were collected, along with data regarding the impact of toxicities, side effects, and costs for healthcare providers. In addition, the two-year immunotherapy scheme in patients who benefit from first-line or subsequent treatment lines are examined, and the need for biomarkers that can predict outcomes during and after immunotherapy cessation in patients affected by NSCLC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Putzu
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital (AOU) of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefania Canova
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Panagiotis Paliogiannis
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology, University Hospital (AOU) of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-07-922-8083
| | - Renato Lobrano
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology, University Hospital (AOU) of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Luca Sala
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Diego Luigi Cortinovis
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Francesca Colonese
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Yuan B, Qin H, Wang Y, Yu H, Teng X, Yang Y, Zou J, Zhang M, Huang W, Wang Y. Identifying key transcription factors and immune infiltration in non-small-cell lung cancer using weighted correlation network and Cox regression analyses. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1112020. [PMID: 37197420 PMCID: PMC10183566 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1112020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers and a significant cause of cancer-related deaths. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85% of all lung cancer cases. Therefore, it is crucial to identify effective diagnostic and therapeutic methods. In addition, transcription factors are essential for eukaryotic cells to regulate their gene expression, and aberrant expression transcription factors are an important step in the process of oncogenesis in NSCLC. Methods Differentially expressed transcription factors between NSCLC and normal tissues by analyzing mRNA profiling from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database program were identified. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and line plot of least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) were performed to find prognosis-related transcription factors. The cellular functions of transcription factors were performed by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, wound healing assay, cell invasion assay in lung cancer cells. Results We identified 725 differentially expressed transcription factors between NSCLC and normal tissues. Three highly related modules for survival were discovered, and transcription factors highly associated with survival were obtained by using WGCNA. Then line plot of LASSO was applied to screen transcription factors related to prognosis and build a prognostic model. Consequently, SETDB2, SNAI3, SCML4, and ZNF540 were identified as prognosis-related transcription factors and validated in multiple databases. The low expression of these hub genes in NSCLC was associated with poor prognosis. The deletions of both SETDB2 and SNAI3 were found to promote proliferation, invasion, and stemness in lung cancer cells. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the proportions of 22 immune cells between the high- and low-score groups. Discussion Therefore, our study identified the transcription factors involved in regulating NSCLC, and we constructed a panel for the prediction of prognosis and immune infiltration to inform the clinical application of transcription factor analysis in the prevention and treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yinuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baowen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hefen Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Teng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunkai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Huang, ; Yan Wang,
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Huang, ; Yan Wang,
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