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Mangion SE, Mackenzie L, Roberts MS, Holmes AM. Seborrheic dermatitis: topical therapeutics and formulation design. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 185:148-164. [PMID: 36842718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a common dermatological disorder with symptoms that include skin flaking, erythema and pruritus. This review discusses the topical products available for treating SD, which target several aspects of disease pathobiology, including cutaneous microbial dysbiosis (driven by Malassezia yeast), inflammation, sebum production and skin barrier disruption. Among the various treatments available, zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) based products that exhibit anti-fungal action are the market leaders. A skin compartment approach is presented here for combining ZnPT exposure information with threshold levels for anti-fungal efficacy and toxicity, overall providing a comprehensive picture of ZnPT therapeutics and safety. While Malassezia yeast on the surface are effectively targeted, yeast residing beyond the superficial follicle may not receive adequate ZnPT for anti-fungal effect forming the basis for skin re-colonisation. Levels entering systemic circulation from topical delivery are well below toxic thresholds, however the elevated zinc levels within the viable epidermis warrants further investigation. Strategies to improve formulation design can be broadly classified as influencing 1) topical delivery, 2) therapeutic bioactivity, 3) skin mildness, and 4) sensory attributes. Successful SD treatment ultimately requires formulations that can balance efficacy, safety, and consumer appeal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E Mangion
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia; Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South 5011, South Australia, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lorraine Mackenzie
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia; Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South 5011, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia; Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South 5011, South Australia, Australia; Therapeutics Research Centre, Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy M Holmes
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia; Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South 5011, South Australia, Australia.
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2
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Wikramanayake TC, Nicu C, Chéret J, Czyzyk TA, Paus R. Mitochondrially localized MPZL3 emerges as a signaling hub of mammalian physiology. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100126. [PMID: 34486148 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MPZL3 is a nuclear-encoded, mitochondrially localized, immunoglobulin-like V-type protein that functions as a key regulator of epithelial cell differentiation, lipid metabolism, ROS production, glycemic control, and energy expenditure. Recently, MPZL3 has surfaced as an important modulator of sebaceous gland function and of hair follicle cycling, an organ transformation process that is also governed by peripheral clock gene activity and PPARγ. Given the phenotype similarities and differences between Mpzl3 and Pparγ knockout mice, we propose that MPZL3 serves as a signaling hub that is regulated by core clock gene products and/or PPARγ to translate signals from these nuclear transcription factors to the mitochondria to modulate circadian and metabolic regulation. Conservation between murine and human MPZL3 suggests that human MPZL3 may have similarly complex functions in health and disease. We summarize current knowledge and discuss future directions to elucidate the full spectrum of MPZL3 functions in mammalian physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu C Wikramanayake
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Carina Nicu
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jérémy Chéret
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Traci A Czyzyk
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Metabolic Health Program, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.,Discovery Biology-CMD, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany.,Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
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3
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Karakadze M, Hirt P, Wikramanayake T. The genetic basis of seborrhoeic dermatitis: a review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 32:529-536. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Karakadze
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami FL USA
| | - P.A. Hirt
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami FL USA
| | - T.C. Wikramanayake
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami FL USA
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Palanza KM, Radden LA, Rabah MA, Nguyen TV, Kohm AC, Connor ME, Ricci MM, Stewart JJ, Eragene S, King TR. The rough fur (ruf) mutation in mice is an allele of myelin protein zero-like 3 (Mpzl3). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2017.1370058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M. Palanza
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Central Connecticut State University, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06053, USA
| | - Legairre A. Radden
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Central Connecticut State University, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06053, USA
| | - Mohammed A. Rabah
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Central Connecticut State University, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06053, USA
| | - Tu V. Nguyen
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Central Connecticut State University, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06053, USA
