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Singh K, Mavi AK, Nagar JK, Kumar M, Spalgais S, Nagaraja R, Kumar R. Quantification of Indoor Respirable Suspended Particulate Matters (RSPM) and Asthma in Rural Children of Delhi-NCR. Indian J Pediatr 2023; 90:860-866. [PMID: 36264412 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-022-04355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the exposure of indoor respirable suspended particulate matters (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1) and their association with asthma in children in a rural area of Delhi-NCR. METHODS It was a cross-sectional study. Fifty children with asthma from both biomass fuel users in group A and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuel users in group B households were enrolled along with 50 healthy control subjects. The diagnosis of asthma was done as per the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), 2014. The 24-h levels of PM from all three groups of households were measured and compared. The level of PM with confounding factors like smoking and room occupancy was also compared between the groups. RESULTS The 24-h concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were found significantly higher in the households of group A and group B as opposed to group C (p < 0.001). The number of smokers with a mean pack year and a lack of an exhaust fan was highest in group A and lowest in group C, while diesel and kerosene machines were highest in group B. The PMs were highest in group A even with different confounding factor (p < 0.001). The level of all PM was higher in group B than in group C, despite the presence of both types of fuel in group C households. The level of all PM was highest during the cooking hour. CONCLUSION The level of 24-h PM was highest in group-A households. However, the level of PM was higher in group-B households than group C despite the presence of biomass fuel users in group C. This may be due to the higher number of smokers, poor room-occupancy and lack of exhaust fans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Anil Kumar Mavi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Nagar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sonam Spalgais
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ravishankar Nagaraja
- Department of Biostatistics, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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2
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Li N, Xu C, Xu D, Liu Z, Li N, Chartier R, Chang J, Wang Q, Li Y. Personal exposure to PM 2.5 in different microenvironments and activities for retired adults in two megacities, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161118. [PMID: 36581280 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microenvironmental concentrations and time-activity patterns influence personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). However, the variations and contributions of PM2.5 exposures from various microenvironments (MEs) and activities remain unclear. In this study, gravimetrically corrected real-time personal PM2.5 measurements were collected during routine activities in different MEs from 66 non-smoking retired adults. Exposure data were collected for five consecutive days over two seasons in Nanjing (NJ) and Beijing (BJ), China. Measured PM2.5 concentrations varied substantially both between and within different MEs and activities. The highest average concentrations were observed in restaurants (NJ: mean 192 μg/m3, SD 242 μg/m3; BJ: mean 91 μg/m3, SD 79 μg/m3) and were associated with sources such as passive smoking and cooking emissions. Overall, PM2.5 concentrations in different MEs and activities were moderately to highly correlated with outdoor PM2.5 concentrations (Spearman's r = 0.51-0.97) except in restaurants and during passive smoking. The at-home ME contributed approximately 85 % of the total PM2.5 exposure, corresponding to the participants spending about 87 % of their time there. The majority of household exposures occurred during sleeping, cooking, and other home-based activities. Transportation accounted for <5 % of total exposure. Our results indicate that improving indoor air quality, especially residential indoors, is important to reduce personal exposure to PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chunyu Xu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Dongqun Xu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ning Li
- Nanjing Jiangning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Ryan Chartier
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Junrui Chang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qin Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yunpu Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
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3
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Lim S, Bassey E, Bos B, Makacha L, Varaden D, Arku RE, Baumgartner J, Brauer M, Ezzati M, Kelly FJ, Barratt B. Comparing human exposure to fine particulate matter in low and high-income countries: A systematic review of studies measuring personal PM 2.5 exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155207. [PMID: 35421472 PMCID: PMC7615091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the adverse health effects of air pollution, researchers have advocated for personal exposure measurements whereby individuals carry portable monitors in order to better characterise and understand the sources of people's pollution exposure. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review is to assess the differences in the magnitude and sources of personal PM2.5 exposures experienced between countries at contrasting levels of income. METHODS This review summarised studies that measured participants personal exposure by carrying a PM2.5 monitor throughout their typical day. Personal PM2.5 exposures were summarised to indicate the distribution of exposures measured within each country income category (based on low (LIC), lower-middle (LMIC), upper-middle (UMIC), and high (HIC) income countries) and between different groups (i.e. gender, age, urban or rural residents). RESULTS From the 2259 search results, there were 140 studies that met our criteria. Overall, personal PM2.5 exposures in HICs were lower compared to other countries, with UMICs exposures being slightly lower than exposures measured in LMICs or LICs. 34% of measured groups in HICs reported below the ambient World Health Organisation 24-h PM2.5 guideline of 15 μg/m3, compared to only 1% of UMICs and 0% of LMICs and LICs. There was no difference between rural and urban participant exposures in HICs, but there were noticeably higher exposures recorded in rural areas compared to urban areas in non-HICs, due to significant household sources of PM2.5 in rural locations. In HICs, studies reported that secondhand smoke, ambient pollution infiltrating indoors, and traffic emissions were the dominant contributors to personal exposures. While, in non-HICs, household cooking and heating with biomass and coal were reported as the most important sources. CONCLUSION This review revealed a growing literature of personal PM2.5 exposure studies, which highlighted a large variability in exposures recorded and severe inequalities in geographical and social population subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanon Lim
