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Nettis E, Casella R, Incorvaia C, Miniello A. Secondary prevention of latex allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 22:250-256. [PMID: 35852898 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review addresses the secondary prevention in healthcare worker, healthcare setting, and in patients outside the healthcare setting. RECENT FINDINGS There is sufficient knowledge of the broad aetiology of latex allergy for secondary preventive programmes to be widely adopted. Currently, avoidance of latex-containing surgical products is mandatory in the care of sensitized patients. They should also have a list of occult sources of natural rubber latex exposure and cross-reacting fruits. During all health-care procedures latex allergic patients should be treated in a 'latex-free' environment. Specific sublingual immunotherapy has been suggested as a suitable therapeutic option. It can be offered, in addition to symptomatic treatment, to selected patients, when avoidance measures are not feasible or effective. The use of omalizumab could also be extended as an adjunct to latex immunotherapy. SUMMARY Despite of the progress made in the secondary prevention of latex allergy, the disease still continues to be a global health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eustachio Nettis
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico di Bari, Bari
| | - Rossella Casella
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico di Bari, Bari
| | | | - Andrea Miniello
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico di Bari, Bari
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Chandrashekar L, Sakkaravarthi V, Rajappa M. Prevalence and patterns of latex glove allergy among healthcare workers in a tertiary care center in South India - A cross-sectional study. Indian Dermatol Online J 2022; 13:475-479. [PMID: 36262582 PMCID: PMC9574155 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_58_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Objectives: Materials and Methods: Results: Conclusion:
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Milam EC, Nassau S, Banta E, Fonacier L, Cohen DE. Occupational Contact Dermatitis: An Update. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 8:3283-3293. [PMID: 33161959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Occupation contact dermatitis (CD) is a common inflammatory skin condition impacting every professional industry in the United States. It is associated with significant personal and professional distress, loss of revenue, and decreased productivity. Occupational CD is further subdivided into irritant CD and allergic CD. Frequently, workers may suffer from a combination of both types. Numerous workplace exposures are implicated, but there are several themes across professions, such as CD related to frequent handwashing and wet work. A detailed occupational history, physical examination, and patch testing can help to make the diagnosis. Treatment includes identification of the substance and avoidance, which often is quite challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Milam
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY.
| | - Stacy Nassau
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, NYU-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY
| | - Erin Banta
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, NYU-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY
| | - Luz Fonacier
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, NYU-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY
| | - David E Cohen
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Havmose M, Thyssen JP, Zachariae C, Johansen JD. Use of protective gloves by hairdressers: A review of efficacy and potential adverse effects. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:75-82. [PMID: 32311093 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Occupational hand eczema is common among hairdressers, and protective gloves are important in limiting exposure to irritants and allergens. Various glove types may differ in their protective ability, and their use may lead to hand eczema due to skin irritancy and allergy. MEDLINE was searched for studies investigating permeation of gloves to irritants and allergens used in the hairdressing trade, as well as adverse effects of glove use affecting hairdressers. Forty-four studies were identified; nine reported on permeation. Of those, two in vitro studies found nitrile rubber (NR) gloves to give the best protection when handling hair dyes. Polyethylene (PE) gloves had the lowest reported break-through time. The prevalence of sensitization to rubber materials in European hairdressers was as follows: thiuram mix, median 2.5% (range 0%-8.2%), weighted average 3.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0%-3.1%); mercapto mix, median 0.4% (range 0%-3.3%), weighted average 0.5% (95% CI 0.47%-0.50%), mercaptobenzothiazole, median 0.6% (range 0%-6.6%), weighted average 0.7% (95% CI 0.6%-0.7%), NRL-type I allergy, median 1.3% (range 1%-16.4%), weighted average 4.0% (95% CI 3.6%-4.5%). In conclusion, NR gloves provide the best skin protection for hairdressers, although natural rubber latex (NRL) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) gloves may be sufficient in most cases. PE gloves are not recommended. Synthetic rubber gloves with low or no levels of accelerators are preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Havmose