| | - Audra C. Kohm
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Central Connecticut State University, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06053, USA
| | - Malcolm E. Connor
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Central Connecticut State University, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06053, USA
| | - Morgan M. Ricci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Central Connecticut State University, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06053, USA
| | - Jachius J. Stewart
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Central Connecticut State University, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06053, USA
| | - Sidney Eragene
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Central Connecticut State University, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06053, USA
| | - Thomas R. King
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Central Connecticut State University, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06053, USA
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Abstract
Seborrheic Dermatitis (SD) and dandruff are of a continuous spectrum of the same disease that affects the seborrheic areas of the body. Dandruff is restricted to the scalp, and involves itchy, flaking skin without visible inflammation. SD can affect the scalp as well as other seborrheic areas, and involves itchy and flaking or scaling skin, inflammation and pruritus. Various intrinsic and environmental factors, such as sebaceous secretions, skin surface fungal colonization, individual susceptibility, and interactions between these factors, all contribute to the pathogenesis of SD and dandruff. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on SD and dandruff, including epidemiology, burden of disease, clinical presentations and diagnosis, treatment, genetic studies in humans and animal models, and predisposing factors. Genetic and biochemical studies and investigations in animal models provide further insight on the pathophysiology and strategies for better treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Borda
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB 2023A, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Tongyu C Wikramanayake
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB 2023A, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Loss of Mpzl3 function causes various skin abnormalities and greatly reduced adipose depots. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1817-1827. [PMID: 24531688 PMCID: PMC4057944 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The rough coat (rc) spontaneous mutation causes sebaceous gland hypertrophy, hair loss and extracutaneous abnormalities including growth retardation. The rc mice have a missense mutation in the predicted immunoglobulin protein Mpzl3. In this study, we generated Mpzl3 knockout mice to determine its functions in the skin. Homozygous Mpzl3 knockout mice showed unkempt and greasy hair coat and hair loss soon after birth. Histological analysis revealed severe sebaceous gland hypertrophy and increased dermal thickness, but did not detect significant changes in the hair cycle. Mpzl3 null mice frequently developed inflammatory skin lesions; however, the early onset skin abnormalities were not the results of immune defects. The abnormalities in the Mpzl3 knockout mice resemble closely those observed in the rc/rc mice, as well as mice heterozygous for both the rc and Mpzl3 knockout alleles, indicating that rc and Mpzl3 are allelic. Using a lacZ reporter gene, we detected Mpzl3 promoter activity in the companion layer and inner root sheath of the hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and epidermis. Loss of MPZL3 function also caused a striking reduction in cutaneous and overall adipose tissue. These data reveal a complex role for Mpzl3 in the control of skin development, hair growth and adipose cell functions.
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Czyzyk TA, Andrews JL, Coskun T, Wade MR, Hawkins ED, Lockwood JF, Varga G, Sahr AE, Chen Y, Brozinick JT, Kikly K, Statnick MA. Genetic ablation of myelin protein zero-like 3 in mice increases energy expenditure, improves glycemic control, and reduces hepatic lipid synthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E282-92. [PMID: 23715724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00228.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity continues to be a global health problem, and thus it is imperative that new pathways regulating energy balance be identified. Recently, it was reported: (Hayashi K, Cao T, Passmore H, Jourdan-Le Saux C, Fogelgren B, Khan S, Hornstra I, Kim Y, Hayashi M, Csiszar K. J Invest Dermatol 123: 864-871, 2004) that mice carrying a missense mutation in myelin protein zero-like 3 (Mpzl3rc) have reduced body weight. To determine how Mpzl3 controls energy balance in vivo, we generated mice deficient in myelin protein zero-like 3 (Mpzl3-KO). Interestingly, KO mice were hyperphagic yet had reduced body weight and fat mass. Moreover, KO mice were highly resistant to body weight and fat mass gain after exposure to a high-fat, energy-dense diet. These effects on body weight and adiposity were driven, in part, by a pronounced increase in whole body energy expenditure levels in KO mice. KO mice also had reduced blood glucose levels during an intraperitoneal glucose challenge and significant reductions in circulating insulin levels suggesting an increase in insulin sensitivity. In addition, there was an overall increase in oxidative capacity and contractile force in skeletal muscle isolated from KO mice. Hepatic triglyceride levels were reduced by 92% in livers of KO mice, in part due to a reduction in de novo lipid synthesis. Interestingly, Mpzl3 mRNA expression in liver was increased in diet-induced obese mice. Moreover, KO mice exhibited an increase in insulin-stimulated Akt signaling in the liver, further demonstrating that Mpzl3 can regulate insulin sensitivity in this tissue. We have determined that Mpzl3 has a novel physiological role in controlling body weight regulation, energy expenditure, glycemic control, and hepatic triglyceride synthesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci A Czyzyk
