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Moody NM, Vivlamore EK, Fuxjager MJ. Woodpecker drum evolution: An analysis of covariation in elements of a multicomponent acoustic display among and within species. Evolution 2022; 76:1469-1480. [PMID: 35665503 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent signals are found throughout the animal kingdom, but how these elaborate displays evolve and diversify is still unclear. Here, we explore the evolution of the woodpecker drum display. Two components of this territorial sexually selected signal, drum speed and drum length, are used by territory holders to assess the threat level of an intruding drummer. We explore the coevolution of these display components both among and within species. Among species, we find evidence for strong coevolution of drum speed and length. Within species, we find that drum speed and length vary largely independent of each other. However, in some species, there is evidence of covariation in certain portions of the drum length distribution. The observed differences in component covariation at the macro- and microevolutionary scales highlight the importance of studying signal structure both among and within species. In all cases of covariation at both evolutionary scales, the relationship between drum speed and length is positive, indicating mutual elaboration of display components and not a performance trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Moody
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
| | - Emma K Vivlamore
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101, USA
| | - Matthew J Fuxjager
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
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2
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Matsumura K, Sasaki K, Miyatake T. Responses to artificial selection for locomotor activity: A focus on death feigning in red flour beetle. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:855-867. [PMID: 35506566 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Whole-organism performance, including locomotor activity, is an important fitness trait in many animals. Locomotor activity is often classified into sprint speed and locomotor endurance and differences in sprint speed and locomotor endurance affect on other traits such as life-history traits. Previous studies found that locomotor endurance, sprint speed and brain dopamine (DA) levels are correlated with artificial selection for death feigning (an anti-predator behaviour that we refer to as 'death-feigning syndrome') in some insect species. Thus, if the syndrome has a genetic basis, death feigning, sprint speed and brain DA levels may be affected by artificial selection for locomotor endurance. We artificially selected for locomotor endurance over 10 generations in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, and established higher (H) and lower activity (L) strains, then compared their death-feigning behaviour, sprint speed and brain DA levels. H-strain beetles exhibited significantly shorter duration of death-feigning, and significantly higher sprint speeds, suggesting variation in death-feigning syndrome. Surprisingly, although brain DA expression affects various animal behaviours, we found no significant differences in the brain DA expressions of H- and L-strain beetles. Thus, our results imply genetic correlations between locomotor endurance, sprint speed and death feigning, but not with brain DA expression, suggesting that differences in the biogenic amine results of our and previous studies may reflect differences in behavioural expression mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Sasaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida, Japan
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Hurst JA, Rayor LS. Effects on running speed of changes in sexual size dimorphism at maturity on in the cursorial huntsman spider, Delena cancerides (Sparassidae). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 207:269-277. [PMID: 33743054 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Running speed is a measure of whole-organism performance reflecting relative fitness. For spiders, increased speed translates into enhanced prey capture, mating success and reduced predation risk. In male spiders, leg length increases dramatically with the molt to sexual maturity. To determine how changes in leg length and body mass with sexual maturity influence running performance, we compared allometric and kinematic changes in a species without extreme size sexual dimorphism (SSD): male and female Delena cancerides (Sparassidae) during their penultimate and adult instars. Spiders in each age-sex class were filmed running in the lab, and body morphometrics, maximum velocity, body lengths per second, acceleration, stride length and stride frequency were compared. At maturity, females increase in overall size, whereas male's leg length increases over 30% with little associated increase in body mass or overall size. Adult male legs are similar in length to those of the adult females and maximum velocity did not differ between age-sex classes. However, both male age-classes have higher velocity scaled as body lengths per second than females, due to their lighter mass. Thus, for sparassids spiders without large SSD, lower mass and longer legs translate into lower energetic costs of running distances for males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Hurst
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Plant Science, California State University, Fresno, CA, 93740, USA
| | - Linda S Rayor
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Horváth G, Martín J, López P, Herczeg G. Ain’t going down without a fight: state-and environment-dependence of antipredator defensive aggressive personalities in Carpetan rock lizard. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aggression is one of the most frequently studied behavioural traits across a wide range of taxa; however, most studies evaluate aggressive behaviour in a social context, in which aggressive interactions between conspecifics are motivated by resource control (offensive or social aggression). However, in an antipredator context, the primary role of aggression is defence (defensive or antipredator aggression). Although the neuroendocrinology of antipredator aggression is often studied in domesticated and laboratory animals, how environment and individual state affect this behavioural trait in the wild is largely unknown. Here, by conducting a manipulative experiment, we tested whether (i) consistent between-individual differences (i.e. animal personality) are present in antipredator aggression in adult male Carpetan rock lizards (Iberolacerta cyreni) and (ii) short-term environmental changes (presence vs. absence of predator cues) and differences in individual state (body length, head size, hind limb length) affect individual mean behaviour (i.e. behavioural type). We found moderate-high repeatability in antipredator aggression (willingness to bite a human), indicating the presence of animal personality in this behavioural trait. Lizards were on average more defensive in the presence of predator cues; furthermore, short-legged males showed higher antipredator aggression than long-legged males in the presence of predator cues, probably as an attempt to balance their decreased escape speed. Larger (~ older) males were more defensive than smaller ones, probably due to their increased fighting ability. We conclude that antipredator aggression is an important part of an individual’s behavioural repertoire and its expression is driven by both environmental situation and individual state.