- National Allergy Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- National Allergy Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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França D, Sacadura-Leite E, Fernandes-Almeida C, Filipe P. Occupational dermatoses among healthcare workers in a hospital center in Portugal. Rev Bras Med Trab 2020; 17:285-291. [PMID: 32368662 PMCID: PMC7195876 DOI: 10.5327/z1679443520190393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin diseases account for more than 35% of occupational diseases, affecting 1/1,000 workers annually. OBJECTIVE To characterize occupational dermatoses affecting hospital workers and identify possible triggers and susceptibility factors. METHODS Cross-sectional study in which we analyzed information extracted from electronic medical records of workers who performed periodic examinations in the course of one year. RESULTS About 3.56% of 1,741 included workers had a diagnosis of occupational dermatosis, being mainly women (76.85%). Thirty-four (54.84%) of the affected workers had irritant contact dermatitis, 17 (27.42%) latex allergy, 6 (9.68%) allergic dermatitis, and 5 (8.06%) two concomitant conditions. We found significant difference in prevalence as a function of occupational group (p=0.008), being highest for nursing assistants (5.11%). Prevalence was also higher for employees allocated to surgery departments (8.47%, p=0.001). Main triggers were skin disinfectants, latex, nitrile gloves, and prolonged contact with water (4.84%). CONCLUSION The quality of the analyzed data depends on the quality of the analyzed medical records. Most subjects were nursing assistants, which fact hinders the generalization of the results. The prevalence of occupational dermatosis was just 3.56%, which might be explained by previously implemented preventive measures. The employees most frequently affected were those allocated to surgery departments and nursing assistants. Skin disinfectants were the most frequent triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana França
- Occupational Health Department, North Lisbon Hospital Center – Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ema Sacadura-Leite
- Occupational Health Department, North Lisbon Hospital Center – Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Paulo Filipe
- Dermatology Department, North Lisbon Hospital Center – Lisbon, Portugal
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Specific immunotherapy for latex allergy. Hippokratia 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009240.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lukács J, Schliemann S, Elsner P. Occupational contact urticaria caused by food - a systematic clinical review. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 75:195-204. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judit Lukács
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Jena; 07743 Jena Germany
| | | | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Jena; 07743 Jena Germany
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Bensefa-Colas L, Telle-Lamberton M, Faye S, Bourrain JL, Crépy MN, Lasfargues G, Choudat D, Momas I. Occupational contact urticaria: lessons from the French National Network for Occupational Disease Vigilance and Prevention (RNV3P). Br J Dermatol 2015. [PMID: 26212252 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational contact urticaria (OCU) is an occupational contact dermatitis that can cause serious health consequences and disability at work. OBJECTIVES To describe OCU and its temporal trends by the main causal agents and activity sectors in a nationwide scheme in France. METHODS Using data from the French National Network for Occupational Disease Vigilance and Prevention (RNV3P), we described OCU reported during the period 2001-10 and analysed the temporal trends of OCU and OCU attributed to the most frequent agents over the study period. Trends analyses were supported by reporting odds ratios using a logistic regression model with reference to 2001, or with time as a continuous variable. RESULTS During the study period, 251 cases of OCU were reported in RNV3P, half of which were due to natural rubber latex, in particular in the health and social work activity sector (HSW). The number of these cases declined significantly over the study period (19% per year), and particularly after 2006. Conversely, the other causes of OCU did not decrease. CONCLUSIONS Using surveillance data from a French national network, this study has found that there was a significant decline in OCU due to natural rubber latex, particularly in the HSW, when powdered latex gloves were banned from French hospitals. Our results show the effectiveness of this preventive measure, and suggest that this practice should be extended to other sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bensefa-Colas
- Occupational Diseases Department, University Hospital of Centre of Paris-Cochin, AP-HP, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Santé Publique et Environnement, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 4064, Paris, France
| | | | - S Faye
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - J-L Bourrain
- Exploration des Allergies, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - M-N Crépy
- Occupational Diseases Department, University Hospital of Centre of Paris-Cochin, AP-HP, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - G Lasfargues
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Paris-Est University, Créteil, France
| | - D Choudat
- Occupational Diseases Department, University Hospital of Centre of Paris-Cochin, AP-HP, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | | | - I Momas
- Laboratoire Santé Publique et Environnement, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 4064, Paris, France
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Goldenberg A, Jacob SE. Paraphenylenediamine in black henna temporary tattoos: 12-year Food and Drug Administration data on incidence, symptoms, and outcomes. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 72:724-6. [PMID: 25773411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Goldenberg
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Sharon E Jacob
- Department of Dermatology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California.
