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Albecker MA, Trussell GC, Lotterhos KE. A novel analytical framework to quantify co-gradient and countergradient variation. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1521-1533. [PMID: 35545439 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spatial covariance between genotypic and environmental influences on phenotypes (CovGE ) can result in the nonrandom distribution of genotypes across environmental gradients and is a potentially important factor driving local adaptation. However, a framework to quantify the magnitude and significance of CovGE has been lacking. We develop a novel quantitative/analytical approach to estimate and test the significance of CovGE from reciprocal transplant or common garden experiments, which we validate using simulated data. We demonstrate how power to detect CovGE changes over a range of experimental designs. We confirm an inverse relationship between gene-by-environment interactions (GxE) and CovGE , as predicted by first principles, but show how phenotypes can be influenced by both. The metric provides a way to measure how phenotypic plasticity covaries with genetic differentiation and highlights the importance of understanding the dual influences of CovGE and GxE on phenotypes in studies of local adaptation and species' responses to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Albecker
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Trussell
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katie E Lotterhos
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Doinsing JW, Ransangan J. Population dynamics of the tropical oyster Magallana bilineata (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Ostreidae) in Mengkabong Bay, Tuaran, Malaysia. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Krings W, Neumann C, Neiber MT, Kovalev A, Gorb SN. Radular force performance of stylommatophoran gastropods (Mollusca) with distinct body masses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10560. [PMID: 34006949 PMCID: PMC8131350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89892-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The forces exerted by the animal's food processing structures can be important parameters when studying trophic specializations to specific food spectra. Even though molluscs represent the second largest animal phylum, exhibiting an incredible biodiversity accompanied by the establishment of distinct ecological niches including the foraging on a variety of ingesta types, only few studies focused on the biomechanical performance of their feeding organs. To lay a keystone for future research in this direction, we investigated the in vivo forces exerted by the molluscan food gathering and processing structure, the radula, for five stylommatophoran species (Gastropoda). The chosen species and individuals have a similar radular morphology and motion, but as they represent different body mass classes, we were enabled to relate the forces to body mass. Radular forces were measured along two axes using force transducers which allowed us to correlate forces with the distinct phases of radular motion. A radular force quotient, AFQ = mean Absolute Force/bodymass0.67, of 4.3 could be determined which can be used further for the prediction of forces generated in Gastropoda. Additionally, some specimens were dissected and the radular musculature mass as well as the radular mass and dimensions were documented. Our results depict the positive correlation between body mass, radular musculature mass, and exerted force. Additionally, it was clearly observed that the radular motion phases, exerting the highest forces during feeding, changed with regard to the ingesta size: all smaller gastropods rather approached the food by a horizontal, sawing-like radular motion leading to the consumption of rather small food particles, whereas larger gastropods rather pulled the ingesta in vertical direction by radula and jaw resulting in the tearing of larger pieces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencke Krings
- Department of Mammalogy and Palaeoanthropology, Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Charlotte Neumann
- Department of Mammalogy and Palaeoanthropology, Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marco T Neiber
- Department of Animal Diversity, Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kovalev
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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5
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Santos CA, Sonoda GG, Cortez T, Coutinho LL, Andrade SCS. Transcriptome Expression of Biomineralization Genes in Littoraria flava Gastropod in Brazilian Rocky Shore Reveals Evidence of Local Adaptation. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6171147. [PMID: 33720344 PMCID: PMC8070887 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how selection shapes population differentiation and local adaptation in marine species remains one of the greatest challenges in the field of evolutionary biology. The selection of genes in response to environment-specific factors and microenvironmental variation often results in chaotic genetic patchiness, which is commonly observed in rocky shore organisms. To identify these genes, the expression profile of the marine gastropod Littoraria flava collected from four Southeast Brazilian locations in ten rocky shore sites was analyzed. In this first L. flava transcriptome, 250,641 unigenes were generated, and 24% returned hits after functional annotation. Independent paired comparisons between 1) transects, 2) sites within transects, and 3) sites from different transects were performed for differential expression, detecting 8,622 unique differentially expressed genes. Araçá (AR) and São João (SJ) transect comparisons showed the most divergent gene products. For local adaptation, fitness-related differentially expressed genes were chosen for selection tests. Nine and 24 genes under adaptative and purifying selection, respectively, were most related to biomineralization in AR and chaperones in SJ. The biomineralization-genes perlucin and gigasin-6 were positively selected exclusively in the site toward the open ocean in AR, with sequence variants leading to pronounced protein structure changes. Despite an intense gene flow among L. flava populations due to its planktonic larva, gene expression patterns within transects may be the result of selective pressures. Our findings represent the first step in understanding how microenvironmental genetic variation is maintained in rocky shore populations and the mechanisms underlying local adaptation in marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla A Santos
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G Sonoda
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thainá Cortez
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz L Coutinho
- Departamento de Ciência Animal, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sónia C S Andrade
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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6
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Brown AL, Hamman EA, Shima JS, Wares JP, Osenberg CW. Extended phenotypes on coral reefs: cryptic phenotypes modulate coral-vermetid interactions. Ecology 2021; 102:e03215. [PMID: 33010033 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic variation can lead to variation in the strength and outcome of species interactions. Variation in phenotypic traits can arise due to plastic responses to environmental stimuli, underlying genetic variation, or both, and may reflect differences in the focal organism or aspects of the extended phenotype (e.g., associated microbes). We used a reciprocal transplant experiment of Porites corals to evaluate the role of plasticity vs. heritable diversity on phenotypic traits and performance of corals that varied in their prior exposure to vermetid gastropods, an organism known to reduce coral growth and survival. We measured a suite of phenotypic traits associated with coral performance, many of which showed a plastic response to vermetid exposure. Vermetids decreased calcification of corals, increased microbial diversity, and shifted microbial composition. Most traits also showed a signature of previous exposure environment that persisted even when exposure was reversed: i.e., under the same conditions, corals naïve to vermetids had slower calcification rates, thicker tissues, higher Symbiodiniaceae densities, and different microbiomes than corals previously exposed to vermetids. We suggest the phenotypic differences are heritable, as reefs with and without vermetids were comprised of two different mitotypes, that revealed high, consistent genetic variation. Vermetids were only found on the fast-growing coral mitotype that was characterized by thin tissue, and that likely had a history of disturbance. As extended phenotypes can have community impacts, we suggest vermetid, in addition to microbes, are part of the extended community phenotype of these corals. Coral genotypes can establish different reef trajectories, with thin-tissue types more prone to disturbance and subsequent colonization by other species, like vermetids, which can further facilitate the degradation of coral reefs. The effects of the extended phenotype of species likely influence heterogeneity across landscapes as well as temporal differences in community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Brown
