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Martino R, Zanolli C, Fidalgo D, Pandolfi L. Talking heads: disentangling the shape changes of the large extant hippopotamus during its ontogenetic development. Integr Zool 2024. [PMID: 38816905 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Using a 3D geometric morphometrics approach, we shed light on the major changes during the ontogenetic development of Hippopotamus amphibius. The main shift in the shape variability of cranial elements in juveniles can probably be related to the interruption of suckling. A less stressed shift in the cranial variability can probably be related to the attainment of sexual maturity. Semilandmarks and landmarks are powerful tools to discriminate between extant species and, therefore, this technique will be particularly useful in the future to study fossil ones as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Martino
- Department of Earth Sciences, GeoBioTec, School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- Museu da Lourinhã, Lourinhã, Portugal
| | | | - Darío Fidalgo
- Department of Palaeobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luca Pandolfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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2
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Avedik A, Clauss M. Chewing, dentition and tooth wear in Hippopotamidae (Hippopotamus amphibius and Choeropsis liberiensis). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291825. [PMID: 37792716 PMCID: PMC10550173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among mammals, hippopotamids ('hippos') have been described as the species with the lowest chewing efficacy despite elaborate enamel folds on the occlusal surface or their cheek teeth, which was hypothesized to result from the lack of a grinding chewing motion. We investigated the chewing and dentition of the two extant hippo species, the common hippo (Hippopotamus amphibius) and the pygmy hippo (Choeropsis liberiensis), making (video) observations of live animals and gathering data on museum specimens (n = 86 H. amphibius and 26 C. liberiensis skulls). Hippos have a low degree of anisodonty (differences in width between maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth) and anisognathy (difference in width between the upper and the lower jaw), corresponding to a mainly orthal (up-and-down) chewing motion. The two hippo species differ slightly, but distinctively, in their anterior dental morphology and chewing mode. In both species, the canines do not completely prevent a lateral jaw movement but would, in theory, permit this movement until the mandibular canines get into contact with the maxillary protruding snout. This movement is only realized, to a small extent, in pygmy hippos, leaving distinct wear traces on their incisors and creating relatively wider wear facets on the maxillary canines. In common hippos, the interlocking upper and lower incisors prevent lateral jaw movement. Corresponding contact wear facets are evident on the medial aspect of the upper, and on the lateral aspect of the lower incisors-unless museal reconstructions mispositioned these teeth. If these facets are interpreted as an indication for a relic of a lateral jaw movement that was probably more prominent in hippo ancestors, i.e. if we assume that hippos evolved orthal chewing secondarily, several other characteristics of hippos can be explained, such as a low degree of hypsodonty (in the absence of distinct attrition due to a grinding chewing movement), a secondary loss of complexity in their enamel schmelzmuster, a secondary evolution of a wide mouth gape, a reduction in anisodonty compared to their ancestors, and the evolution of a bilaterally symmetrical ('trifoliate') enamel folding pattern on the molar occlusal surface from an ancestral bunoselenodont condition. As an underlying driving force, selection for intraspecific combat with canines and incisors, necessitating a wide gape and a rigid jaw, has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Avedik
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Tavares WC, Pessôa LM. Pelvic sexual dimorphism and its association with cranial morphology in Neotropical spiny rats (Rodentia, Echimyidae). J MAMM EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-022-09625-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Beeching SC, Elsey R, Rehorek SJ. Ontogeny of the American Alligator (
Alligator mississippiensis
) prenatal head: a morphometric approach. J Morphol 2022; 283:805-814. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. C. Beeching
- Department of Biology Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16057
| | - R. Elsey
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Louisiana
| | - S. J. Rehorek
- Department of Biology Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16057
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Munn AJ, Snelling EP, Taggart DA, Clauss M. Scaling at different ontogenetic stages: Gastrointestinal tract contents of a marsupial foregut fermenter, the western grey kangaroo Macropus fuliginosus melanops. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 264:111100. [PMID: 34737157 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prominent ontogenetic changes of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) should occur in mammals whose neonatal diet of milk differs from that of adults, and especially in herbivores (as vegetation is particularly distinct from milk), and even more so in foregut fermenters, whose forestomach only becomes functionally relevant with vegetation intake. Due to the protracted lactation in marsupials, ontogenetic differences can be particularly well investigated in this group. Here, we report body mass (BM) scaling relationships of wet GIT content mass in 28 in-pouch young (50 g to 3 kg) and 15 adult (16-70 kg) western grey kangaroos Macropus fuliginosus melanops. Apart from the small intestinal contents, in-pouch young and adults did not differ in the scaling exponents ('slope' in log-log plots) but did differ in the scaling factor ('intercept'), with an implied substantial increase in wet GIT content mass during the out-of-pouch juvenile period. In contrast to forestomach contents, caecum contents were elevated in juveniles still in the pouch, suggestive of fermentative digestion of milk and intestinal secretion residues, particularly in the caecum. The substantial increase in GIT contents (from less than 1 to 10-20% of BM) was associated mainly with the increase in forestomach contents (from 25 to 80% of total GIT contents) and a concomitant decrease in small intestine contents (from 50 to 8%), emphasizing the shifting relevance of auto-enzymatic and allo-enzymatic (microbial) digestion. There was a concomitant increase in the contents-to-tissue ratio of the fermentation chambers (forestomach and caecum), but this ratio generally did not change for the small intestine. Our study not only documents significant ontogenetic changes in digestive morpho-physiology, but also exemplifies the usefulness of intraspecific allometric analyses for quantifying these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Munn
- Laboratory for Ecological and Applied Physiology, Otford, NSW 2508, Australia.