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Madan I, Cullinan P, Ahmed SM. Occupational management of type I latex allergy. Occup Med (Lond) 2014; 63:395-404. [PMID: 23966436 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqt055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the incidence of type 1 latex allergy has decreased in recent years with the introduction of powder-free low-protein (PFLP) latex gloves, type 1 latex allergy is still commonly found among workers who use natural rubber latex (NRL) gloves at work. AIMS To elucidate the optimal management of workers with type 1 latex allergy whose work necessitates the use of NRL gloves in the workplace. METHODS A sensitive electronic search of relevant bibliographic databases was performed with related search terms for articles from 1 January 1990 to 1 September 2010. Relevant abstracts were reviewed, and studies that furnished data on the management of type 1 latex allergy in the workplace were extracted. Articles for inclusion in the review were appraised using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network methodology. RESULTS A total of 7041 abstracts were retrieved; 12 articles met the inclusion criteria for the review. We found moderately strong and consistent evidence that avoidance of NRL in the workplace reduces both symptoms and markers of sensitization in latex-allergic individuals. There is limited evidence that latex-allergic workers can continue to use PFLP gloves with no worsening of symptoms, provided that their co-workers also use PFLP latex or non-latex gloves. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with type 1 latex allergy whose work necessitates them wearing latex gloves may continue in their job provided that adjustments are made to ensure that they are not exposed to powdered latex gloves.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Madan
- Occupational Health Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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Harris-Roberts J, Tate P, Robinson E, Griffin P, Mason H, Barber C, Curran AD, Fishwick D. Bespoke latex allergen testing improves assessment of respiratory symptoms in textile-braiding workers. Am J Ind Med 2012; 55:616-23. [PMID: 22517590 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latex allergy is poorly understood in latex-exposed textile workers. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out to better characterize respiratory symptoms, using personal breathing zone latex allergen measurement and specific IgE to latex allergens. RESULTS Forty-four of the 86 (51% participation rate) participated. Ten of 39 workers who gave a blood sample (25.6%) were found to have IgE to at least one workplace allergen (5/39 positive to either latex braiding coated with silica or talc, 4/39 were positive to the dyed cotton extract, and 1/39 to latex braiding coated with silica or talc and dyed cotton extract), whilst only 2 of these 10 had specific IgE to the commercial latex extract. CONCLUSIONS The presence of symptoms with evidence of sensitization was strongly dictated by current latex exposure. Bespoke workplace allergen IgE testing identified cases of WR respiratory symptoms with sensitization that otherwise would not have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Harris-Roberts
- Centre for Workplace Health, Health, Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire, UK
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Machovcová A, Fenclová Z, Pelclová D. Occupational skin diseases in Czech healthcare workers from 1997 to 2009. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2012; 86:289-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-012-0764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Frade MAC, Coutinho Netto J, Gomes FG, Mazzucato EL, Andrade TAMD, Foss NT. Curativo de biomembrana vegetal e hipersensibilidade. An Bras Dermatol 2011; 86:885-91. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962011000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FUNDAMENTOS: A biomembrana vegetal do látex da seringueira Hevea brasiliensis tem sido usada como curativo para úlceras cutâneas. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a segurança da biomembrana vegetal como curativo em relação à hipersensibilidade ao látex. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados pacientes com úlceras cutâneas constituindo-se os grupos: controle - baixa exposição profissional ao látex (n=17); alta exposição profissional (n=14); ulcerados em uso da biomembrana vegetal (n=13); ulcerados-controle sem uso da biomembrana vegetal (n=14) e casos novos (n=9), submetidos à avaliação pré e após 3 meses de uso da biomembrana vegetal. Todos foram submetidos à avaliação clínico-epidemiológica quanto à hipersensibilidade ao látex e IgE específica (UniCap®), e os grupos controle e controle exposto ao látex ao "patch test". RESULTADOS: A história de hipersensibilidade foi positiva em 64,7% dos pacientes do grupo-controle, 71,4% do controle exposto ao látex, 61,5% dos ulcerados em uso da biomembrana vegetal, 35,7% dos ulcerados-controle, e apenas 22,2% no grupo casos novos. Ao teste de contato dos grupos controle e controle exposto ao látex, apenas um indivíduo do grupo C (baixo contato) apresentou eritema na primeira leitura, negativando-se na segunda. A média de contato com látex no grupo-controle exposto ao látex foi de 3,42 horas/dia. No ensaio fluoroimunoenzimático, a grande maioria dos soros foi classificada como zero (variação 0 a 6). Nenhum soro recebeu classificação acima de 2, não sendo considerada classificação significante para hipersensibilidade (classificação > 4). CONCLUSÃO: A biomembrana vegetal mostrou-se segura como curativo, pois não induziu reações de hipersensibilidade entre os voluntários submetidos ao "patch test", nem entre os usuários da biomembrana vegetal, como demonstrado clinica e imunologicamente pela dosagem de IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernanda Guzzo Gomes
- Universidade de São Paulo; Universidade de São Paulo; Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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Pseudo-food allergy caused by carry-over of latex proteins from gloves to food: need for prevention? Allergy 2010; 65:532-3. [PMID: 19839976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ameratunga R, Ameratunga S, Crooks C, Simmons G. Latex glove use by food handlers: the case for nonlatex gloves. J Food Prot 2008; 71:2334-8. [PMID: 19044282 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.11.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing concern that continued exposure to latex products can predispose individuals, particularly those who are atopic (allergy prone), to latex allergy. Latex allergy as a serious hazard has been well documented in the health care industry. There are also well-documented cases of food handlers who have had allergic reactions after the use of latex gloves. The contamination of food with latex proteins by food handlers using latex gloves can also result in potentially severe allergic reactions in latex-allergic consumers. We review latex allergy and present the case for avoiding latex glove use by food handlers in the food and hospitality industries. Adopting the use of nonlatex gloves has benefits for workers, consumers, and the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Ameratunga
- LabPlus, P.O. Box 110031, Auckland City Hospital, Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1148, New Zealand.