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30601, USA.,School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32601, USA
| | - E A Hamman
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30601, USA.,School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70118, USA
| | - J S Shima
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - J P Wares
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30601, USA.,Genetics Department, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30601, USA
| | - C W Osenberg
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30601, USA
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7
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Soleimani-Cheshom M, Alavi-Yeganeh MS, Seyfabadi J, Shahabadi HZ, Wallis G. Morphological plasticity of the Aden Nerite, Nerita adenensis Mienis, 1978 (Gastropoda: Cycloneritida: Neritidae). MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2020.1821424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jafar Seyfabadi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Nur, Iran
| | - Hassan Zadabbas Shahabadi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Chabahar Maritime and Marine Science University, Chabahar, Iran
| | - Graham Wallis
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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8
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Egger C, Neusser TP, Norenburg J, Leasi F, Buge B, Vannozzi A, Cunha RL, Cox CJ, Jörger KM. Uncovering the shell game with barcodes: diversity of meiofaunal Caecidae snails (Truncatelloidea, Caenogastropoda) from Central America. Zookeys 2020; 968:1-42. [PMID: 33005079 PMCID: PMC7511454 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.968.52986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Caecidae is a species-rich family of microsnails with a worldwide distribution. Typical for many groups of gastropods, caecid taxonomy is largely based on overt shell characters. However, identification of species using shell characteristics is problematic due to their rather uniform, tubular shells, the presence of different growth stages, and a high degree of intraspecific variability. In the present study, a first integrative approach to caecid taxonomy is provided using light-microscopic investigation with microsculptural analyses and multi-marker barcoding, in conjunction with molecular species delineation analyses (ABGD, haplotype networks, GMYC, and bPTP). In total 132 specimens of Caecum and Meioceras collected during several sampling trips to Central America were analyzed and delineated into a minimum of 19 species to discuss putative synonyms, and supplement the original descriptions. Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest Meiocerasnitidum and M.cubitatum should be reclassified as Caecum, and the genus Meioceras might present a junior synonym of Caecum. Meiofaunal caecids morphologically resembling C.glabrum from the Northeast Atlantic are a complex of cryptic species with independent evolutionary origins, likely associated with multiple habitat shifts to the mesopsammic environment. Caecuminvisibile Egger & Jörger, sp. nov. is formally described based on molecular diagnostic characters. This first integrative approach towards the taxonomy of Caecidae increases the known diversity, reveals the need for a reclassification of the genus Caecum and serves as a starting point for a barcoding library of the family, thereby enabling further reliable identifications of these taxonomically challenging microsnails in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Egger
- SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 Munich, Germany SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München Munich Germany.,CCMAR, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal Universidade do Algarve Faro Portugal
| | - Timea P Neusser
- LMU Munich, Biocenter, Dept. II, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Jon Norenburg
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA National Museum of Natural History Washington, DC United States of America
| | - Francesca Leasi
- Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Science. University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. 615 McCallie Ave. Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga United States of America
| | - Barbara Buge
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 55 Rue Buffon, 75231 Paris, France Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Paris France
| | - Angelo Vannozzi
- Independent researcher, Via M.L. Longo 8, Rome, Italy Unaffiliated Rome Italy
| | - Regina L Cunha
- CCMAR, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal Universidade do Algarve Faro Portugal
| | - Cymon J Cox
- CCMAR, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal Universidade do Algarve Faro Portugal
| | - Katharina M Jörger
- SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 Munich, Germany SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München Munich Germany
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9
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Vasconcelos J, Sousa R, Tuset VM, Riera R. Island effect in the shell phenotypic plasticity of an intertidal gastropod. ZOOLOGY 2020; 141:125802. [PMID: 32574815 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of shell shape variation in populations of the top shell, Phorcus sauciatus from Madeira Island (NE Atlantic) was analysed as a function of substrate type and wave exposure, using geometric morphometrics. We hypothesized that P. sauciatus shows morphological variations to inhabit contrasting environments. Highly significant differences in shell shape were found depending on both substrate type and coastal exposure. The most marked differences were found between exposed and sheltered environments. Rounded shells in exposed environments may be explained by physiological reasons, since larger muscles are needed to ensure attachment to substrate in areas subject to harsh conditions. On the other side, conically-shaped shells may accommodate a larger body but with a smaller foot, an adaptation to sheltered environments. Slight shape variations were also observed among substrates, mostly in the degree of differentiation of some whorls. Differences could be related to a particular use of habitat and/or to the degree of exposure to water current. These results suggest that P. sauciatus is locally adapted to varying coastal hydrodynamics and may be considered as a good model in studies on adaptations of fauna to certain climate change effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vasconcelos
- Secretaria Regional de Educação, Avenida Zarco, Edifício do Governo Regional, 9004-528, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Casilla 297, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente (MARE), Quinta do Lorde Marina, Sítio da Piedade, 9200-044, Caniçal, Madeira, Portugal.
| | - R Sousa
- Direção de Serviços de Monitorização, Estudos e Investigação do Mar (DSEIMar), Direção Regional do Mar, Avenida do Mar e das Comunidades Madeirenses nº23, 1º andar, 9000-054, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; Observatório Oceânico da Madeira, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (OOM/ARDITI) - Edifício Madeira Tecnopolo, 9020-105, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal.
| | - V M Tuset
- Department of Renewable Marine Resources, Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Passeig Marítim 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - R Riera
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Casilla 297, Concepción, Chile.
