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Byrne AJ. Analog Resonance Computation: A New Model for Human Cognition. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2080. [PMID: 33013530 PMCID: PMC7509107 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early models of human cognition appeared to posit the brain as a collection of discrete digital computing modules with specific data processing functions. More recent theories such as the Hierarchically Mechanistic Mind characterize the brain as a massive hierarchy of interconnected and adaptive circuits whose primary aim is to reduce entropy. However, studies in high workload/stress situations show that human behavior is often error prone and seemingly irrational. Rather than regarding such behavior to be uncharacteristic, this paper suggest that such "atypical" behavior provides the best information on which to base theories of human cognition. Rather than using a digital paradigm, human cognition should be seen as an analog computer based on resonating circuits whose primary driver is to constantly extract information from the massively complex and rapidly changing world around us to construct an internal model of reality that allows us to rapidly respond to the threats and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan J. Byrne
- Consultant Anaesthetist, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Honorary Professor, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Nigro S, Cavalli SM, Cerasa A, Riccelli R, Fortunato F, Bianco MG, Martino I, Chiriaco C, Vaccaro MG, Quattrone A, Gambardella A, Labate A. Functional activity changes in memory and emotional systems of healthy subjects with déjà vu. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 97:8-14. [PMID: 31181431 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Déjà vu (DV) is a fascinating and mysterious human experience that has attracted interest from psychologists and neuroscientists for over a century. In recent years, several studies have been conducted to unravel the psychological and neurological correlates of this phenomenon. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the DV experience in benign manifestations are still poorly understood. Thirty-three healthy volunteers completed an extensive neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological battery including personality evaluation. The presence of DV was assessed with the Inventory for Deja vu Experiences Assessment. Participants underwent episodic memory learning test, and 2 days later during event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), they are asked to rate old and new pictures as a novel, moderately/very familiar, or recollected. We identified 18 subjects with DV (DV+) and 15 without DV (DV-) matched for demographical, neuropsychological, and personality characteristics. At a behavioral level, no significant difference was detected in the episodic memory tasks between DV+ and DV-. Functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis revealed that DV+, independently from task conditions, were characterized by increased activity of the bilateral insula coupled with reduced activation in the right parahippocampal, both hippocampi, superior/middle temporal gyri, thalami, caudate nuclei, and superior frontal gyri with respect to DV-. Our study demonstrates that individuals who experienced DV are not characterized by different performance underlying familiarity/recollection memory processes. However, fMRI results provide evidence that the physiological DV experience is associated with the employment of different neural responses of brain regions involved in memory and emotional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Nigro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Salvatore M Cavalli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Cerasa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Riccelli
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fortunato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Iolanda Martino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmelina Chiriaco
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Vaccaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Aldo Quattrone
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy; Neuroscience Centre, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Angelo Labate
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Qiu J, Xia Y, He L, Chen Q, Sang N, Liu W, Li H. Abnormal rsFC and GMV changes in parahippocampal and DLPFC for high Déjà vu experienced subjects. Biol Psychol 2018; 133:72-78. [PMID: 29426017 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
How déjà vu works has long been a mystery, partially because of its characteristics of unpredictable occurrences and quick disappearances, which make it difficult to be explored. Previous studies have described the anatomical structures underlying déjà vu in healthy subjects; however, the functional mechanism of déjà vu remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the brain structural and functional components underlying déjà vu by combining voxel-based morphometry analysis (VBM) with resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). The VBM analysis revealed that the anterior parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) had significantly less grey matter volume (GMV) in high déjà vu group than low group, confirming previous studies. Further functional connectivity analysis revealed that the frequency of déjà vu experiences was negatively correlated with the strength of the rsFC between anterior dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior PHG but positively correlated with the strength of the rsFC between posterior DLPFC and posterior PHG. Moreover, the frequency of déjà vu experiences was negatively correlated with the strength of the rsFC between the anterior and posterior regions of the PHG. These findings indicated that familiarity without recollection (PHG) and superior context monitoring (DLPFC) are critical for real-life déjà vu experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Qiu
- College of Education Science, ChengDu University, ChengDu, 610106, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yunman Xia
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Li He
- School of Education, Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Qunlin Chen
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Na Sang
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging (DCCN) Radboud University, Netherlands
| | - Hong Li
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Kostic B, Booth SE, Cleary AM. The role of analogy in reports of presque vu: Does reporting the presque vu state signal the near retrieval of a source analogy? JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2015.1031792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Craik FIM, Barense MD, Rathbone CJ, Grusec JE, Stuss DT, Gao F, Scott CJM, Black SE. VL: a further case of erroneous recollection. Neuropsychologia 2014; 56:367-80. [PMID: 24560915 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report a single-case study of a female patient (VL) who exhibited frequent episodes of erroneous recollections triggered by everyday events. Based on neuropsychological testing, VL was classified as suffering from mild to moderate dementia (MMSE=18) and was given a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer׳s disease. Her memory functions were uniformly impaired but her verbal abilities were generally well preserved. A structural MRI scan showed extensive areas of gray matter atrophy particularly in frontal and medial-temporal (MTL) areas. Results of experimental recognition tests showed that VL had very high false alarm rates on tests using pictures, faces and auditory stimuli, but lower false alarm rates on verbal tests. We provide a speculative account of her erroneous recollections in terms of her MTL and frontal pathology. In outline, we suggest that owing to binding failures in MTL regions, VL׳s recognition processes were forced to rely on earlier than normal stages of analysis. Environmental features on a given recognition trial may have combined with fragments persisting from previous trials resulting in erroneous feelings of familiarity and of recollection that were not discounted or edited out, due to her impaired frontal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus I M Craik
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M6A 2E1; University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Morgan D Barense
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M6A 2E1; University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clare J Rathbone
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M6A 2E1; Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Donald T Stuss
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M6A 2E1; University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Gao
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sandra E Black
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M6A 2E1; University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abstract
The tip-of-the-tongue state (TOT) is the feeling that accompanies temporary inaccessibility of an item that a person is trying to retrieve. TOTs have been studied experimentally since the seminal work of Brown and McNeill (1966). TOTs are experiences that accompany some failed or slow retrievals, and they can result in changes in retrieval behavior itself, allowing us to study the interplay among experience, retrieval, and behavior. We often attribute the experience of the TOT to the unretrieved target, but TOTs are based on a variety of cues, heuristics, or sources of evidence, such as partial information, related information, and cue familiarity, that predict the likelihood of overcoming retrieval failure. We present a synthesis of the direct-access view, which accounts for retrieval failure, and the heuristic-metacognitive view, which accounts for the experience of the TOT. We offer several avenues for future research and applications of TOT theory and data.
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Abstract
An empirically valid outcome in psychology may differ in the degree to which the outcome does or does not conform to human intuition. The author provides a brief history of three psychological outcomes violating human intuition, notes the resemblance to the common sense revolution, and then discusses how human intuition may be detrimental to behaviorism and evolutionary perspectives of human nature. The role of human intuition in supernatural beliefs is considered and, finally, possible methods to improve the plausibility of counterintuitive outcomes are suggested.
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Abstract
Déjà vu occurs when one feels as though a situation is familiar, despite evidence that the situation could not have been experienced before. Until recently, the topic of déjà vu remained largely outside of the realm of mainstream scientific investigation. However, interest in investigating the nature of déjà vu is growing among researchers of cognitive processes. In some cases, déjà vu may be understood within the context of research on human recognition memory. Specifically, déjà vu may sometimes result from familiarity-based recognition, or recognition that is based on feelings of familiarity that occur without identification of their source.
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