Significance statement
Antipredator/defensive aggression is not the primary antipredatory response; however, when other ways of escape are not possible, actually hurting the predator could be the only way of survival. While this behaviour obviously has substantial effects on fitness, it is severely understudied compared to social/offensive aggression. In a manipulative experiment, we found that there are consistent between-individual differences in antipredator aggression (i.e. willingness to bite during handling) of adult male Carpetan rock lizards (Iberolacerta cyreni), supporting the presence of animal personality and suggesting that this behavioural trait might respond to natural selection. Furthermore, short-term environmental variation (i.e. presence vs. absence of predator cues) in interaction with individual state affected antipredator aggression of individuals, emphasising the ecological and evolutionary relevance of this behaviour.
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Baxter-Gilbert J, Riley JL, Frère CH, Whiting MJ. Shrinking into the big city: influence of genetic and environmental factors on urban dragon lizard morphology and performance capacity. Urban Ecosyst 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-020-01065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Orton RW, Kinsey CT, McBrayer LD. Mite load predicts the quality of sexual color and locomotor performance in a sexually dichromatic lizard. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3152-3163. [PMID: 32273977 PMCID: PMC7141043 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since Darwin, the maintenance of bright sexual colors has recurrently been linked to mate preference. However, the mechanisms underpinning such preferences for bright colors would not be resolved for another century. Likely, the idea of selection for colors that could decrease the chances of survival (e.g., flashy colors that can inadvertently attract predators) was perceived as counterintuitive. It is now widely accepted that these extreme colors often communicate to mates the ability to survive despite a "handicap" and act as honest signals of individual quality when they are correlated with the quality of other traits that are directly linked to individual fitness. Sexual colors in males are frequently perceived as indicators of infection resistance, in particular. Still, there remains considerable discord among studies attempting to parse the relationships between the variables associating sexual color and infection resistance, such as habitat type and body size. This discord may arise from complex interactions between these variables. Here, we ask if sexual color in male Florida scrub lizards (Sceloporus woodi) is an honest signal of resistance to chigger mite infection. To this end, we use linear modeling to explore relationships between mite load, different components of sexual color, ecological performance, body size, and habitat type. Our data show that that the brightness of sexual color in scrub lizards is negatively associated with the interaction between mite load and body size, and scrub lizards suffer decreased endurance capacity with increases in mite load. Our data also indicate that mite load, performance, and sexual color in male scrub lizards can vary between habitat types. Collectively, these results suggest that sexual color in scrub lizards is an honest indicator of individual quality and further underscore the importance of considering multiple factors when testing hypotheses related to the maintenance of sexual color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. Orton
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
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Taylor JN, Ternes WM, Lattanzio MS. Natural selection favors local specialization in a widespread habitat generalist. Evolution 2018; 72:2090-2099. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie N. Taylor
- Department of Organismal and Environmental BiologyChristopher Newport University Newport News Virginia 23606
| | - William M. Ternes
- Department of Organismal and Environmental BiologyChristopher Newport University Newport News Virginia 23606
| | - Matthew S. Lattanzio
- Department of Organismal and Environmental BiologyChristopher Newport University Newport News Virginia 23606
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Charters JE, Heiniger J, Clemente CJ, Cameron SF, Amir Abdul Nasir AF, Niehaus AC, Wilson RS. Multidimensional analyses of physical performance reveal a size‐dependent trade‐off between suites of traits. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E. Charters
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Jaime Heiniger
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Christofer J. Clemente
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
- School of Life Sciences University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Qld Australia
| | - Skye F. Cameron
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | | | - Amanda C. Niehaus
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Robbie S. Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
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Žagar A, Carretero MA, Vrezec A, Drašler K, Kaliontzopoulou A. Towards a functional understanding of species coexistence: ecomorphological variation in relation to whole‐organism performance in two sympatric lizards. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Žagar