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10
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Gienger CM, Dochtermann NA, Tracy CR. Detecting trends in body size: empirical and statistical requirements for intraspecific analyses. Curr Zool 2019; 65:493-497. [PMID: 31616479 PMCID: PMC6784499 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attributing biological explanations to observed ecogeographical and ecological patterns require eliminating potential statistical and sampling artifacts as alternative explanations of the observed patterns. Here, we assess the role of sample size, statistical power, and geographic inclusivity on the general validity and statistical significance of relationships between body size and latitude for 3 well-studied species of turtles. We extend those analyses to emphasize the importance of using statistically robust data in determining macroecological patterns. We examined intraspecific trends in body size with latitude in Chelydra serpentina, Chrysemys picta, and Trachemys scripta using Pearson’s correlations, diagnostic tests for influential points, and resampling. Existing data were insufficient to ascertain a latitudinal trend in body size for C. serpentina or T. scripta. There was a significant relationship for C. picta, however, resampling analyses show that, on average, 16 of the 23 available independent populations were needed to demonstrate a significant relationship and that at least 20 of 23 populations were required to obtain a statistically powerful correlation between body size and latitude. Furthermore, restricting the latitudes of populations resampled shows that body size trends of C. picta were largely due to leveraging effects of populations at the edge of the species range. Our results suggest that broad inferences regarding ecological trends in body size should be made with caution until underlying (intraspecific) patterns in body size can be statistically and conclusively demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gienger
- Department of Biology, Center of Excellence for Field Biology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN, USA
- Address correspondence to C. M. Gienger. E-mail:
| | - Ned A Dochtermann
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - C Richard Tracy
- Department of Biology, Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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11
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Ma L, Liu P, Su S, Luo LG, Zhao WG, Ji X. Life-history consequences of local adaptation in lizards: Takydromus wolteri (Lacertidae) as a model organism. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lai-Gao Luo
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Ge Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Evolutionary lineages of marine snails identified using molecular phylogenetics and geometric morphometric analysis of shells. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 127:626-637. [PMID: 29913310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between morphology and inheritance is of perennial interest in evolutionary biology and palaeontology. Using three marine snail genera Penion, Antarctoneptunea and Kelletia, we investigate whether systematics based on shell morphology accurately reflect evolutionary lineages indicated by molecular phylogenetics. Members of these gastropod genera have been a taxonomic challenge due to substantial variation in shell morphology, conservative radular and soft tissue morphology, few known ecological differences, and geographical overlap between numerous species. Sampling all sixteen putative taxa identified across the three genera, we infer mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA phylogenetic relationships within the group, and compare this to variation in adult shell shape and size. Results of phylogenetic analysis indicate that each genus is monophyletic, although the status of some phylogenetically derived and likely more recently evolved taxa within Penion is uncertain. The recently described species P. lineatus is supported by genetic evidence. Morphology, captured using geometric morphometric analysis, distinguishes the genera and matches the molecular phylogeny, although using the same dataset, species and phylogenetic subclades are not identified with high accuracy. Overall, despite abundant variation, we find that shell morphology accurately reflects genus-level classification and the corresponding deep phylogenetic splits identified in this group of marine snails.
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13
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Minton R, Hart KC, Fiorillo R, Brown C. Correlates of snail shell variation along a unidirectional freshwater gradient in Lithasia geniculata (Haldeman, 1840) (Caenogastropoda: Pleuroceridae) from the Duck River, Tennessee, USA. FOLIA MALACOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.12657/folmal.026.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Zdelar M, Mullin F, Cheung C, Yousif M, Baltaretu B, Stone JR. Pollution-, temperature- and predator-induced responses in phenotypically plastic gastropod shell traits. MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2017.1358587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Zdelar
- Department of Biology and The Origins Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Fiona Mullin
- Department of Biology and The Origins Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Carmen Cheung
- Department of Biology and The Origins Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mariam Yousif
- Department of Biology and The Origins Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bianca Baltaretu
- Department of Biology and The Origins Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J. R. Stone
- Department of Biology and The Origins Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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15
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Abstract
Arms races between predators and prey may be driven by two related processes—escalation and coevolution. Escalation is enemy-driven evolution. In this top-down view of an arms race, the role of prey (with the exception of dangerous prey) is downplayed. In coevolution, two or more species change reciprocally in response to one another; prey are thought to drive the evolution of their predator, and vice versa. In the fossil record, the two processes are most reliably distinguished when the predator-prey system is viewed within the context of the other species that may influence the interaction, thus allowing for a relative ranking of the importance of selective agents. Detailed documentation of the natural history of living predator-prey systems is recommended in order to distinguish the processes in some fossil systems. A geographic view of species interactions and the processes driving their evolution may lead to a more diverse array of testable hypotheses on how predator-prey systems evolve and what constraints interactions impose on the evolution of organisms. Scale is important in evaluating the role of escalation and coevolution in the evolution of species interactions. If short-term reciprocal adaptation (via phenotypic plasticity or selection mosaics among populations) between predator and prey is a common process, then prey are likely to exert some selective pressure over their predators over the short term (on ecological time scales), but in the long run predators may still exert primary “top-down” control in directing evolution. On the scale of evolutionary time, predators of large effect likely control the overall directionality of evolution due to the inequalities of predator and prey in control of resources.
