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Burgelman M, Dujardin P, Vandendriessche C, Vandenbroucke RE. Free complement and complement containing extracellular vesicles as potential biomarkers for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1055050. [PMID: 36741417 PMCID: PMC9896008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1055050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is implicated in a broad range of neuroinflammatory disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Consequently, measuring complement levels in biofluids could serve as a potential biomarker for these diseases. Indeed, complement levels are shown to be altered in patients compared to controls, and some studies reported a correlation between the level of free complement in biofluids and disease progression, severity or the response to therapeutics. Overall, they are not (yet) suitable as a diagnostic tool due to heterogeneity of reported results. Moreover, measurement of free complement proteins has the disadvantage that information on their origin is lost, which might be of value in a multi-parameter approach for disease prediction and stratification. In light of this, extracellular vesicles (EVs) could provide a platform to improve the diagnostic power of complement proteins. EVs are nanosized double membrane particles that are secreted by essentially every cell type and resemble the (status of the) cell of origin. Interestingly, EVs can contain complement proteins, while the cellular origin can still be determined by the presence of EV surface markers. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and future opportunities on the use of free and EV-associated complement proteins as biomarkers for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Burgelman
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Dujardin
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charysse Vandendriessche
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,*Correspondence: Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke,
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Hui BSM, Zhi LR, Retinasamy T, Arulsamy A, Law CSW, Shaikh MF, Yeong KY. The Role of Interferon-α in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S45-S66. [PMID: 36776068 PMCID: PMC10473139 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) impose significant financial and healthcare burden on populations all over the world. The prevalence and incidence of NDs have been observed to increase dramatically with age. Hence, the number of reported cases is projected to increase in the future, as life spans continues to rise. Despite this, there is limited effective treatment against most NDs. Interferons (IFNs), a family of cytokines, have been suggested as a promising therapeutic target for NDs, particularly IFN-α, which governs various pathological pathways in different NDs. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to critically appraise the currently available literature on the pathological role of IFN-α in neurodegeneration/NDs. METHODS Three databases, Scopus, PubMed, and Ovid Medline, were utilized for the literature search. RESULTS A total of 77 journal articles were selected for critical evaluation, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The studies selected and elucidated in this current systematic review have showed that IFN-α may play a deleterious role in neurodegenerative diseases through its strong association with the inflammatory processes resulting in mainly neurocognitive impairments. IFN-α may be displaying its neurotoxic function via various mechanisms such as abnormal calcium mineralization, activation of STAT1-dependent mechanisms, and increased quinolinic acid production. CONCLUSION The exact role IFN-α in these neurodegenerative diseases have yet to be determine due to a lack in more recent evidence, thereby creating a variability in the role of IFN-α. Future investigations should thus be conducted, so that the role played by IFN-α in neurodegenerative diseases could be delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Su Mee Hui
- Clinical School Johor Bahru, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Johor Baru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Lee Rui Zhi
- Clinical School Johor Bahru, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Johor Baru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Thaarvena Retinasamy
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alina Arulsamy
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd. Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Khorooshi R, Asgari N, Mørch MT, Berg CT, Owens T. Hypersensitivity Responses in the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2015; 6:517. [PMID: 26500654 PMCID: PMC4595775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated tissue damage or hypersensitivity can be mediated by autospecific IgG antibodies. Pathology results from activation of complement, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, mediated by inflammatory effector leukocytes include macrophages, natural killer cells, and granulocytes. Antibodies and complement have been associated to demyelinating pathology in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, where macrophages predominate among infiltrating myeloid cells. Serum-derived autoantibodies with predominant specificity for the astrocyte water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) are implicated as inducers of pathology in neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease where activated neutrophils infiltrate, unlike in MS. The most widely used model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, is an autoantigen-immunized disease that can be transferred to naive animals with CD4+ T cells, but not with antibodies. By contrast, NMO-like astrocyte and myelin pathology can be transferred to mice with AQP4–IgG from NMO patients. This is dependent on complement, and does not require T cells. Consistent with clinical observations that interferon-beta is ineffective as a therapy for NMO, NMO-like pathology is significantly reduced in mice lacking the Type I IFN receptor. In MS, there is evidence for intrathecal synthesis of antibodies as well as blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, whereas in NMO, IgG accesses the CNS from blood. Transfer models involve either direct injection of antibody and complement to the CNS, or experimental manipulations to induce BBB breakdown. We here review studies in MS and NMO that elucidate roles for IgG and complement in the induction of BBB breakdown, astrocytopathy, and demyelinating pathology. These studies point to significance of T-independent effector mechanisms in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Khorooshi