| | - Edward P Snelling
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
| | - David A Taggart
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Tavares WC, Coutinho LC, Oliveira JA. Locomotor habits and phenotypic evolution of the appendicular skeleton in the oryzomyalian radiation in the Neotropics (Sigmodontinae, Cricetidae, Rodentia). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Corrêa Tavares
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia—NUMPEX‐BIO Campus Duque de Caxias Professor Geraldo Cidade Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Duque de Caxias Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Ludmilla Carvalho Coutinho
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Setor de Mastozoologia Departamento de Vertebrados Museu Nacional Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - João Alves Oliveira
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Setor de Mastozoologia Departamento de Vertebrados Museu Nacional Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Shannon G, Sadler P, Smith J, Roylance-Casson E, Cordes LS. Contrasting selection pressure on body and weapon size in a polygynous megaherbivore. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210368. [PMID: 34610251 PMCID: PMC8492169 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is a common morphological trait in ungulates, with polygyny considered the leading driver of larger male body mass and weapon size. However, not all polygynous species exhibit SSD, while molecular evidence has revealed a more complex relationship between paternity and mating system than originally predicted. SSD is, therefore, likely to be shaped by a range of social, ecological and physiological factors. We present the first definitive analysis of SSD in the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) using a unique morphological dataset collected from 2994 aged individuals. The results confirm that hippos exhibit SSD, but the mean body mass differed by only 5% between the sexes, which is rather limited compared with many other polygynous ungulates. However, jaw and canine mass are significantly greater in males than females (44% and 81% heavier, respectively), highlighting the considerable selection pressure for acquiring larger weapons. A predominantly aquatic lifestyle coupled with the physiological limitations of their foregut fermenting morphology likely restricts body size differences between the sexes. Indeed, hippos appear to be a rare example among ungulates whereby sexual selection favours increased weapon size over body mass, underlining the important role that species-specific ecology and physiology have in shaping SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Shannon
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Phoebe Sadler
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Joanna Smith
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, UK
| | | | - Line S. Cordes
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
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8
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Shi QQ, Hou SK, Sun BY, Wang SQ, Deng T. Ontogenetic and Intraspecific Variation in the Skull Morphology of the Late Miocene Bovid Hezhengia bohlini. J MAMM EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-021-09558-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Tidière M, Gaillard J, Garel M, Lemaître J, Toïgo C, Pélabon C. Variation in the ontogenetic allometry of horn length in bovids along a body mass continuum. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4104-4114. [PMID: 32489634 PMCID: PMC7244813 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allometric relationships describe the proportional covariation between morphological, physiological, or life-history traits and the size of the organisms. Evolutionary allometries estimated among species are expected to result from species differences in ontogenetic allometry, but it remains uncertain whether ontogenetic allometric parameters and particularly the ontogenetic slope can evolve. In bovids, the nonlinear evolutionary allometry between horn length and body mass in males suggests systematic changes in ontogenetic allometry with increasing species body mass. To test this hypothesis, we estimated ontogenetic allometry between horn length and body mass in males and females of 19 bovid species ranging from ca. 5 to 700 kg. Ontogenetic allometry changed systematically with species body mass from steep ontogenetic allometries over a short period of horn growth in small species to shallow allometry with the growth period of horns matching the period of body mass increase in the largest species. Intermediate species displayed steep allometry over long period of horn growth. Females tended to display shallower ontogenetic allometry with longer horn growth compared to males, but these differences were weak and highly variable. These findings show that ontogenetic allometric slope evolved across species possibly as a response to size-related changes in the selection pressures acting on horn length and body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Tidière
- Department of BiologyCentre for Biodiversity DynamicsNTNUNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Jean‐Michel Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR5558 - CNRSUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1Université de LyonVilleurbanneFrance
| | | | - Jean‐François Lemaître
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR5558 - CNRSUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1Université de LyonVilleurbanneFrance
| | - Carole Toïgo
- Office Français pour la BiodiversitéGièresFrance
| | - Christophe Pélabon
- Department of BiologyCentre for Biodiversity DynamicsNTNUNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
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10
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Moyano S, Morales M, Giannini N. Skull ontogeny of the pronghorn (Antilocapraamericana) in the comparative context of native North American ungulates. CAN J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2019-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The pronghorn (Antilocapra americana (Ord, 1815)) is the single survivor of a largely extinct, isolated pecoran lineage (Antilocapridae) native to North America. We describe postnatal ontogeny of its skull in a comparative framework inclusive of representatives of other typical North American ungulate linages, all of which partially overlap in geographic distribution and share habitat with A. americana. To describe allometric growth, we took 23 linear cranial measurements in 30 specimens of A. americana and applied bi- and multi-variate statistics. The skull of A. americana generally grew with negative rates in width and height dimensions, and with positive rates in length, including an elongation of rostrum, particularly the nasals, and a relative narrowing of the braincase. We compared skull development in A. americana with development in two cervids (white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) and wapiti (Cervus canadensis Erxleben, 1777)) and two bovids (bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis Shaw, 1804) and American bison (Bison bison (Linnaeus, 1758))). The multivariate ontogenetic trajectory of A. americana overlapped greatly with that of Odocoileus virginianus, and differed from the other species in varying degrees. These results indicated an essentially convergent pattern of skull growth with species showing important functional similarities, such as cervids of comparable size and feeding habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.R. Moyano
- Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA), Universidad Nacional de Jujuy – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Avenida Bolivia 1239, San Salvador de Jujuy, C.P. 4600, Jujuy, Argentina; Centro de Estudios Territoriales Ambientales y Sociales (CETAS), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47, San Salvador de Jujuy, C.P. 4600, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - M.M. Morales
- Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA), Universidad Nacional de Jujuy – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Avenida Bolivia 1239, San Salvador de Jujuy, C.P. 4600, Jujuy, Argentina; Centro de Estudios Territoriales Ambientales y Sociales (CETAS), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47, San Salvador de Jujuy, C.P. 4600, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - N.P. Giannini
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Miguel Lillo 251, C.P. 4000, Tucumán, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, San Miguel de Tucumán, C.P. 4000, Tucumán, Argentina; American Museum of Natural History, Department of Mammalogy, 200 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA
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11
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Hamidi K, Matin MM, Darvish J, Malikov VG. Inter- and intraspecific diversity of ontogeny and fecundity patterns in relation to reproductive strategy choice in Myomorpha (Rodentia: Calomyscidae, Cricetidae, Muridae). MAMMAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-019-00460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Duport-Bru AS, Ponssa ML, Vera Candioti F. Postmetamorphic ontogenetic allometry and the evolution of skull shape in Nest-building frogs Leptodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Evol Dev 2019; 21:265-277. [PMID: 31356726 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Allometry constitutes an important source of morphological variation. However, its influence in head development in anurans has been poorly explored. By using geometric morphometrics followed by statistical and comparative methods we analyzed patterns of allometric change during cranial postmetamorphic ontogeny in species of Nest-building frogs Leptodactylus (Leptodactylidae). We found that the anuran skull is not a static structure, and allometry plays an important role in defining its shape in this group. Similar to other groups with biphasic life-cycle, and following a general trend in vertebrates, ontogenetic changes mostly involve rearrangement in rostral, otoccipital, and suspensorium regions. Ontogenetic transformations are paralleled by shape changes associated with evolutionary change in size, such that the skulls of species of different intrageneric groups are scaled to each other, and small and large species show patterns of paedomorphic/peramorphic features, respectively. Allometric trajectories producing those phenotypes are highly evolvable though, with shape change direction and magnitude varying widely among clades, and irrespective of changes in absolute body size. These results reinforce the importance of large-scale comparisons of growth patterns to understand the plasticity, evolution, and polarity of morphological changes in different clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Duport-Bru
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, (CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María L Ponssa
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, (CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo), Tucumán, Argentina
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13
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Rico-Guevara A, Hurme KJ. Intrasexually selected weapons. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:60-101. [PMID: 29924496 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We propose a practical concept that distinguishes the particular kind of weaponry that has evolved to be used in combat between individuals of the same species and sex, which we term intrasexually selected weapons (ISWs). We present a treatise of ISWs in nature, aiming to understand their distinction and evolution from other secondary sex traits, including from 'sexually selected weapons', and from sexually dimorphic and monomorphic weaponry. We focus on the subset of secondary sex traits that are the result of same-sex combat, defined here as ISWs, provide not previously reported evolutionary patterns, and offer hypotheses to answer questions such as: why have only some species evolved weapons to fight for the opposite sex or breeding resources? We examined traits that seem to have evolved as ISWs in the entire animal phylogeny, restricting the classification of ISW to traits that are only present or enlarged in adults of one of the sexes, and are used as weapons during intrasexual fights. Because of the absence of behavioural data and, in many cases, lack of sexually discriminated series from juveniles to adults, we exclude the fossil record from this review. We merge morphological, ontogenetic, and behavioural information, and for the first time thoroughly review the tree of life to identify separate evolution of ISWs. We found that ISWs are only found in bilateral animals, appearing independently in nematodes, various groups of arthropods, and vertebrates. Our review sets a reference point to explore other taxa that we identify with potential ISWs for which behavioural or morphological studies are warranted. We establish that most ISWs come in pairs, are located in or near the head, are endo- or exoskeletal modifications, are overdeveloped structures compared with those found in females, are modified feeding structures and/or locomotor appendages, are most common in terrestrial taxa, are frequently used to guard females, territories, or both, and are also used in signalling displays to deter rivals and/or attract females. We also found that most taxa lack ISWs, that females of only a few species possess better-developed weapons than males, that the cases of independent evolution of ISWs are not evenly distributed across the phylogeny, and that animals possessing the most developed ISWs have non-hunting habits (e.g. herbivores) or are faunivores that prey on very small prey relative to their body size (e.g. insectivores). Bringing together perspectives from studies on a variety of taxa, we conceptualize that there are five ways in which a sexually dimorphic trait, apart from the primary sex traits, can be fixed: sexual selection, fecundity selection, parental role division, differential niche occupation between the sexes, and interference competition. We discuss these trends and the factors involved in the evolution of intrasexually selected weaponry in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rico-Guevara
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Rd, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT, 06269, U.S.A.,Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Código Postal 11001, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Kristiina J Hurme
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Rd, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT, 06269, U.S.A
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14
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Gray JA, Sherratt E, Hutchinson MN, Jones MEH. Changes in ontogenetic patterns facilitate diversification in skull shape of Australian agamid lizards. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:7. [PMID: 30621580 PMCID: PMC6325775 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphological diversity among closely related animals can be the result of differing growth patterns. The Australian radiation of agamid lizards (Amphibolurinae) exhibits great ecological and morphological diversity, which they have achieved on a continent-wide scale, in a relatively short period of time (30 million years). Amphibolurines therefore make an ideal study group for examining ontogenetic allometry. We used two-dimensional landmark-based geometric morphometric methods to characterise the postnatal growth patterns in cranial shape of 18 species of amphibolurine lizards and investigate the associations between cranial morphology, and life habit and phylogeny. RESULTS For most amphibolurine species, juveniles share a similar cranial phenotype, but by adulthood crania are more disparate in shape and occupy different sub-spaces of the total shape space. To achieve this disparity, crania do not follow a common post-natal growth pattern; there are differences among species in both the direction and magnitude of change in morphospace. We found that these growth patterns among the amphibolurines are significantly associated with ecological life habits. The clade Ctenophorus includes species that undergo small magnitudes of shape change during growth. They have dorsoventrally deep, blunt-snouted skulls (associated with terrestrial lifestyles), and also dorsoventrally shallow skulls (associated with saxicolous lifestyles). The sister clade to Ctenophorus, which includes the bearded dragon (Pogona), frill-neck lizard (Chlamydosaurus), and long-nosed dragon (Gowidon), exhibit broad and robust post-orbital regions and differing snout lengths (mainly associated with scansorial lifestyles). CONCLUSIONS Australian agamids show great variability in the timing of development and divergence of growth trajectories which results in a diversity of adult cranial shapes. Phylogenetic signal in cranial morphology appears to be largely overwritten by signals that reflect life habit. This knowledge about growth patterns and skull shape diversity in agamid lizards will be valuable for placing phylogenetic, functional and ecological studies in a morphological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimi A. Gray
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Room 205E, Darling Building North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - Emma Sherratt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Room 205E, Darling Building North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- South Australian Museum, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Mark N. Hutchinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Room 205E, Darling Building North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- South Australian Museum, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Marc E. H. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Room 205E, Darling Building North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- South Australian Museum, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
- Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD UK
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Abstract
Abstract
Hippopotamidae family is nowadays represented by two species within two different genera: pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) and common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). The common hippopotamus has a very unique anatomy, and the shape of the body, especially the head is adapted for a semi-aquatic life style. The morphological examination and description of the gross anatomical features of the hippopotamus skull is described in this paper. The shape of the skull is adapted for the amphibian way of life. Their eyes, ears and nostrils are placed high on the roof of the skull which allows these organs to remain above the surface of the water while the animal is being submerged underwater. The skull is massive, but the brain case (neurocranium) is extremely small compared with the splanchnocranium and complete head. The dental formula of the common hippopotamus is: incisors (I) 2/2, canines (C) 1/1, premolars (P) 3-4/3-4 and molars (M) 3/3. Incisors and canine teeth are formed in the shape of tusks and are used for threat or “demonstration of power” among animals when vigorously fi ghting. Incisor teeth grow continuously and are twice bigger in males than in females.
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16
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Phillips ND, Kubicek L, Payne NL, Harrod C, Eagling LE, Carson CD, Cappanera V, Houghton JDR. Isometric growth in the world's largest bony fishes (genus Mola)? Morphological insights from fisheries bycatch data. J Morphol 2018; 279:1312-1320. [PMID: 30187934 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
For teleost fishes, the relationship between morphometric traits can provide significant insight into species life history, however gathering such data for noncommercial species can prove challenging. Here, we use data collected opportunistically from fisheries bycatch and stranding events to assess growth scaling over orders of magnitude in the ocean sunfish (genus Mola). Intriguingly, the confidence intervals for the relationship between length and mass suggests that isometric scaling is likely, a growth pattern rarely observed in fishes owing to the scaling of supportive structures. These data also enabled assessment of geometric morphometrics, which indicated that Mola sp shape varies subtly but significantly ontogenetically, with increased fin area comparative to body area as fish increase in size. More practically, total length emerged as an effective predictor for a range of morphological traits, including mass, fin lengths and surface area, which can provide vital baseline data for fisheries modeling and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha D Phillips
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicholas L Payne
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Harrod
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humboldt, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | | | - Carol D Carson
- The New England Coastal Wildlife Alliance, Middleboro, Massachusetts
| | - Valentina Cappanera
- Area Marina Protetta di Portofino, Ministry for the Environment and for the Protection of Territory and Sea, Santa Margherita Ligure, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jonathan D R Houghton
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Queen's Marine Laboratory, Portaferry, United Kingdom.,Institute of Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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17
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Flores DA, Giannini N, Abdala F. Evolution of post-weaning skull ontogeny in New World opossums (Didelphidae). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-018-0369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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19
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Tavares WC, Pessôa LM, Seuánez HN. Changes in Ontogenetic Allometry and their Role in the Emergence of Cranial Morphology in Fossorial Spiny Rats (Echimyidae, Hystricomorpha, Rodentia). J MAMM EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-018-9433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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20
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Moyano SR, Cassini GH, Giannini NP. Skull Ontogeny of the Hyraxes Procavia capensis and Dendrohyrax arboreus (Procaviidae: Hyracoidea). J MAMM EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-017-9424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Abzhanov A. The old and new faces of morphology: the legacy of D'Arcy Thompson's 'theory of transformations' and 'laws of growth'. Development 2017; 144:4284-4297. [PMID: 29183941 DOI: 10.1242/dev.137505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In 1917, the publication of On Growth and Form by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson challenged both mathematicians and naturalists to think about biological shapes and diversity as more than a confusion of chaotic forms generated at random, but rather as geometric shapes that could be described by principles of physics and mathematics. Thompson's work was based on the ideas of Galileo and Goethe on morphology and of Russell on functionalism, but he was first to postulate that physical forces and internal growth parameters regulate biological forms and could be revealed via geometric transformations in morphological space. Such precise mathematical structure suggested a unifying generative process, as reflected in the title of the book. To Thompson it was growth that could explain the generation of any particular biological form, and changes in ontogeny, rather than natural selection, could then explain the diversity of biological shapes. Whereas adaptationism, widely accepted in evolutionary biology, gives primacy to extrinsic factors in producing morphological variation, Thompson's 'laws of growth' provide intrinsic directives and constraints for the generation of individual shapes, helping to explain the 'profusion of forms, colours, and other modifications' observed in the living world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arhat Abzhanov