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16
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Faria J, Martins GM, Pita A, Ribeiro PA, Hawkins SJ, Presa P, Neto AI. Disentangling the genetic and morphological structure of Patella candei complex in Macaronesia (NE Atlantic). Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6125-6140. [PMID: 28861219 PMCID: PMC5574786 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of natural living resources for human consumption has triggered serious changes in the balance of ecosystems. In the archipelagos of Macaronesia (NE Atlantic), limpets have been extensively exploited probably since islands were first colonized. This has led to profound consequences in the dynamics of rocky shore communities. The Patella candei complex includes various subspecies of limpets that are ascribed to a particular archipelago and has been the focus of several taxonomic surveys without much agreement. Under a conservational perspective, we apply morphometric and genetic analyses to test subspecies boundaries in P. candei and to evaluate its current population connectivity throughout Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, and Canaries). A highly significant genetic break between archipelagos following isolation by distance was detected (FST = 0.369, p < .001). Contrastingly, significant genetic differentiation among islands (i.e., Azores) was absent possibly indicating ongoing gene flow via larval exchange between populations. Significant shell‐shape differences among archipelagos were also detected using both distance‐based and geometric morphometric analyses. Adaptive processes associated with niche differentiation and strong barriers to gene flow among archipelagos may be the mechanisms underlying P. candei diversification in Macaronesia. Under the very probable assumption that populations of P. candei from each archipelago are geographically and/or ecologically isolated populations, the various subspecies within the P. candei complex may be best thought of as true species using the denomination: P. candei in Selvagens, Patella gomesii in Azores, Patella ordinaria in Madeira, and Patella crenata for Canaries. This would be in agreement with stock delimitation and units of conservation of P. candei sensu latu along Macaronesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Faria
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group Department of Biology University of Azores Ponta Delgada São Miguel, Azores Portugal
| | - Gustavo M Martins
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group Department of Biology University of Azores Ponta Delgada São Miguel, Azores Portugal
| | - Alfonso Pita
- Faculty of Marine Sciences - ECIMAT Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources University of Vigo Vigo Spain.,Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton Waterfront Campus University of Southampton Southampton UK
| | - Pedro A Ribeiro
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre and IMAR - Institute of Marine Research Department of Oceanography and Fisheries University of the Azores Horta Portugal
| | - Stephen J Hawkins
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton Waterfront Campus University of Southampton Southampton UK.,The Laboratory Marine Biological Association of UK Plymouth UK
| | - Pablo Presa
- Faculty of Marine Sciences - ECIMAT Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources University of Vigo Vigo Spain
| | - Ana I Neto
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group Department of Biology University of Azores Ponta Delgada São Miguel, Azores Portugal
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17
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Hughes AR, Hanley TC, Byers JE, Grabowski JH, Malek JC, Piehler MF, Kimbro DL. Genetic by environmental variation but no local adaptation in oysters ( Crassostrea virginica). Ecol Evol 2016; 7:697-709. [PMID: 28116064 PMCID: PMC5243187 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional trait variation within and across populations can strongly influence population, community, and ecosystem processes, but the relative contributions of genetic vs. environmental factors to this variation are often not clear, potentially complicating conservation and restoration efforts. For example, local adaptation, a particular type of genetic by environmental (G*E) interaction in which the fitness of a population in its own habitat is greater than in other habitats, is often invoked in management practices, even in the absence of supporting evidence. Despite increasing attention to the potential for G*E interactions, few studies have tested multiple populations and environments simultaneously, limiting our understanding of the spatial consistency in patterns of adaptive genetic variation. In addition, few studies explicitly differentiate adaptation in response to predation from other biological and environmental factors. We conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment of first‐generation eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) juveniles from six populations across three field sites spanning 1000 km in the southeastern Atlantic Bight in both the presence and absence of predation to test for G*E variation in this economically valuable and ecologically important species. We documented significant G*E variation in survival and growth, yet there was no evidence for local adaptation. Condition varied across oyster cohorts: Offspring of northern populations had better condition than offspring from the center of our region. Oyster populations in the southeastern Atlantic Bight differ in juvenile survival, growth, and condition, yet offspring from local broodstock do not have higher survival or growth than those from farther away. In the absence of population‐specific performance information, oyster restoration and aquaculture may benefit from incorporating multiple populations into their practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James E Byers
- Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | | | | | - Michael F Piehler
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Morehead City NC USA
| | - David L Kimbro
- Marine Science Center Northeastern University Nahant MA USA
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18
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Engqvist L, Reinhold K. Adaptive trans‐generational phenotypic plasticity and the lack of an experimental control in reciprocal match/mismatch experiments. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leif Engqvist
- Behavioural Ecology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Wohlenstrasse 50A CH‐3032 Hinterkappelen Switzerland
- Evolutionary Biology Bielefeld University Morgenbreede 45, D‐33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Klaus Reinhold
- Evolutionary Biology Bielefeld University Morgenbreede 45, D‐33615 Bielefeld Germany
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19
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Carvalho J, Sotelo G, Galindo J, Faria R. Genetic characterization of flat periwinkles (Littorinidae) from the Iberian Peninsula reveals interspecific hybridization and different degrees of differentiation. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Carvalho
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Xenética e Inmunoloxía; Facultade de Bioloxía; Universidade de Vigo. Campus de Vigo; 36310 Vigo Spain
- Departamento de Biologia Ambiental; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade de Lisboa. Campo Grande; 1749-016 Lisboa Portugal
- CIBIO; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; InBIO; Laboratório Associado; Universidade do Porto. Campus Agrário de Vairão; 4485-661 Vairão Portugal
| | - Graciela Sotelo
- CIBIO; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; InBIO; Laboratório Associado; Universidade do Porto. Campus Agrário de Vairão; 4485-661 Vairão Portugal
| | - Juan Galindo
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Xenética e Inmunoloxía; Facultade de Bioloxía; Universidade de Vigo. Campus de Vigo; 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Rui Faria
- CIBIO; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; InBIO; Laboratório Associado; Universidade do Porto. Campus Agrário de Vairão; 4485-661 Vairão Portugal
- IBE; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF); Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Pompeu Fabra University. Doctor Aiguader 88; 08003 Barcelona Spain
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20