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Eridiong Bassey
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Brendan Bos
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Liberty Makacha
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; Place Alert Labs, Department of Surveying and Geomatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe; Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Diana Varaden
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Raphael E Arku
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Majid Ezzati
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, UK; Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Benjamin Barratt
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
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4
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Huang Y, Wang J, Chen Y, Chen L, Chen Y, Du W, Liu M. Household PM 2.5 pollution in rural Chinese homes: Levels, dynamic characteristics and seasonal variations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:153085. [PMID: 35038528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Humans generally spend most of their time indoors, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in indoor air can have seriously adverse effects on human health due to the long exposure time. This study conducted field measurements to explore seasonal variations of PM2.5 concentrations in household air by revisiting the same rural homes in southern China and factors influencing indoor PM2.5 concentrations were explored mainly by one-way ANOVA. The PM2.5 concentrations of outdoor, kitchen and living room air were 38.9 ± 12.2, 47.1 ± 20.3 and 50.8 ± 24.1 μg/m3 in summer, respectively, which were 2.3 to 2.9 times lower than those in winter (p < 0.05). The lower indoor PM2.5 pollution in summer was attributed to the transition to clean household energy and better ventilation. Fuel type can significantly affect PM2.5 concentrations in the kitchen, with greater PM2.5 pollution associated with wood combustion than electricity. Our study firstly found mosquito coil emission was an important contributor to PM2.5 in the living room of rural households, which should be investigated further. Dynamic variations of PM2.5 suggested that cooking, heating and mosquito coil emission can rapidly increase indoor PM2.5 concentrations (up to one order of magnitude higher than baseline values), as well as the indoor/outdoor PM2.5 ratios. This study had the first insight of seasonal differences of household PM2.5 in the same rural homes using real-time monitors, confirming the different patterns and characteristics of household PM2.5 pollution in different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jinze Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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5
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Lai A, Lee M, Carter E, Chan Q, Elliott P, Ezzati M, Kelly F, Yan L, Wu Y, Yang X, Zhao L, Baumgartner J, Schauer JJ. Chemical Investigation of Household Solid Fuel Use and Outdoor Air Pollution Contributions to Personal PM 2.5 Exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15969-15979. [PMID: 34817986 PMCID: PMC8655976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In communities with household solid fuel use, transitioning to clean stoves/fuels often results in only moderate reductions in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposures; the chemical composition of those exposures may help explain why. We collected personal exposure (men and women) and outdoor PM2.5 samples in villages in three Chinese provinces (Shanxi, Beijing, and Guangxi) and measured chemical components, including water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), ions, elements, and organic tracers. Source contributions from chemical mass balance modeling (biomass burning, coal combustion, vehicles, dust, and secondary inorganic aerosol) were similar between outdoor and personal PM2.5 samples. Principal component analysis of organic and inorganic components identified analogous sources, including a regional ambient source. Chemical components of PM2.5 exposures did not differ significantly by gender. Participants using coal had higher personal/outdoor (P/O) ratios of coal combustion tracers (picene, sulfate, As, and Pb) than those not using coal, but no such trend was observed for biomass burning tracers (levoglucosan, K+, WSOC). Picene and most levoglucosan P/O ratios exceeded 1 even among participants not using coal and biomass, respectively, indicating substantial indirect exposure to solid fuel emissions from other homes. Contributions of community-level emissions to exposures suggest that meaningful exposure reductions will likely require extensive fuel use changes within communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lai
- Environmental
Chemistry and Technology Program, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Martha Lee
- Department
of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Queenie Chan
- MRC
Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatics,
and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Paul Elliott
- MRC
Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatics,
and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Majid Ezzati
- MRC
Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatics,
and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Frank Kelly
- Department
of Analytical, Environmental, and Forensic Sciences, Kings College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Li Yan
- Department
of Analytical, Environmental, and Forensic Sciences, Kings College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Yangfeng Wu
- Clinical
Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department
of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liancheng Zhao
- Fuwai
Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical
College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Department
of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Institute
