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Vietri Rudan M, Watt FM. Mammalian Epidermis: A Compendium of Lipid Functionality. Front Physiol 2022; 12:804824. [PMID: 35095565 PMCID: PMC8791442 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.804824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian epidermis is a striking example of the role of lipids in tissue biology. In this stratified epithelium, highly specialized structures are formed that leverage the hydrophobic properties of lipids to form an impermeable barrier and protect the humid internal environment of the body from the dry outside. This is achieved through tightly regulated lipid synthesis that generates the molecular species unique to the tissue. Beyond their fundamental structural role, lipids are involved in the active protection of the body from external insults. Lipid species present on the surface of the body possess antimicrobial activity and directly contribute to shaping the commensal microbiota. Lipids belonging to a variety of classes are also involved in the signaling events that modulate the immune responses to environmental stress as well as differentiation of the epidermal keratinocytes themselves. Recently, high-resolution methods are beginning to provide evidence for the involvement of newly identified specific lipid molecules in the regulation of epidermal homeostasis. In this review we give an overview of the wide range of biological functions of mammalian epidermal lipids.
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Łuczaj W, Dobrzyńska I, Wroński A, Domingues MR, Domingues P, Skrzydlewska E. Cannabidiol-Mediated Changes to the Phospholipid Profile of UVB-Irradiated Keratinocytes from Psoriatic Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186592. [PMID: 32916896 PMCID: PMC7555222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UVB phototherapy is treatment for psoriasis, which increases phospholipid oxidative modifications in the cell membrane of the skin. Therefore, we carried out lipidomic analysis on the keratinocytes of healthy individuals and patients with psoriasis irradiated with UVB and treated with cannabidiol (CBD), phytocannabinoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Our results showed that, in psoriatic keratinocytes phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), and ether-linked phosphoethanolamine (PEo), were downregulated, while SM (d41:2) was upregulated. These changes were accompanied by an increase in negative zeta potential, which indicates translocation of PS to the outer layer of the membrane. CBD treatment of psoriatic keratinocytes led to downregulation of PC, PS, and upregulation of certain PEo and an SM species, SM (d42:2), and the zeta potential. However, UVB irradiation of psoriatic keratinocytes resulted in upregulation of PC, PC plasmalogens (PCp), PEo, and a decrease in the negative zeta potential. The exposure of UVB-irradiated cells to CBD led to a decrease in the level of SM (d42:2). Our results suggest that CBD induces pro-apoptotic mechanisms in psoriatic keratinocytes while simultaneously improving the antioxidant properties and preventing the loss of transepidermal water of keratinocytes of patients irradiated with UVB. Thus, CBD has potential therapeutic value in the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Łuczaj
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2d, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-857485882
| | - Izabela Dobrzyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University in Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Adam Wroński
- Dermatological Specialized Center “DERMAL” NZOZ in Bialystok, 15-453 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (MR.D.); (P.D.)
- Department of Chemistry &, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (MR.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2d, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
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Lee HS, Park HY, Kwon SP, Kim B, Lee Y, Kim S, Shin KO, Park K. NADPH Oxidase-Mediated Activation of Neutral Sphingomyelinase Is Responsible for Diesel Particulate Extract-Induced Keratinocyte Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031001. [PMID: 32028642 PMCID: PMC7037446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermis is positioned at the interface with the external environment, protecting our bodies against external challenges, including air pollutants. Emerging evidence suggests that diesel particulate extract (DPE), a major component of air pollution, leads to impairment of diverse cellular functions in keratinocytes (KC). In this study, we investigated the cellular mechanism underlying DPE-induced KC apoptosis. We first addressed cell death occurring in KC exposed to DPE, paralleled by increased activation of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and subsequent ROS generation. Blockade of NOX activation with a specific inhibitor attenuated the expected DPE-induced KC apoptosis. In contrast, pre-treatment with a specific inhibitor of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation did not reverse DPE/NOX-mediated increase in KC apoptosis. We next noted that NOX-mediated KC apoptosis is mainly attributable to neutral sphingomyelinase (SMase)-mediated stimulation of ceramides, which is a well-known pro-apoptotic lipid. Moreover, we found that inhibition of NOX activation significantly attenuated DPE-mediated increase in the ratio of ceramide to its key metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), an important determinant of cell fate. Together, these results suggest that activation of neutral SMase serves as a key downstream signal for the DPE/NOX activation-mediated alteration in ceramide and S1P productions, and subsequent KC apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Seok Lee
- Research & Development Center, Chungdam CDC JNPharm LLC., Chuncheon 24232, Korea
| | - Hye Yoon Park
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | - Sung Pil Kwon
- Research & Development Center, Chungdam CDC JNPharm LLC., Chuncheon 24232, Korea
| | - Bogyeong Kim
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Yerin Lee
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Seongeun Kim
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondences: (K.-O.S.); (K.P.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2141 (K.-O.S.); +82-33-248-2131 (K.P.)
| | - Kyungho Park
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, and Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondences: (K.-O.S.); (K.P.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2141 (K.-O.S.); +82-33-248-2131 (K.P.)