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Kim JH, Lee EH, Park HJ, Park EK, Kwon TG, Shin HI, Cho JY. The role of lysyl oxidase-like 2 in the odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells. Mol Cells 2013; 35:543-9. [PMID: 23677379 PMCID: PMC3887878 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are a unique population of precursor cells those are isolated from postnatal dental pulp and have the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types utilized for the formation of a reparative dentin-like complex. Using LC-MS/MS proteomics approaches, we identified the proteins secreted from the differentiating hDPSCs in mineralization media. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) was identified as a protein that was down-regulated in the hDPSCs that differentiate into odontoblast-like cells. The role of LOXL2 has not been studied in dental pulp stem cells. LOXL2 mRNA levels were reduced in differentiating hDPSCs, whereas the levels of other LOX family members including LOX, LOXL1, LOXL3, and LOXL4, are increased. The protein expression and secretion levels of LOXL2 were also decreased during odontogenic differentiation. Recombinant LOXL2 protein treatment to hDPSCs resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the early differentiation and the mineralization accompanying with the lower levels of odontogenic markers such as DSPP, DMP-1 and ALP. These results suggest that LOXL2 has a negative effect on the differentiation of hDPSCs and blocking LOXL2 can promote the hDPSC differentiation to odontoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Brain Korea 21 and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
- Department of Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412,
Korea
| | | | - Hye-jeong Park
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Brain Korea 21 and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
| | - Eui-Kyun Park
- Department of Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412,
Korea
| | - Tae-Geon Kwon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412,
Korea
| | - Hong-In Shin
- Department of Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412,
Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Brain Korea 21 and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
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9
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Langton AK, Griffiths CEM, Sherratt MJ, Watson REB. Cross-linking of structural proteins in ageing skin: an in situ assay for the detection of amine oxidase activity. Biogerontology 2012; 14:89-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-012-9394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Shieh TM, Ko SY, Chang SS, Chang KW, Shih YH, Liu CJ. Lysyl oxidase-like 3 mRNA expression indicates poor survival from oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Dent Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Szauter K, Ordas A, Laxer R, Pope E, Wherrett D, Alman B, Mink M, Boyd C, Csiszar K, Hinek A. A novel fibrotic disorder associated with increased dermal fibroblast proliferation and downregulation of genes of the microfibrillar network. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:1102-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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From telogen to exogen: mechanisms underlying formation and subsequent loss of the hair club fiber. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2100-8. [PMID: 19340011 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hair follicle has the unique capacity to undergo periods of growth, regression, and rest before regenerating itself to restart the cycle. This dynamic cycling capacity enables mammals to change their coats, and for hair length to be controlled on different body sites. More recently, the process of club fiber shedding has been described as a distinct cycle phase known as exogen, and proposed to be an active phase of the hair cycle. This review focuses on the importance of the shedding phase of the hair cycle and, in the context of current literature, analyzes the processes of club fiber formation, retention, and release, which may influence progression through exogen, particularly in relation to human hair.
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Racz P, Mink M, Ordas A, Cao T, Szalma S, Szauter KM, Csiszar K. The human orthologue of murine Mpzl3 with predicted adhesive and immune functions is a potential candidate gene for immune-related hereditary hair loss. Exp Dermatol 2008; 18:261-3. [PMID: 19054061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported a mutation within the conserved immunoglobulin V-type domain of the predicted adhesion protein Mpzl3 (MIM 611707) in rough coat (rc) mice with severe skin abnormalities and progressive cyclic hair loss. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the human orthologue MPZL3 on chromosome 11q23.3 is a candidate for similar symptoms in humans. The predicted conserved MPZL3 protein has two transmembrane motifs flanking an extracellular Ig-like domain. The R100Q rc mutation is within the Ig-domain recognition loop that has roles in T-cell receptors and cell adhesion. Results of the rc mouse study, 3D structure predictions, homology with Myelin Protein Zero and EVA1, comprehensive database analyses of polymorphisms and mutations within the human MPZL3 gene and its cell, tissue expression and immunostaining pattern indicate that homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations of MPZL3 might be involved in immune-mediated human hereditary disorders with hair loss.