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Montalvão LN, Pires MC, Mello JFD. Alergia ao látex em profissionais de saúde de São Paulo, Brasil. An Bras Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962008000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FUNDAMENTOS: Alergia ao látex é comum em trabalhadores da saúde, resultando em absenteísmo e afastamento das atividades profissionais. Há no Brasil poucos estudos publicados sobre o assunto. Enquanto na população geral a prevalência de alergia ao látex é menor que 2%, nos profissionais de saúde pode chegar a 30%. OBJETIVO: Estudar a prevalência de alergia ao látex em profissionais de saúde do Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Foi aplicado questionário aberto a profissionais que têm contato com luvas de borracha em todos os serviços do hospital. Foi colhido sangue daqueles que referiram sintomas e dosado anticorpo IgE específico por meio do ImmunoCAP. Para análise estatística utilizaram-se porcentagens, tabelas e teste qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Foram distribuídos 2.349 questionários, e respondidos 1.045, dos quais 129 referiram correlação entre uso de látex e sintomas sugestivos de alergia, e 54 permitiram a coleta de sangue para determinação de IgE específica. Neste grupo houve dois casos em que foi demonstrado anticorpo específico, estabelecendo-se prevalência de 3,7% de alergia ao látex. Fatores como gênero, profissão, freqüência de contato com luvas, setor de trabalho e antecedentes de atopia foram relacionados com maior prevalência de alergia ao látex. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de alergia ao látex encontrada foi de 3,7%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Cezar Pires
- Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo; Complexo Hospitalar Padre Bento de Guarulhos, Brasil
| | - João Ferreira de Mello
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo; Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, Brasil
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Amaro C, Goossens A. Immunological occupational contact urticaria and contact dermatitis from proteins: a review. Contact Dermatitis 2007; 58:67-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
With almost 65 million women in the workforce, their representation in various occupational sectors is crucial, as is their health and safety. Female-dominated occupations in health care and cosmetology along with their potential cutaneous exposures are reviewed. Proper evaluation and management are necessary to minimize the disability that can result from these illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Amado
- Department of Dermatology, Desk A-61, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Ahmed SM, Aw TC, Adisesh A. Toxicological and immunological aspects of occupational latex allergy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 23:123-34. [PMID: 15578865 DOI: 10.2165/00139709-200423020-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Latex allergy continues to be an important occupational health problem as latex products are used increasingly worldwide, particularly in healthcare. Although there are few epidemiological studies on the incidence of latex allergy, there has been an increase in the number of case reports over the last 10 years and, based on skin-prick tests, estimates of prevalence of latex allergy in healthcare workers range from 2% to 17%. The allergic health effects arise either from the latex proteins, generally causing a type I immediate hypersensitivity reaction, or from the chemicals added to latex during processing, causing a type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Clinical manifestations of latex allergy depend on the route of exposure and occur by direct contact either with skin or mucosa, or by inhalation. The diagnosis of latex allergy is based on the history, skin tests, serological tests and challenge tests. Thirteen latex allergens have been identified and isolated so far from natural rubber latex. They differ in their potential to elicit immunological responses in individuals allergic to latex and thus have been designated as major or minor allergens. In latex gloves, cornstarch powder used as a donning agent carries latex proteins, thereby increasing inhalational and mucosal exposure to latex proteins. There also appears to be a positive correlation between protein content and allergenicity of gloves. The use of powder-free, low-protein gloves is effective in reducing symptoms and markers of sensitisation. Alternatives to latex gloves, such as nitrile or vinyl gloves are available but may be inferior in respect to manual dexterity and biological impermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Ahmed
- Occupational Health Department, Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, Kent, UK
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