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Zhai P, Song J, Gao L, Lu L. A sphingolipid synthesis-related protein OrmA in Aspergillus fumigatus is responsible for azole susceptibility and virulence. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13092. [PMID: 31376233 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies identified that the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have two sphingolipid synthesis-related proteins, Orm1p and Orm2p, that negatively regulate the activities of SPT, which is a key rate-limiting enzyme in sphingolipid synthesis. However, little is known about whether sphingolipids in the cell membrane, which are closely related to ergosterols, could affect the efficacy of azole drugs, which target to the ergosterol biosynthesis. In this study, through genome-wide homologue search analysis, we found that the Aspergillus fumigatus genome only contains one Orm homologue, referred to as OrmA for which the protein expression could be induced by azole antifungals in a dose-dependent manner. Deletion of ormA caused hypersensitivity to azoles, and adding the sphingolipid synthesis inhibitor myriocin rescued the azole susceptibility induced by lack of ormA. In contrast, overexpression of OrmA resulted in azole resistance, indicating that OrmA is a positive azole-response regulator. Further mechanism analysis verified that OrmA is related to drug susceptibility by affecting endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in an unfolded protein response pathway-HacA-dependent manner. Lack of ormA led to an abnormal profile of sphingolipid ceramide components accompanied by hypersensitivity to low temperatures. Furthermore, deletion of OrmA significantly reduced virulence in an immunosuppressed mouse model. The findings in this study collectively suggest that the sphingolipid metabolism pathway in A. fumigatus plays a critical role in azole susceptibility and fungal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jinxing Song
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Lu Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
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Mühle C, Kornhuber J. Assay to measure sphingomyelinase and ceramidase activities efficiently and safely. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1481:137-144. [PMID: 28012590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
As part of the sphingomyelin pathway, sphingomyelinases and ceramidases have attracted much attention in basic as well as clinical research. However, current assays still often rely on a radioactive substrate, extensive manual purification steps, and hazardous solvents for chromatographic analysis. We here show the equivalence of a fluorescent sphingomyelin substrate and present a new versatile solvent replacing the chloroform/methanol mixture. By further modifications including the omission of the manual extraction steps, chloroform and methanol are eliminated from the entire procedure and render the assay flexible to repeated analyses at multiple time intervals. These improvements allow for the rapid detection of both enzymes in a high throughput microtiter format. Moreover, we demonstrate the relevance of the plastic assay material and the interchangeability between serum and different plasma sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Mühle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054, Germany.
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054, Germany.
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Nusshold C, Uellen A, Bernhart E, Hammer A, Damm S, Wintersperger A, Reicher H, Hermetter A, Malle E, Sattler W. Endocytosis and intracellular processing of BODIPY-sphingomyelin by murine CATH.a neurons. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1831:1665-78. [PMID: 23973266 PMCID: PMC3807659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal sphingolipids (SL) play important roles during axonal extension, neurotrophic receptor signaling and neurotransmitter release. Many of these signaling pathways depend on the presence of specialized membrane microdomains termed lipid rafts. Sphingomyelin (SM), one of the main raft constituents, can be formed de novo or supplied from exogenous sources. The present study aimed to characterize fluorescently-labeled SL turnover in a murine neuronal cell line (CATH.a). Our results demonstrate that at 4°C exogenously added BODIPY-SM accumulates exclusively at the plasma membrane. Treatment of cells with bacterial sphingomyelinase (SMase) and back-exchange experiments revealed that 55-67% of BODIPY-SM resides in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Endocytosis of BODIPY-SM occurs via caveolae with part of internalized BODIPY-fluorescence ending up in the Golgi and the ER. Following endocytosis BODIPY-SM undergoes hydrolysis, a reaction substantially faster than BODIPY-SM synthesis from BODIPY-ceramide. RNAi demonstrated that both, acid (a)SMase and neutral (n)SMases contribute to BODIPY-SM hydrolysis. Finally, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated BODIPY-SM was efficiently taken up by CATH.a cells. Our findings indicate that endocytosis of exogenous SM occurs almost exclusively via caveolin-dependent pathways, that both, a- and nSMases equally contribute to neuronal SM turnover and that HDL-like particles might represent physiological SM carriers/donors in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Uellen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Astrid Hammer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Damm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Wintersperger