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark ; Department of Neurology, Vejle Hospital , Vejle , Denmark
| | - Marlene Thorsen Mørch
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Carsten Tue Berg
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
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Effects of interferon-beta therapy on innate and adaptive immune responses to the human endogenous retroviruses HERV-H and HERV-W, cytokine production, and the lectin complement activation pathway in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 215:108-16. [PMID: 19766328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of treatment of multiple sclerosis patients with IFN-beta on elements in the innate and adaptive immune response were analysed in a longitudinal study. We demonstrate significant decreases in anti-Envelope antibody reactivity for the two closely related Gammaretroviral human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), HERV-H and HERV-W, as a consequence of IFN-beta therapy, closely linked to efficacy of therapy/low disease activity. We also show strong indications of a protective effect of high levels of two components in the innate pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition: mannan-binding lectin (MBL), and MBL-associated serine protease 3 (MASP-3). Serum levels of typical Th1- and Th2-related, MS-relevant cytokines were also monitored. Overall both Th1- and Th2-associated cytokines were modestly, albeit significantly up-regulated, notably IL-2 and TNF-alpha (MS patients with inactive disease), as well as IL-4 and, to some extent IL-10 (no increase in IL-10 for MS patients with active disease (non-responders)). We found no overall changes in Th1/Th2 ratios. Our results support that HERV-H/HERV-W and the antiviral immune response may play a role in MS development, and that these HERVs have potential as biomarkers for disease activity.
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has a high propensity to establish chronic infection with end-stage liver disease. The high turnover of virus particles and high transcription error rates due to lack of proof-reading function of the viral polymerase imply that HCV exists as quasispecies, thus enabling the virus to evade the host immune response. Clearance of the virus is characterized by a multispecific, vigorous and persistent T-cell response, whereas T-cell responses are weak, narrow and transient in patients who develop chronic infection. At present, standard treatment is a combination of pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin, with a sustained viral response rate of 40-80%, depending on genotype. The mechanisms for the observed synergistic effects of the two drugs are still not known in detail, but in addition to direct antiviral mechanisms, the immunomodulatory effects of both drugs seem to be important, with a shift from Th2- to Th1-cytokine profiles in successfully treated patients. This article describes virus-host relations in the natural course of HCV infection and during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Myrmel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Berentsen S, Beiske K, Tjønnfjord GE. Primary chronic cold agglutinin disease: an update on pathogenesis, clinical features and therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 12:361-70. [PMID: 17891600 PMCID: PMC2409172 DOI: 10.1080/10245330701445392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a subgroup of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Primary CAD has traditionally been defined by the absence of any underlying or associated disease. The results of therapy with corticosteroids, alkylating agents and interferon-a have been poor. Cold reactive immunoglobulins against erythrocyte surface antigens are essential to pathogenesis of CAD. These cold agglutinins are monoclonal, usually IgMκ auto antibodies with heavy chain variable regions encoded by the VH4-34 gene segment. By flowcytometric and immunohistochemical assessments, a monoclonal CD20+κ+B-lymphocyte population has been demonstrated in the bone marrow of 90% of the patients, and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma is a frequent finding. Novel attempts at treatment for primary CAD have mostly been directed against the clonal B-lymphocytes. Phase 2 studies have shown that therapy with the chimeric anti-CD20 antibody rituximab produced partial response rates of more than 50% and occasional complete responses. Median response duration, however, was only 11 months. In this review, we discuss the clinical and pathogenetic features of primary CAD, emphasizing the more recent data on its close association with clonal lymphoproliferative bone marrow disorders and implications for therapy. We also review the management and outline some perspectives on new therapy modalities.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
- Alkylating Agents/therapeutic use
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/diagnosis
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/drug therapy
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/epidemiology
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/etiology
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/pathology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Clone Cells/pathology
- Cryoglobulins/analysis
- Cryoglobulins/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/complications
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/drug therapy
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/pathology
- Rituximab
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