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Havlickova B, Bíró T, Mescalchin A, Tschirschmann M, Mollenkopf H, Bettermann A, Pertile P, Lauster R, Bodó E, Paus R. A human folliculoid microsphere assay for exploring epithelial- mesenchymal interactions in the human hair follicle. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:972-83. [PMID: 18923448 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The search for more effective drugs for the management of common hair growth disorders remains a top priority, both for clinical dermatology and industry. In this pilot study, we report a pragmatic organotypic assay for basic and applied hair research. The patented technique produces microdroplets, which generate human folliculoid microspheres (HFMs), consisting of human dermal papilla fibroblasts and outer root sheath keratinocytes within an extracellular matrix that simulates elements of the hair follicle mesenchyme. Studying a number of different markers (for example, proliferation, apoptosis, cytokeratin-6, versican), we show that these HFMs, cultured under well-defined conditions, retain several essential epithelial-mesenchymal interactions characteristic for human scalp hair follicle. Selected, recognized hair growth-modulatory agents modulate these parameters in a manner that suggests that HFMs allow the standardized preclinical assessment of test agents on relevant human hair growth markers under substantially simplified in vitro conditions that approximate the in vivo situation. Furthermore, we show by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase-PCR, and DNA microarray techniques that HFMs also offer a useful discovery tool for the identification of target genes and their products for candidate hair drugs. HFM thus represent an instructive modern experimental and screening tool for basic and applied hair research in the human system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Havlickova
- Department of Dermatology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Cao T, Racz P, Szauter KM, Groma G, Nakamatsu GY, Fogelgren B, Pankotai E, He QP, Csiszar K. Mutation in Mpzl3, a novel [corrected] gene encoding a predicted [corrected] adhesion protein, in the rough coat (rc) mice with severe skin and hair abnormalities. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1375-86. [PMID: 17273165 PMCID: PMC2745225 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The rough coat (rc), an autosomal-recessive mutation, arose spontaneously in C57BL/6J mice. Homozygous rc mice develop severe skin and hair abnormalities, including cyclic and progressive hair loss and sebaceous gland hypertrophy. The rc locus was previously mapped to Chromosome 9. To elucidate the genetic basis underlying the rc phenotype development, we carried out positional cloning, and mapped the rc locus to a 246-kb interval. We identified a missense mutation within a novel open reading frame in the rc/rc mice, which is predicted to encode a cell adhesion molecule with the highest homology to myelin protein zero (MPZ) and myelin protein zero-like 2 (MPZL2, also called epithelial V-like antigen). We therefore named this gene Mpzl3 (myelin protein zero-like 3). The mutation in the rc/rc mice occurred at a highly conserved residue within the conserved Ig-like V-type domain, thus likely altering the MPZL3 protein function. Reverse transcriptase-PCR and Western blot analyses revealed expression of the Mpzl3 gene in various adult organs, including the skin. Using indirect immunofluorescence, we detected MPZL3 protein in the keratinocytes and sebocytes in the skin. Results from this study identified a novel gene encoding a predicted adhesion protein whose mutation in the rc/rc mice likely caused the rc phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Cao
- The Cardiovascular Research Center, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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18
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Szauter KM, Cao T, Boyd CD, Csiszar K. Lysyl oxidase in development, aging and pathologies of the skin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 53:448-56. [PMID: 16085123 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2004.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a copper- and lysyl-tyrosyl cofactor containing amine oxidase that has been known to play a critical role in the catalysis of lysine-derived crosslinks in extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the dermis. Changes in the composition and crosslinked state of the ECM and alterations in LOX synthesis and activity are known to be associated with aging and a range of acquired and heritable skin disorders. It has been assumed until recently that the LOX-related changes in the skin are mediated through the catalytic activity of LOX. However, work by several laboratories over the last few years has shown that LOX is a multifunctional protein. In this review we discuss the regulation of expression, localization and activation of LOX in the normal developing and adult skin, and alterations in LOX expression and activity associated with skin aging and senescence, and in pathological conditions, including wound healing, fibrosis, hypertrophic scarring, keloids, scleroderma, and diabetic skin. We further evaluate the role of LOX in skin ECM changes associated with the normal aging process and with these pathological states. In addition to collagen and elastin cross-linkages, regulatory and activation mechanisms and cell type specific LOX interactions may contribute to a range of novel intra- and extracellular LOX functions that appear critical determinants of the cellular microenvironment in the normal skin and in these skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Molnarne Szauter
- The Cardiovascular Research Center, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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