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK .,Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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22
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Esquerré D, Sherratt E, Keogh JS. Evolution of extreme ontogenetic allometric diversity and heterochrony in pythons, a clade of giant and dwarf snakes. Evolution 2017; 71:2829-2844. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Esquerré
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra Australia
| | - Emma Sherratt
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra Australia
| | - J. Scott Keogh
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra Australia
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23
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Doke D, Morey R, Dahanukar N, Padhye SM, Paripatyadar SV. Ontogenetic trajectory and allometry of Diplonychus rusticus (Fabricius), an Oriental aquatic bug (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae) from the Western Ghats of India. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:297-303. [PMID: 28065803 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite being one of the dominant groups in freshwater ecosystems, morphological and ontogenetic studies on aquatic Hemiptera have received little attention in the Oriental region. We present the ontogenetic trajectory and allometry of the widespread Oriental belostomatid species, Diplonychus rusticus (Fabricius) for the first time. We have measured nine different morphological variables throughout the growth of the bug using both field captured and laboratory reared specimens. Our results suggest that the developmental instars can be distinguished by the size variables, as seen in the Principal Component Analysis. On the basis of a CHAID (Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection) based regression tree, we also show that the characters - total length without head and maximum width - prove to be adequate for effective instar identification. The multivariate allometric growth pattern shows that different body parts exhibit different types of allometry. This is apparent in the allometry exhibited by forelegs and mid and hind legs, which show allometry of opposite polarities. This may be due to the different functions attributed to these body parts. Our results show that the growth pattern in D. rusticus is comparable with the New World genus Belostoma, suggesting a conserved growth pattern in the family Belostomatidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dnyaneshwar Doke
- Dept. of Zoology, Prof. Ramkrishna More Arts, Commerce and Science College, Akurdi, Pradhikaran, Pune 411 044, India
| | - Rashmi Morey
- Dept. of Zoology, Prof. Ramkrishna More Arts, Commerce and Science College, Akurdi, Pradhikaran, Pune 411 044, India
| | - Neelesh Dahanukar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, G1 Block, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India; Systematics, Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Zoo Outreach Organization (ZOO), No. 12 Thiruvannamalai Nagar, Saravanampatti - Kalapatti Road, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore 641 035, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sameer M Padhye
- Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society, No. 12 Thiruvannamalai Nagar, Saravanampatti - Kalapatti Road, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore 641 035, Tamil Nadu, India; Dept. of Biodiversity, MES' Abasaheb Garware College of Arts and Science, Karve Road, Pune 411 004, India
| | - Shruti V Paripatyadar
- Dept. of Biodiversity, MES' Abasaheb Garware College of Arts and Science, Karve Road, Pune 411 004, India.
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24
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Hipsley CA, Müller J. Developmental dynamics of ecomorphological convergence in a transcontinental lizard radiation. Evolution 2017; 71:936-948. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christy A. Hipsley
- School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
- Museum Victoria GPO Box 666 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
- Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science Invalidenstr. 43 10115 Berlin Germany
| | - Johannes Müller
- Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science Invalidenstr. 43 10115 Berlin Germany
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25
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On the growth of the largest living rodent: Postnatal skull and dental shape changes in capybara species (Hydrochoerus spp.). Mamm Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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26
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de Francesco MC, Loy A. Intra- and Interspecific Interactions as Proximate Determinants of Sexual Dimorphism and Allometric Trajectories in the Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops truncatus (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinidae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164287. [PMID: 27764133 PMCID: PMC5072710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding adaptation, social behaviour, and interspecific interactions related to sexual dimorphism and allometric growth are particularly challenging to be investigated in the high sexual monomorphic Delphinidae. We used geometric morphometrics to extensively explore sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic allometry of different projections of the skull and the mandible of the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus. Two-dimensional landmarks were recorded on the dorsal, ventral, lateral, and occipital views of the skull, and on the lateral view of the left and the right mandible of 104 specimens from the Mediterranean and the North Seas, differing environmental condition and degree of interspecific associations. Landmark configurations were transformed, standardized and superimposed through a Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Size and shape differences between adult males and females were respectively evaluated through ANOVA on centroid size, Procrustes ANOVA on Procrustes distances, and MANOVA on Procrustes coordinates. Ontogenetic allometry was investigated by multivariate regression of shape coordinates on centroid size in the largest homogenous sample from the North Sea. Results evidenced sexual dimorphic asymmetric traits only detected in the adults of the North Sea bottlenose dolphins living in monospecific associations, with females bearing a marked incision of the cavity hosting the left tympanic bulla. These differences were related to a more refined echolocalization system that likely enhances the exploitation of local resources by philopatric females. Distinct shape in immature versus mature stages and asymmetric changes in postnatal allometry of dorsal and occipital traits, suggest that differences between males and females are established early during growth. Allometric growth trajectories differed between males and females for the ventral view of the skull. Allometric trajectories differed among projections of skull and mandible, and were related to dietary shifts experienced by subadults and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carla de Francesco
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Fonte Lappone locality, Pesche, (IS) I-86090, Italy
| | - Anna Loy
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Fonte Lappone locality, Pesche, (IS) I-86090, Italy
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27