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Webster NB, Palmer AR. Shaving a Shell: Effect of Manipulated Sculpture and Feeding on Shell Growth and Sculpture Development in Nucella lamellosa (Muricidae: Ocenebrinae). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2016; 230:1-14. [PMID: 26896173 DOI: 10.1086/bblv230n1p1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gastropod shell sculpture offers a novel tool for studying morphological patterning. Existing shell features may be manipulated experimentally to test how alteration affects subsequent shell growth and form. Axial sculpture occurs in many gastropod groups, and spacing of sculpture may be regular or irregular. But how gastropods control sculpture placement during shell growth is unknown. We studied the growth and positioning of axial lamellae in the muricid Nucella lamellosa, and compared these to the superficially similar axial varices seen in other muricids. First, we tested whether the feeding rate had any effect on the rate of addition or positioning of new lamellae. Second, we tested what effect previous shell sculpture had on lamellar placement, and shell growth in general, by removing all shell sculpture and allowing snails to grow over the "shaved" shell surface. Lamellar growth appeared to be relatively plastic; spacing was highly variable both within and among individual snails, and 1-2 weeks were required to complete the addition of a new lamella. Body growth rate was the primary determinant of lamellar growth; past lamellae had no effect on placement of new lamellae or rate of shell length increase. Feeding rate and body size affected only growth in shell length, and had no direct effect on spacing or on the rate of addition of new lamellae. The growth of axial lamellae in N. lamellosa differed from that of varices by exhibiting neither a) regular spacing nor b) a growth hiatus after completion of a lamella. Significantly, despite the obvious impediment of previous sculpture to future shell growth, removal of this sculpture had no observable effect on the rate of body growth or on any aspect of subsequent lamellar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Webster
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9; and Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada V0R 1B0
| | - A Richard Palmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9; and Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada V0R 1B0
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21
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The effect of water temperature and velocity on barnacle growth: Quantifying the impact of multiple environmental stressors. J Therm Biol 2015; 54:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Dowle EJ, Morgan-Richards M, Brescia F, Trewick SA. Correlation between shell phenotype and local environment suggests a role for natural selection in the evolution ofPlacostylussnails. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:4205-21. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Dowle
- Ecology Group; Massey University; Private Bag 11-222 Palmerston North New Zealand
- Entomology Department, Waters Hall; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS 66506 USA
| | - M. Morgan-Richards
- Ecology Group; Massey University; Private Bag 11-222 Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - F. Brescia
- Axe 2 ‘Diversités biologique et fonctionnelle des Ecosystèmes’; Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC); Port-Laguerre BP73 98890 Païta New Caledonia
| | - S. A. Trewick
- Ecology Group; Massey University; Private Bag 11-222 Palmerston North New Zealand
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23
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Bourdeau PE, Butlin RK, Brönmark C, Edgell TC, Hoverman JT, Hollander J. What can aquatic gastropods tell us about phenotypic plasticity? A review and meta-analysis. Heredity (Edinb) 2015. [PMID: 26219231 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been few attempts to synthesise the growing body of literature on phenotypic plasticity to reveal patterns and generalities about the extent and magnitude of plastic responses. Here, we conduct a review and meta-analysis of published literature on phenotypic plasticity in aquatic (marine and freshwater) gastropods, a common system for studying plasticity. We identified 96 studies, using pre-determined search terms, published between 1985 and November 2013. The literature was dominated by studies of predator-induced shell form, snail growth rates and life history parameters of a few model taxa, accounting for 67% of all studies reviewed. Meta-analyses indicated average plastic responses in shell thickness, shell shape, and growth and fecundity of freshwater species was at least three times larger than in marine species. Within marine gastropods, species with planktonic development had similar average plastic responses to species with benthic development. We discuss these findings in the context of the role of costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity and environmental heterogeneity as important constraints on the evolution of plasticity. We also consider potential publication biases and discuss areas for future research, indicating well-studied areas and important knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Bourdeau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - R K Butlin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield Western Bank, Sheffield, UK.,Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences - Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - C Brönmark
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, Sweden
| | - T C Edgell
- Stantec Consulting, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - J Hollander
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, Sweden
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24
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Nishizaki MT, Barron S, Carew E. Thermal stress increases fluctuating asymmetry in marine mussels: environmental variation and developmental instability. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00399.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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25
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Tendler A, Mayo A, Alon U. Evolutionary tradeoffs, Pareto optimality and the morphology of ammonite shells. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015; 9:12. [PMID: 25884468 PMCID: PMC4404009 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Organisms that need to perform multiple tasks face a fundamental tradeoff: no design can be optimal at all tasks at once. Recent theory based on Pareto optimality showed that such tradeoffs lead to a highly defined range of phenotypes, which lie in low-dimensional polyhedra in the space of traits. The vertices of these polyhedra are called archetypes- the phenotypes that are optimal at a single task. To rigorously test this theory requires measurements of thousands of species over hundreds of millions of years of evolution. Ammonoid fossil shells provide an excellent model system for this purpose. Ammonoids have a well-defined geometry that can be parameterized using three dimensionless features of their logarithmic-spiral-shaped shells. Their evolutionary history includes repeated mass extinctions. Results We find that ammonoids fill out a pyramid in morphospace, suggesting five specific tasks - one for each vertex of the pyramid. After mass extinctions, surviving species evolve to refill essentially the same pyramid, suggesting that the tasks are unchanging. We infer putative tasks for each archetype, related to economy of shell material, rapid shell growth, hydrodynamics and compactness. Conclusions These results support Pareto optimality theory as an approach to study evolutionary tradeoffs, and demonstrate how this approach can be used to infer the putative tasks that may shape the natural selection of phenotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0149-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avichai Tendler
- Department of Molecular cell biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Avraham Mayo
- Department of Molecular cell biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Uri Alon
- Department of Molecular cell biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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26
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Geometric morphometric analysis of the head of Microlophus atacamensis (Tropiduridae) in a latitudinal gradient. Zool Stud 2015; 54:e24. [PMID: 31966111 DOI: 10.1186/s40555-014-0099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinal variation is defined as gradual variation in a character associated with geographic distance among sites. Microlophus atacamensis is a medium large lizard species which inhabits the intertidal zone of northern Chile, distributed from Antofagasta (23° 39' S) to Arrayán, La Serena (29° 41' S) in a gradient which could show clinal variation. Geometric morphometrics analyzes differences in shape independent of size; information about shape allows a more complete biological interpretation than information on morphological variation. This studyevaluated clinal variation in the head shape of M.atacamensis fromfive localities (Antofagasta, Paposo, Pan de Azúcar, Caldera, and Tres Playitas) using dorsal and lateral views, comparing form variation with latitudinal distribution. The heads of adults collected were photographed in lateral and dorsal views. RESULTS The analysis did not find significant differences in form among the five localities, in contrast to the proposal of earlier studies, and no differences were recorded between the sexes. Possible reasons why these populations are not differentiated in the latitudinal gradient are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that there are no differences between the studied, among the explanations are that populationsof this species are subjected to similar environments that promote convergence of the structures analyzed.