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources InBIO University of Porto 4485‐661 Vairão Portugal
| | - Miguel A. Carretero
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources InBIO University of Porto 4485‐661 Vairão Portugal
| | - Al Vrezec
- National Institute for Biology 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | | | - Antigoni Kaliontzopoulou
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources InBIO University of Porto 4485‐661 Vairão Portugal
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Calsbeek R, Irschick DJ. The quick and the dead: correlational selection on morphology, performance, and habitat use in island lizards. Evolution 2007; 61:2493-503. [PMID: 17725626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural selection is an important driver of microevolution. Yet, despite significant theoretical debate, we still have a poor understanding of how selection operates on interacting traits (i.e., morphology, performance, habitat use). Locomotor performance is often assumed to impact survival because of its key role in foraging, predator escape, and social interactions, and shows strong links with morphology and habitat use within and among species. In particular, decades of study suggest, but have not yet demonstrated, that natural selection on locomotor performance has shaped the diversification of Anolis lizards in the Greater Antilles. Here, we estimate natural selection on sprinting speed and endurance in small replicate island populations of Anolis sagrei. Consistent with past correlational studies, long-limbed lizards ran faster on broad surfaces but also had increased sprint sensitivity on narrow surfaces. Moreover, performance differences were adaptive in the wild. Selection favored long-limbed lizards that were fast on broad surfaces, and preferred broad substrates in nature, and also short-limbed lizards that were less sprint sensitive on narrow surfaces, and preferred narrow perches in nature. This finding is unique in showing that selection does not act on performance alone, but rather on unique combinations of performance, morphology, and habitat use. Our results support the long-standing hypothesis that correlated selection on locomotor performance, morphology, and habitat use drives the evolution of ecomorphological correlations within Caribbean Anolis lizards, potentially providing a microevolutionary mechanism for their remarkable adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Calsbeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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Speed versus manoeuvrability: association between vertebral number and habitat structure in lacertid lizards. J Zool (1987) 2006. [DOI: 10.1017/s0952836902001462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rudgers JA, Strauss SY, Wendel JF. Trade-offs among anti-herbivore resistance traits: insights from Gossypieae (Malvaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2004; 91:871-80. [PMID: 21653443 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.91.6.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense theories commonly predict negative correlations among anti-herbivore resistance traits. Although this prediction has been widely accepted, the majority of empirical studies have failed to account for similarities among species due to common ancestry, thus risking pseudoreplication. Wild cotton plants possess traits conferring both direct resistance (toxic leaf glands and trichomes) and indirect resistance (extrafloral nectaries that reward enemies of herbivores). The evidence for negative phenotypic correlations among these resistance traits was examined at two levels: within Gossypium thurberi (wild cotton) and across species in the cotton clade (Gossypieae). A phylogenetic analysis controlled for shared ancestry among species. Across the Gossypieae, a strong negative correlation emerged between the direct resistance traits, leaf gland and trichomes. This correlation may reflect costs of these traits, a negative genetic correlation, or redundancy in their actions against herbivores. In contrast, the direct resistance traits (glands and trichomes) were not correlated with the indirect resistance trait of extrafloral nectar, either within or across species. The robust lack of correlation suggests that these direct and indirect resistance mechanisms evolve independently over evolutionary time scales. This conclusion conflicts with both predictions of plant defense theory and the majority of prior comparisons of direct and indirect resistance traits and may reflect the facultative nature of indirect resistance in Gossypieae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Rudgers
- Center for Population Biology and Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
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Evolutionary correlations between escape behaviour and performance ability in eight species of snow skinks (Niveoscincus: Lygosominae) from Tasmania. J Zool (1987) 2003. [DOI: 10.1017/s0952836903003984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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