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Reicher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Albin Hermetter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Kim S, Kim Y, Lee Y, Chung JH. Ceramide accelerates ultraviolet-induced MMP-1 expression through JAK1/STAT-1 pathway in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:2571-81. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800112-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Kilkus JP, Goswami R, Dawson SA, Testai FD, Berdyshev EV, Han X, Dawson G. Differential regulation of sphingomyelin synthesis and catabolism in oligodendrocytes and neurons. J Neurochem 2008; 106:1745-57. [PMID: 18489714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurons (both primary cultures of 3-day rat hippocampal neurons and embryonic chick neurons) rapidly converted exogenous NBD-sphingomyelin (SM) to NBD-Cer but only slowly converted NBD-Cer to NBD-SM. This was confirmed by demonstrating low in vitro sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) and high sphingomyelinase (SMase) activity in neurons. Similar results were observed in a human neuroblastoma cell line (LA-N-5). In contrast, primary cultures of 3-day-old rat oligodendrocytes only slowly converted NBD-SM to NBD-Cer but rapidly converted NBD-Cer to NBD-SM. This difference was confirmed by high in vitro SMS and low SMase activity in neonatal rat oligodendrocytes. Similar results were observed in a human oligodendroglioma cell line. Mass-Spectrometric analyses confirmed that neurons had a low SM/Cer ratio of (1.5 : 1) whereas oligodendroglia had a high SM/Cer ratio (9 : 1). Differences were also confirmed by [(3)H]palmitate-labeling of ceramide, which was higher in neurons compared with oligodendrocytes. Stable transfection of human oligodendroglioma cells with neutral SMase, which enhanced the conversion of NBD-SM to NBD-Cer and increased cell death, whereas transfection with SMS1 or SMS2 enhanced conversion of NBD-Cer to NBD-SM and was somewhat protective against cell death. Thus, SMS rather than SMases may be more important for sphingolipid homeostasis in oligodendrocytes, whereas the reverse may be true for neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kilkus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Moulin M, Carpentier S, Levade T, Arrigo AP. Potential roles of membrane fluidity and ceramide in hyperthermia and alcohol stimulation of TRAIL apoptosis. Apoptosis 2007; 12:1703-20. [PMID: 17610065 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that a mild heat shock induces a long lasting stimulation of TRAIL-induced apoptosis of leukemic T-lymphocytes and myeloid cell lines, but not normal T-lymphocytes, which correlates with an enhanced ability of TRAIL to recognize its receptors. As shown here, this phenomenon could be inhibited by the xanthogenate agent D609, a sphingomyelin/ceramide pathway inhibitor. A caspase-dependent and D609-sensitive two-fold increase in ceramide level was elicited by heat shock plus TRAIL combined treatment. One day after heat shock, a similar increase in ceramide was induced by TRAIL. Sphingolipids/ceramides are known to regulate membrane integrity, and heat shock increases membrane fluidity. In this regard, the heat shock plus TRAIL combined treatment resulted in a D609-sensitive membrane fluidization which was far more intense than that induced by heat shock only. We also report that membrane fluidizers, that mimic the effect of heat shock, such benzyl alcohol and ethanol, potently stimulated TRAIL-induced apoptosis. As heat shock, these alcohols increased, in a D609-sensitive manner, membrane fluidity in the presence of TRAIL, the recognition of TRAIL death receptors, and ceramide levels. These results suggest that stress agents that trigger ceramide production and an overall increase in membrane fluidity are stimulators of TRAIL apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Moulin
- Laboratoire Stress, Chaperons et Mort cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon-1, 16 rue Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Peiser M, Zuberbier T, Wanner R. Atopic skin is associated with a lack of phosphatidylcholine-sphingomyelin transacylase activity. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:973-5. [PMID: 17096019 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Meyer SGE, Karow W, de Groot H. 2n-fatty acids from phosphatidylcholine label sphingolipids—A novel role of phospholipase A2? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1735:68-78. [PMID: 15950537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to find out whether there is a phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-mediated link between glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids, L929 cells were labeled with 1n-palmitoyl-2n-[1-14C]palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine for 16-18 h or 90 min. After labeling for 16-18 h, 14C-sphingomyelin (SM), 14C-ceramide and 14C-sphingosine were demonstrated on autoradiograms of thin layer chromatograms of untreated or mildly hydrolyzed lipid extracts in different chromatographic systems. Strong hydrolysis of labeled SM proved that both possible moieties of SM, sphingosine and acyl moiety, had been labeled. The identity of SM and its enzymatic degradation product, ceramide, was verified by mass spectrometry. The label in SM-derived ceramide was demonstrated on an autoradiogram after thin layer chromatography. The inhibitor of (dihydro)ceramide synthase fumonisin B1 suppressed the label in sphingolipids significantly during 16-18 h (ceramide and SM), as well as during 90-min labeling (SM). The presence of inhibitors of PLA2 (bromoenol lactone, aristolochic acid and quinacrine dihydrochloride) diminished the label in SM significantly during the 90-min labeling. These results demonstrate a close metabolic relationship between glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids and give evidence for a novel role of PLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille G E Meyer
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany.
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