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27
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Collado GA, Salinas HF, Méndez MA. Genetic, morphological, and life history traits variation in freshwater snails from extremely high environments of the Andean Altiplano. Zool Stud 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/1810-522x-53-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Quintela M, Johansson MP, Kristjánsson BK, Barreiro R, Laurila A. AFLPs and mitochondrial haplotypes reveal local adaptation to extreme thermal environments in a freshwater gastropod. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101821. [PMID: 25007329 PMCID: PMC4090234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The way environmental variation shapes neutral and adaptive genetic variation in natural populations is a key issue in evolutionary biology. Genome scans allow the identification of the genetic basis of local adaptation without previous knowledge of genetic variation or traits under selection. Candidate loci for divergent adaptation are expected to show higher FST than neutral loci influenced solely by random genetic drift, migration and mutation. The comparison of spatial patterns of neutral markers and loci under selection may help disentangle the effects of gene flow, genetic drift and selection among populations living in contrasting environments. Using the gastropod Radix balthica as a system, we analyzed 376 AFLP markers and 25 mtDNA COI haplotypes for candidate loci and associations with local adaptation among contrasting thermal environments in Lake Mývatn, a volcanic lake in northern Iceland. We found that 2% of the analysed AFLP markers were under directional selection and 12% of the mitochondrial haplotypes correlated with differing thermal habitats. The genetic networks were concordant for AFLP markers and mitochondrial haplotypes, depicting distinct topologies at neutral and candidate loci. Neutral topologies were characterized by intense gene flow revealed by dense nets with edges connecting contrasting thermal habitats, whereas the connections at candidate loci were mostly restricted to populations within each thermal habitat and the number of edges decreased with temperature. Our results suggest microgeographic adaptation within Lake Mývatn and highlight the utility of genome scans in detecting adaptive divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Quintela
- Dept of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Magnus P. Johansson
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bjarni K. Kristjánsson
- Hólar University College, Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Sauðarkrokur, Iceland
| | - Rodolfo Barreiro
- Dept of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Fallis LC, Fanara JJ, Morgan TJ. Developmental thermal plasticity among Drosophila melanogaster populations. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:557-64. [PMID: 26230171 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many biotic and abiotic variables influence the dispersal and distribution of organisms. Temperature has a major role in determining these patterns because it changes daily, seasonally and spatially, and these fluctuations have a significant impact on an organism's behaviour and fitness. Most ecologically relevant phenotypes that are adaptive are also complex and thus they are influenced by many underlying loci that interact with the environment. In this study, we quantified the degree of thermal phenotypic plasticity within and among populations by measuring chill-coma recovery times of lines reared from egg to adult at two different environmental temperatures. We used sixty genotypes from six natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster sampled along a latitudinal gradient in South America. We found significant variation in thermal plasticity both within and among populations. All populations exhibit a cold acclimation response, with flies reared at lower temperatures having increased resistance to cold. We tested a series of environmental parameters against the variation in population mean thermal plasticity and discovered the mean thermal plasticity was significantly correlated with altitude of origin of the population. Pairing our data with previous experiments on viability fitness assays in the same populations in fixed and variable environments suggests an adaptive role of this thermal plasticity in variable laboratory environments. Altogether, these data demonstrate abundant variation in adaptive thermal plasticity within and among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Fallis
- The Division of Biology, The Ecological Genomics Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - J J Fanara
- Departamento de Ecologia, Genetica y Evolucion-IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), FCEN, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - T J Morgan
- The Division of Biology, The Ecological Genomics Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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30
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Rypel AL. The cold-water connection: Bergmann's rule in North American freshwater fishes. Am Nat 2013; 183:147-56. [PMID: 24334744 DOI: 10.1086/674094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Understanding general rules governing macroecological body size variations is one of the oldest pursuits in ecology. However, this science has been dominated by studies of terrestrial vertebrates, spurring debate over the validity of such rules in other taxonomic groups. Here, relationships between maximum body size and latitude, temperature, and elevation were evaluated for 29 North American freshwater fish species. Bergmann's rule (i.e., that body size correlates positively with latitude and negatively with temperature) was observed in 38% of species, converse Bergmann's rule (that body size correlates negatively with latitude and positively with temperature) was observed in 34% of species, and 28% of species showed no macroecological body size relationships. Most notably, every species that expressed Bergmann's rule was a cool- or cold-water species while every species that expressed converse Bergmann's rule was a warm-water species, highlighting how these patterns are likely connected to species thermal niches. This study contradicts previous research suggesting Bergmann's rule does not apply to freshwater fishes, and is congruent with an emerging paradigm of variable macroecological body size patterns in poikilotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Rypel
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061; and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Science Services, Madison, Wisconsin 53716
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31
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Kasumovic MM. The multidimensional consequences of the juvenile environment: towards an integrative view of the adult phenotype. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sheftel H, Shoval O, Mayo A, Alon U. The geometry of the Pareto front in biological phenotype space. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1471-83. [PMID: 23789060 PMCID: PMC3686184 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When organisms perform a single task, selection leads to phenotypes that maximize performance at that task. When organisms need to perform multiple tasks, a trade-off arises because no phenotype can optimize all tasks. Recent work addressed this question, and assumed that the performance at each task decays with distance in trait space from the best phenotype at that task. Under this assumption, the best-fitness solutions (termed the Pareto front) lie on simple low-dimensional shapes in trait space: line segments, triangles and other polygons. The vertices of these polygons are specialists at a single task. Here, we generalize this finding, by considering performance functions of general form, not necessarily functions that decay monotonically with distance from their peak. We find that, except for performance functions with highly eccentric contours, simple shapes in phenotype space are still found, but with mildly curving edges instead of straight ones. In a wide range of systems, complex data on multiple quantitative traits, which might be expected to fill a high-dimensional phenotype space, is predicted instead to collapse onto low-dimensional shapes; phenotypes near the vertices of these shapes are predicted to be specialists, and can thus suggest which tasks may be at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Sheftel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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33