for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - James J. Schauer
- Environmental
Chemistry and Technology Program, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Wisconsin
State Laboratory of Hygiene, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53718, United States
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6
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Grajeda LM, Thompson LM, Arriaga W, Canuz E, Omer SB, Sage M, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Bryan JP, McCracken JP. Effectiveness of Gas and Chimney Biomass Stoves for Reducing Household Air Pollution Pregnancy Exposure in Guatemala: Sociodemographic Effect Modifiers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217723. [PMID: 33105825 PMCID: PMC7660060 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Household air pollution (HAP) due to solid fuel use during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes. The real-life effectiveness of clean cooking interventions has been disappointing overall yet variable, but the sociodemographic determinants are not well described. We measured personal 24-h PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) thrice in pregnant women (n = 218) gravimetrically with Teflon filter, impactor, and personal pump setups. To estimate the effectiveness of owning chimney and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves (i.e., proportion of PM2.5 exposure that would be prevented) and to predict subject-specific typical exposures, we used linear mixed-effects models with log (PM2.5) as dependent variable and random intercept for subject. Median (IQR) personal PM2.5 in µg/m3 was 148 (90-249) for open fire, 78 (51-125) for chimney stove, and 55 (34-79) for LPG stoves. Adjusted effectiveness of LPG stoves was greater in women with ≥6 years of education (49% (95% CI: 34, 60)) versus <6 years (26% (95% CI: 5, 42)). In contrast, chimney stove adjusted effectiveness was greater in women with <6 years of education (50% (95% CI: 38, 60)), rural residence (46% (95% CI: 34, 55)) and lowest SES (socio-economic status) quartile (59% (95% CI: 45, 70)) than ≥6 years education (16% (95% CI: 22, 43)), urban (23% (95% CI: -164, 42)) and highest SES quartile (-44% (95% CI: -183, 27)), respectively. A minority of LPG stove owners (12%) and no chimney owner had typical exposure below World Health Organization Air Quality guidelines (35 μg/m3). Although having a cleaner stove alone typically does not lower exposure enough to protect health, understanding sociodemographic determinants of effectiveness may lead to better targeting, implementation, and adoption of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Grajeda
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala; (E.C.); (J.P.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lisa M. Thompson
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - William Arriaga
- Regional Hospital, Ministry of Public Health Social Assistance of Guatemala, Quetzaltenango 09001, Guatemala;
| | - Eduardo Canuz
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala; (E.C.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Saad B. Omer
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Schools of Public Health & Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Michael Sage
- Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA;
| | | | - Joe P. Bryan
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA;
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Central American Regional Office, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala
| | - John P. McCracken
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala; (E.C.); (J.P.M.)
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7
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Gao S, Zhao H, Bai Z, Han B, Xu J, Zhao R, Zhang N, Chen L, Lei X, Shi W, Zhang L, Li P, Yu H. Combined use of principal component analysis and artificial neural network approach to improve estimates of PM 2.5 personal exposure: A case study on older adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138533. [PMID: 32320881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate exposure estimate of the air pollutant PM2.5 is required to evaluate its health impacts in epidemiological studies, due to its adverse effects on human's respiratory and cardiovascular systems. However, traditional personal sampling is time and cost consuming. Thus, modeling techniques are needed to accurately predict the personal exposure level to PM2.5. In this study, a total of 117 older adults over 60 were recruited in Tianjin, a heavily polluted city in northern China, for indoor, outdoor and personal PM2.5 sampling. Eighteen variables which may increase the exposure level of older adults were recorded for artificial neural network (ANN) simulation. Four modeling techniques, including time-integrated activity modeling, Monte Carlo simulation, ANN modeling, and combined use of principal component analysis (PCA) and ANN model, were used to evaluate their ability for predicting real exposure values of PM2.5. The results of traditional time-weighted activity modeling showed the lowest correlation with measured values with R2 of 0.57 and 0.42 in winter and summer, respectively. For Monte Carlo simulation, high correlation was obtained (R2 of 0.93 and 0.92 in winter and summer, respectively) between percentiles of the predicted and the real exposure values. Compared with the simple ANN models, the combined use of PCA and ANN produced the most accurate results with R2 of 0.99 and RMSE lower than 15. Since the information of the input variables for the PCA-ANN model can be obtained from the questionnaire and fixed air quality monitoring sites, this technique shows a great potential in predicting personal exposure level to the air pollutant because no additional concentration measurement is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Gao
- College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Huafa Industrial Share Co., Ltd, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Hong Zhao
- College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Bin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruojie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Lei
- Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Huafa Industrial Share Co., Ltd, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wendong Shi
- Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Huafa Industrial Share Co., Ltd, Zhuhai, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Collage of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Penghui Li
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Energy, North Ryde, Australia
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