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Tavares WC, Pessôa LM, Seuánez HN. Phylogenetic and size constrains on cranial ontogenetic allometry of spiny rats (Echimyidae, Rodentia). J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1752-65. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. C. Tavares
- Departamento de Zoologia; CCS; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Programa de Genética; Instituto Nacional de Câncer; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Departamento de Genética; CCS; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - L. M. Pessôa
- Departamento de Zoologia; CCS; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - H. N. Seuánez
- Programa de Genética; Instituto Nacional de Câncer; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Departamento de Genética; CCS; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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28
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Fuchs M, Geiger M, Stange M, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Growth trajectories in the cave bear and its extant relatives: an examination of ontogenetic patterns in phylogeny. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:239. [PMID: 26525575 PMCID: PMC4630841 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of postnatal ontogeny can provide insights into evolution by offering an understanding of how growth trajectories have evolved resulting in adult morphological disparity. The Ursus lineage is a good subject for studying cranial and mandibular shape and size variation in relation to postnatal ontogeny and phylogeny because it is at the same time not diverse but the species exhibit different feeding ecologies. Cranial and mandibular shapes of Ursus arctos (brown bear), U. maritimus (polar bear), U. americanus (American black bear), and the extinct U. spelaeus (cave bear) were examined, using a three-dimensional geometric morphometric approach. Additionally, ontogenetic series of crania and mandibles of U. arctos and U. spelaeus ranging from newborns to senile age were sampled. RESULTS The distribution of specimens in morphospace allowed to distinguish species and age classes and the ontogenetic trajectories U. arctos and U. spelaeus were found to be more similar than expected by chance. Cranial shape changes during ontogeny are largely size related whereas the evolution of cranial shape disparity in this clade appears to be more influenced by dietary adaptation than by size and phylogeny. The different feeding ecologies are reflected in different cranial and mandibular shapes among species. CONCLUSIONS The cranial and mandibular shape disparity in the Ursus lineage appears to be more influenced by adaptation to diet than by size or phylogeny. In contrast, the cranial and mandibular shape changes during postnatal ontogeny in U. arctos and U. spelaeus are probably largely size related. The patterns of morphospace occupation of the cranium and the mandible in adults and through ontogeny are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Fuchs
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland.
| | - Madeleine Geiger
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland.
| | - Madlen Stange
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland.
| | - Marcelo R Sánchez-Villagra
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland.
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29
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Bolzan DP, Pessôa LM, Peracchi AL, Strauss RE. Allometric Patterns and Evolution in Neotropical Nectar-Feeding Bats (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae). ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2015. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2015.17.1.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Flacke GL, Chambers BK, Martin GB, Paris MC. The Pygmy Hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis (Morton, 1849): Bringing to Light Research Priorities for the Largely Forgotten, Smaller Hippo Species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zoolgart.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Tarnawski BA, Flores D, Cassini G, Cappozzo LH. A comparative analysis on cranial ontogeny of South American fur seals (Otariidae:Arctocephalus). Zool J Linn Soc 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara A. Tarnawski
- División Mastozoología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470; C1405DJR Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - David Flores
- División Mastozoología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470; C1405DJR Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Guillermo Cassini
- División Mastozoología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470; C1405DJR Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Universidad Nacional de Luján; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Luis H. Cappozzo
- División Mastozoología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470; C1405DJR Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
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32
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Giannini NP. Quantitative developmental data in a phylogenetic framework. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2014; 322:558-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Pedro Giannini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); Tucumán Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; San Miguel de Tucumán Tucumán Argentina
- Department of Mammalogy; American Museum of Natural History; New York New York
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33
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Pélabon C, Firmat C, Bolstad GH, Voje KL, Houle D, Cassara J, Rouzic AL, Hansen TF. Evolution of morphological allometry. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1320:58-75. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pélabon
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Cyril Firmat
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Geir H. Bolstad
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Kjetil L. Voje
- Department of Biology; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - David Houle
- Department of Biological Science; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida
| | - Jason Cassara
- Department of Biological Science; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida
| | - Arnaud Le Rouzic
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Spéciation; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Thomas F. Hansen
- Department of Biology; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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34
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Jones KE, German RZ. Ontogenetic allometry in the thoracolumbar spine of mammal species with differing gait use. Evol Dev 2014; 16:110-20. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina E. Jones
- Functional Anatomy and EvolutionJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Rebecca Z. German
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21287USA
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35
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Tarnawski B, Cassini G, Flores D. Skull allometry and sexual dimorphism in the ontogeny of the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina). CAN J ZOOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2013-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina (L., 1758)) is one of the most dimorphic mammals, but sexual dimorphism in its skull ontogeny is poorly known. We study ontogeny of sexual dimorphism by the allometric relationships between 21 measurements and its geometric mean. Based on 66 specimens (36 females, 30 males), the bivariate and multivariate analyses indicated that both approaches were congruent in most variables. We detected that sexual dimorphism was reached mostly by sexual shape differences in the ontogenetic trajectories of males and females. Twenty-four percent of variables were associated with intercept differences (pup size proportions), while 57% of variables were associated with slope intersexual differences (relative growth rates). Contrarily, sexual dimorphism was also achieved by size differences in adult stages (19% of variables), as males exhibited an extension of their common ontogenetic trajectories. Secondary growth spurt in males was detected for few variables. Our comparison with analogous data collected from southern sea lions (Otaria byronia (de Blainville, 1820)) indicated that in both species, sexual dimorphism was mostly associated with an enhanced ability to defend territories, which was linked to the polygynic behavior. However, discrepancies between both ontogenetic patterns of dimorphism were associated with interspecific differences in their life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.A. Tarnawski