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Freeman AS, Wright JT, Hewitt CL, Campbell ML, Szeto K. A gastropod’s induced behavioral and morphological responses to invasive Carcinus maenas in Australia indicate a lack of novelty advantage. Biol Invasions 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-013-0409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Watson SA, Peck LS, Tyler PA, Southgate PC, Tan KS, Day RW, Morley SA. Marine invertebrate skeleton size varies with latitude, temperature and carbonate saturation: implications for global change and ocean acidification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2012; 18:3026-3038. [PMID: 28741833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is great concern over the future effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms, especially for skeletal calcification, yet little is known of natural variation in skeleton size and composition across the globe, and this is a prerequisite for identifying factors currently controlling skeleton mass and thickness. Here, taxonomically controlled latitudinal variations in shell morphology and composition were investigated in bivalve and gastropod molluscs, brachiopods, and echinoids. Total inorganic content, a proxy for skeletal CaCO3 , decreased with latitude, decreasing seawater temperature, and decreasing seawater carbonate saturation state (for CaCO3 as calcite (Ωcal )) in all taxa. Shell mass decreased with latitude in molluscs and shell inorganic content decreased with latitude in buccinid gastropods. Shell thickness decreased with latitude in buccinid gastropods (excepting the Australian temperate buccinid) and echinoids, but not brachiopods and laternulid clams. In the latter, the polar species had the thickest shell. There was no latitudinal trend in shell thickness within brachiopods. The variation in trends in shell thickness by taxon suggests that in some circumstances ecological factors may override latitudinal trends. Latitudinal gradients may produce effects similar to those of future CO2 -driven ocean acidification on CaCO3 saturation state. Responses to latitudinal trends in temperature and saturation state may therefore be useful in informing predictions of organism responses to ocean acidification over long-term adaptive timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Ann Watson
- School Of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3, ZH, United Kingdom
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Tyler
- School Of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3, ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Southgate
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Koh Siang Tan
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 14 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119223, Singapore
| | - Robert W Day
- Zoology Department, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Simon A Morley
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
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Bourdeau PE, Johansson F. Predator-induced morphological defences as by-products of prey behaviour: a review and prospectus. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bourdeau PE. Intraspecific trait cospecialization of constitutive and inducible morphological defences in a marine snail from habitats with different predation risk. J Anim Ecol 2012; 81:849-58. [PMID: 22320427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Studies examining the integration of constitutive and inducible aspects of multivariate defensive phenotypes are rare. 2. I asked whether marine snails (Nucella lamellosa) from habitats with and without abundant predatory crabs differed in constitutive and inducible aspects of defensive shell morphology. 3. I examined multivariate shell shape development of snails from each habitat in the presence and absence of waterborne cues from feeding crabs (Cancer productus). I also examined the influence of constitutive and inducible shell morphology on resistance to crushing. 4. Regardless of the presence of crabs, snails from high-risk (HR) habitats developed rotund, short-spired shells, while snails from low-risk habitats developed elongate shells, tall-spired shells, indicating among-habitat divergence in constitutive shell shape. Moreover, allometry analyses indicated that constitutive developmental patterns underlying this variation also differed between habitats. However, snails from HR habitats showed greater plasticity for apertural lip thickness and apertural area in the presence of crab cues, indicating among-habitat variation in defence inducibility. 5. Both shell shape and apertural lip thickness contributed to shell strength suggesting that constitutive shell shape development and inducible lip thickening have evolved jointly to form an effective defence in habitats where predation risk is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Bourdeau
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245, USA.
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37
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Li H, Qu YF, Ding GH, Ji X. Life-history variation with respect to experienced thermal environments in the lizard, Eremias multiocellata (Lacertidae). Zoolog Sci 2011; 28:332-8. [PMID: 21557656 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.28.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We compared adult size, female reproductive traits, and offspring phenotypes between multiocellated racerunners (Eremias multiocellata) from two thermally different sites (populations) in Inner Mongolia (North China): the colder one in Wulatehouqi (WQ) and the warmer one in Dalateqi (DQ). Both adults and neonates were smaller in the colder site. Females from the two sites both produced a single litter of 2-5 young per season, and did not differ in allocation of energy to reproduction after accounting for differences in body size. Female neonates had more ventral scales than did males, and the WQ neonates had fewer ventral scales than did the DQ neonates. The WQ neonates were slower than the DQ neonates. When body length was normalized across populations, we found that (1) hindlimb length correlated positively with sprint speed in both WQ and DQ neonates, (2) forelimb length correlated positively with sprint speed only in the DQ neonates, and (3) tail length correlated positively with sprint speed only in the WQ neonates. Hindlimb length played a more important role in locomotion than did tail length or forelimb length. Though differing in size and morphology, neonates from the two sites did not differ in early growth and survival under identical laboratory conditions. Our data are consistent with many studies that have shown countergradient variation in physiological traits (growth rate and reproductive output) and cogradient variation in morphological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
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38
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Genetic and thermal effects on the latitudinal variation in the timing of fin development of a fish Oryzias latipes. J Therm Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chaves-Campos J, Johnson SG, Hulsey CD. Spatial geographic mosaic in an aquatic predator-prey network. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22472. [PMID: 21799865 PMCID: PMC3140530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographic mosaic theory of coevolution predicts 1) spatial variation in predatory structures as well as prey defensive traits, and 2) trait matching in some areas and trait mismatching in others mediated by gene flow. We examined gene flow and documented spatial variation in crushing resistance in the freshwater snails Mexipyrgus churinceanus, Mexithauma quadripaludium, Nymphophilus minckleyi, and its relationship to the relative frequency of the crushing morphotype in the trophically polymorphic fish Herichthys minckleyi. Crushing resistance and the frequency of the crushing morphotype did show spatial variation among 11 naturally replicated communities in the Cuatro Ciénegas valley in Mexico where these species are all endemic. The variation in crushing resistance among populations was not explained by geographic proximity or by genetic similarity in any species. We detected clear phylogeographic patterns and limited gene flow for the snails but not for the fish. Gene flow among snail populations in Cuatro Ciénegas could explain the mosaic of local divergence in shell strength and be preventing the fixation of the crushing morphotype in Herichthys minckleyi. Finally, consistent with trait matching across the mosaic, the frequency of the fish morphotype was negatively correlated with shell crushing resistance likely reflecting the relative disadvantage of the crushing morphotype in communities where the snails exhibit relatively high crushing resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johel Chaves-Campos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - C. Darrin Hulsey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
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A simple range expansion model of multiple pathways: the case of nonindigenous green crab Carcinus aestuarii in Japanese waters. Biol Invasions 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-010-9841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Adaptive plasticity in predator-induced defenses in a common freshwater snail: altered selection and mode of predation due to prey phenotype. Evol Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-010-9394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Urban MC. Microgeographic adaptations of spotted salamander morphological defenses in response to a predaceous salamander and beetle. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Evolutionary ecology of inducible morphological plasticity in predator–prey interaction: toward the practical links with population ecology. POPUL ECOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-009-0182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Edgell TC, Lynch BR, Trussell GC, Palmer AR. Experimental evidence for the rapid evolution of behavioral canalization in natural populations. Am Nat 2009; 174:434-40. [PMID: 19627238 DOI: 10.1086/603639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Canalization-the evolutionary loss of the capacity of organisms to develop different phenotypes in different environments-is an evolutionary phenomenon suspected to occur widely, although examples in natural populations are elusive. Because behavior is typically a highly flexible component of an individual's phenotype, it provides fertile ground for studying the evolution of canalization. Here we report how snail populations exposed for different lengths of time to a predatory crab introduced from Europe to America exhibit different degrees of canalization of an adaptive antipredator behavior: soft tissue withdrawal, measured as angular retraction depth. Where crab-snail contact is shortest (60 years), snails showed the highest behavioral flexibility. Where crabs invaded 110 years ago, snails showed significantly less behavioral flexibility, and where the interaction is ancient (Europe), snails exhibited highly canalized behavior. Selection therefore appears to have acted rapidly to increase canalization in wild snail populations, leading ultimately to the hard-wired behavior seen in European conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Edgell
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada.
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Tudor MS, Morris MR. Experience Plays a Role in Female Preference for Symmetry in the Swordtail FishXiphophorus malinche. Ethology 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Conover DO, Duffy TA, Hice LA. The covariance between genetic and environmental influences across ecological gradients: reassessing the evolutionary significance of countergradient and cogradient variation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1168:100-29. [PMID: 19566705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of phenotypic change across environmental gradients (e.g., latitude, altitude) have long captivated the interest of evolutionary ecologists. The pattern and magnitude of phenotypic change is determined by the covariance between genetic and environmental influences across a gradient. Cogradient variation (CoGV) occurs when covariance is positive: that is, genetic and environmental influences on phenotypic expression are aligned and their joint influence accentuates the change in mean trait value across the gradient. Conversely, countergradient variation (CnGV) occurs when covariance is negative: that is, genetic and environmental influences on phenotypes oppose one another, thereby diminishing the change in mean trait expression across the gradient. CnGV has so far been found in at least 60 species, with most examples coming from fishes, amphibians, and insects across latitudinal or altitudinal gradients. Traits that display CnGV most often involve metabolic compensation, that is, the elevation of various physiological rates processes (development, growth, feeding, metabolism, activity) to counteract the dampening effect of reduced temperature, growing season length, or food supply. Far fewer examples of CoGV have been identified (11 species), and these most often involve morphological characters. Increased knowledge of spatial covariance patterns has furthered our understanding of Bergmann size clines, phenotypic plasticity, species range limits, tradeoffs in juvenile growth rate, and the design of conservation strategies for wild species. Moreover, temporal CnGV explains some cases of an apparent lack of phenotypic response to directional selection and provides a framework for predicting evolutionary responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Conover
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000, USA.
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Hoverman JT, Relyea RA. Survival trade-offs associated with inducible defences in snails: the roles of multiple predators and developmental plasticity. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Freeman AS, Meszaros J, Byers JE. Poor phenotypic integration of blue mussel inducible defenses in environments with multiple predators. OIKOS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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49
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Smith LD. The Role of Phenotypic Plasticity in Marine Biological Invasions. BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79236-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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50
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Hoso M, Hori M. Divergent shell shape as an antipredator adaptation in tropical land snails. Am Nat 2008; 172:726-32. [PMID: 18834301 DOI: 10.1086/591681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Although many land snails exhibit amazingly divergent shell shapes in the tropics, the functions of these remain obscure. Here we show that a modified aperture shape acts as an impediment specifically to predation by a snail-eating snake. Pareas iwasakii (Colubridae: Pareatinae) uses a unique method to feed on land snails: the snake extracts the soft body from the shell through the aperture by alternately retracting its mandibles. The snail Satsuma caliginosa (Camaenidae: Camaeninae) has apertural variation in regard to the presence of snail-eating snakes. Our experiments demonstrated that the distorted aperture mechanically impeded predation by this gape-limited predator, interrupting the mandibular movements. In contrast, congeneric snails with round apertures did not escape predation by snakes. The paleobiogeography of the focal area indicates that the subspecies Satsuma caliginosa picta, which does not have apertural modification, was derived from a defensive ancestor after the extinction of snail-eating snakes. Our study suggests a possibility that snail-eating snakes are responsible for divergent shell shapes in a variety of tropical land snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Hoso
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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