- División Mastozoología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, “Bernardino Rivadavia” CONICET, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G.H. Cassini
- División Mastozoología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, “Bernardino Rivadavia” CONICET, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D.A. Flores
- División Mastozoología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, “Bernardino Rivadavia” CONICET, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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36
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Rager L, Hautier L, Forasiepi A, Goswami A, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Timing of cranial suture closure in placental mammals: Phylogenetic patterns, intraspecific variation, and comparison with marsupials. J Morphol 2013; 275:125-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rager
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum; Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4; CH-8006 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Lionel Hautier
- Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
- Laboratoire de Paléontologie; Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution (ISE-M, UMR-CNRS 5554), C.c. 64, Université Montpellier 2; Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Analía Forasiepi
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum; Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4; CH-8006 Zürich Switzerland
- CONICET, IANIGLA, CCT-Mendoza; Avda. Ruiz Leal s/n, 5500, Mendoza Mendoza Argentina
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Department of Genetics; Evolution and Environment, University College London; London UK
| | - Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum; Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4; CH-8006 Zürich Switzerland
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37
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Sears KE. Differences in Growth Generate the Diverse Palate Shapes of New World Leaf-Nosed Bats (Order Chiroptera, Family Phyllostomidae). Evol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-013-9241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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38
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Urošević A, Ljubisavljević K, Ivanović A. Patterns of cranial ontogeny in lacertid lizards: morphological and allometric disparity. J Evol Biol 2012; 26:399-415. [PMID: 23278889 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We explored the ontogenetic dynamics of the morphological and allometric disparity in the cranium shapes of twelve lacertid lizard species. The analysed species (Darevskia praticola, Dinarolacerta mosorensis, Iberolacerta horvathi, Lacerta agilis, L. trilineata, L. viridis, Podarcis erhardii, P. melisellensis, P. muralis, P. sicula, P. taurica and Zootoca vivipara) can be classified into different ecomorphs: terrestrial lizards that inhabit vegetated habitats (habitats with lush or sparse vegetation), saxicolous and shrub-climbing lizards. We observed that there was an overall increase in the morphological disparity (MD) during the ontogeny of the lacertid lizards. The ventral cranium, which is involved in the mechanics of jaw movement and feeding, showed higher levels of MD, an ontogenetic shift in the morphospace planes and more variable allometric patterns than more conserved dorsal crania. With respect to ecology, the allometric trajectories of the shrub-climbing species tended to cluster together, whereas the allometric trajectories of the saxicolous species were highly dispersed. Our results indicate that the ontogenetic patterns of morphological and allometric disparity in the lacertid lizards are modified by ecology and functional constraints and that the identical mechanisms that lead to intraspecific morphological variation also produce morphological divergence at higher taxonomic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Urošević
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Suzuki S, Abe M, Motokawa M. Allometric Comparison of Skulls from Two Closely Related Weasels,Mustela itatsiandM. sibirica. Zoolog Sci 2011; 28:676-88. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.28.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Wilson LAB. Comparison of prenatal and postnatal ontogeny: cranial allometry in the African striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio). J Mammal 2011. [DOI: 10.1644/10-mamm-a-209.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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41
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Wilson LA, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Evolution and phylogenetic signal of growth trajectories: the case of chelid turtles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2010; 316:50-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Galatius A, Berta A, Frandsen MS, Goodall RNP. Interspecific variation of ontogeny and skull shape among porpoises (Phocoenidae). J Morphol 2010; 272:136-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Boisserie JR, Fisher RE, Lihoreau F, Weston EM. Evolving between land and water: key questions on the emergence and history of the Hippopotamidae (Hippopotamoidea, Cetancodonta, Cetartiodactyla). Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2010; 86:601-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wilson LAB, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Diversity trends and their ontogenetic basis: an exploration of allometric disparity in rodents. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:1227-34. [PMID: 20018789 PMCID: PMC2842816 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that most morphological evolution occurs by allometric differentiation. Because rodents encapsulate a phenomenal amount of taxonomic diversity and, among several clades, contrasting levels of morphological diversity, they represent an excellent subject to address the question: how variable are allometric patterns during evolution? We investigated the influence of phylogenetic relations and ecological factors on the results of the first quantification of allometric disparity among rodents by exploring allometric space, a multivariate morphospace here derived from, and encapsulating all, the ontogenetic trajectories of 34 rodent species from two parallel phylogenetic radiations. Disparity was quantified using angles between ontogenetic trajectories for different species and clades. We found an overlapping occupation of allometric space by muroid and hystricognath species, revealing both clades possess similar abilities to evolve in different directions of phenotypic space, and anatomical diversity does not act to constrain the labile nature of allometric patterning. Morphological features to enable efficient processing of food serve to group rodents in allometric space, reflecting the importance of convergent morphology, rather than shared evolutionary history, in the generation of allometric patterns. Our results indicate that the conserved level of morphological integration found among primates cannot simply be extended to all mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A B Wilson
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland.
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45
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Sánchez-Villagra MR. Developmental palaeontology in synapsids: the fossil record of ontogeny in mammals and their closest relatives. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:1139-47. [PMID: 20071389 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of fossilized ontogenies in mammals is mostly restricted to postnatal and late stages of growth, but nevertheless can deliver great insights into life history and evolutionary mechanisms affecting all aspects of development. Fossils provide evidence of developmental plasticity determined by ecological factors, as when allometric relations are modified in species which invaded a new space with a very different selection regime. This is the case of dwarfing and gigantism evolution in islands. Skeletochronological studies are restricted to the examination of growth marks mostly in the cement and dentine of teeth and can provide absolute age estimates. These, together with dental replacement data considered in a phylogenetic context, provide life-history information such as maturation time and longevity. Palaeohistology and dental replacement data document the more or less gradual but also convergent evolution of mammalian growth features during early synapsid evolution. Adult phenotypes of extinct mammals can inform developmental processes by showing a combination of features or levels of integration unrecorded in living species. Some adult features such as vertebral number, easily recorded in fossils, provide indirect information about somitogenesis and hox-gene expression boundaries. Developmental palaeontology is relevant for the discourse of ecological developmental biology, an area of research where features of growth and variation are fundamental and accessible among fossil mammals.
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FRÉDÉRICH BRUNO, SHEETS HDAVID. Evolution of ontogenetic allometry shaping giant species: a case study from the damselfish genus Dascyllus (Pomacentridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Weston EM, Lister AM. Insular dwarfism in hippos and a model for brain size reduction in Homo floresiensis. Nature 2009; 459:85-8. [PMID: 19424156 PMCID: PMC2679980 DOI: 10.1038/nature07922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Body size reduction in mammals is usually associated with only moderate brain size reduction as the brain and sensory organs complete their growth before the rest of the body during ontogeny1,2. On this basis “phyletic dwarfs” are predicted to have a higher relative brain size than “phyletic giants”1,3. This trend has been questioned, however, in the special case of dwarfism of mammals on islands4. Here we show that the endocranial capacities of extinct dwarf species of hippopotamus from Madagascar are up to 30% smaller than those of a mainland African ancestor scaled to equivalent body mass. These results show brain size reduction is much greater than predicted from an intraspecific ‘late ontogenetic’ model of dwarfism where brain size scales to body size with an exponent of 0.35. The nature of the proportional change or grade shift2,5 observed here indicates that selective pressures upon brain size are potentially independent from those on body size. This study demonstrates empirically that it is mechanistically possible for dwarf mammals on islands to evolve significantly smaller brains than would be predicted from a model of dwarfing based on the intraspecific scaling of the mainland ancestor. Our findings challenge our understanding of brain-body allometric relationships in mammals and suggest that the process of dwarfism could in principle explain small brain size, a factor relevant to the interpretation of the small-brained hominin found on the Island of Flores, Indonesia6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Weston
- Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
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FREDERICH BRUNO, ADRIAENS DOMINIQUE, VANDEWALLE PIERRE. Ontogenetic shape changes in Pomacentridae (Teleostei, Perciformes) and their relationships with feeding strategies: a geometric morphometric approach. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Olson CR, Vleck CM, Adams DC. Decoupling morphological development from growth in periodically cooled zebra finch embryos. J Morphol 2008; 269:875-83. [PMID: 18488991 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Temperature affects growth and development, and morphometry can provide a quantitative description of how temperature changes affect the resulting phenotype. We performed a morphometric analysis on zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) embryos that were either exposed to periodic cooling to 20 or 30 degrees C throughout incubation over a background temperature of 37.5 degrees C, or were incubated at a constant temperature of 37.5 degrees C. Using a principle components analysis, we found that the relationship between the multivariate size (first principle component) and dry embryo mass depended upon the thermal treatment to which the developing embryos were exposed. Periodic cooling resulted in a smaller embryo mass, but had no effect on the multivariate size of the embryo. This suggests that the growth of phenotypic traits such as the length of long bones and the skull are less affected by temperature than is growth of other soft tissues such as muscle and organs that contribute to body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Olson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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50
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Weston EM, Friday AE, Liò P. Biometric evidence that sexual selection has shaped the hominin face. PLoS One 2007; 2:e710. [PMID: 17684556 PMCID: PMC1937021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider sex differences in human facial morphology in the context of developmental change. We show that at puberty, the height of the upper face, between the lip and the brow, develops differently in males and females, and that these differences are not explicable in terms of sex differences in body size. We find the same dimorphism in the faces of human ancestors. We propose that the relative shortening in men and lengthening in women of the anterior upper face at puberty is the mechanistic consequence of extreme maxillary rotation during ontogeny. A link between this developmental model and sexual dimorphism is made for the first time, and provides a new set of morphological criteria to sex human crania. This finding has important implications for the role of sexual selection in the evolution of anthropoid faces and for theories of human facial attractiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Weston
- Department of Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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