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Iwase SI, Tuda M, Sugawara Y, Fukuda K, Miksanek JR, Watanabe M. Negative phototaxis of jumping cocooned parasitoid wasp larvae against short wavelengths and physicochemical properties of the cocoon shell. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9562. [PMID: 37308664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasitoid wasp Bathyplectes anurus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae) is a successful biocontrol agent against the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica. This weevil is a serious pest of beneficial fabaceous plants such as alfalfa and Chinese milk vetch. One of the possible reasons for the success of this wasp in hot climates may be the ability of its cocooned larvae to repeatedly jump and roll until they relocate themselves away from detrimental sunlight and heat. It is not yet known which wavelengths of light trigger this avoidance behavior or the microstructure of the cocoon shell that might allow light transmission. Here, the response of the cocooned larvae to different wavelengths, and the microstructure, hardness, and elemental components of the cocoon shell were studied. A population of cocooned larvae were introduced on the boundary line between illuminated and shaded areas with blue, green, red, or near-infrared light-emitting diodes. The cocoons moved away from the blue and green light. The distance from the boundary to the cocoons in the shaded area was longer under these long wavelengths, followed by the red light and shortest under the near-infrared light and nil under darkness. No difference was found in mortality between different wavelengths after three days of illumination. Scanning electron microscope observations of the surface of the cocoon shell revealed that the belt-like central ridge was porous, which likely allows ventilation and light transmission. The surface of the cocoon shell showed a uniform distribution of sulfur, potentially aiding in the capture of green wavelengths. The ridge had twice the thickness of the main body and was 1.9 times harder than the main body. These results may be applied to better understand the individual responses of this biological control agent to modifications to their environment, including light pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ichiro Iwase
- Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Habikino, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Midori Tuda
- Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
- Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Yuma Sugawara
- Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Katsuto Fukuda
- Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - James R Miksanek
- Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Midori Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Instrumental Analysis, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Shrestha S, Topbjerg HB, Ytting NK, Skovgård H, Boelt B. Detection of live larvae in cocoons of Bathyplectes curculionis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) using visible/near-infrared multispectral imaging. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2168-2175. [PMID: 29542248 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multispectral (MS) imaging system is a non-destructive method with potential to reduce the labour and time required for quality control in the production of beneficial arthropods such as the parasitoid Bathyplectes curculionis. In Denmark, a project is being undertaken that focuses on the possible use of B. curculionis in augmentative control of Hypera weevil pests in white clover seed production where cocoons of the parasitoid remain as a by-product of seed processing. Only a fraction of the by-product contains live parasitoid larvae and an effective method is required detect live cocoons for later augmentative control of the pest. Therefore, this study aims to identify live larval cocoons of B. curculionis using the MS imaging system. RESULTS Live and dead cocoons were identified using the canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) model with an accuracy of 91% and 80% (error rate 14%) in the training set, and a predicted accuracy of 89% and 81% (error rate 15%) in the test set. Reflectance from the near-infrared region was valuable in identifying live cocoons compared with that from the visible region. CONCLUSION The MS imaging system is a rapid method for the separation of live and dead cocoons of B. curculionis. This study shows the potential of developing an MS imaging system to facilitate sorting of live and dead cocoons and optimize augmentative control of Hypera weevil pests. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Shrestha
- Department of Agroecology, Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bak Topbjerg
- Department of Agroecology, Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Nanna Karkov Ytting
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Skovgård
- Department of Agroecology, Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Birte Boelt
- Department of Agroecology, Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
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Paynter Q, Fowler SV, Hugh Gourlay A, Groenteman R, Peterson PG, Smith L, Winks CJ. Predicting parasitoid accumulation on biological control agents of weeds. J Appl Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Harvey JA, Wagenaar R, Bezemer TM. Interactions to the fifth trophic level: secondary and tertiary parasitoid wasps show extraordinary efficiency in utilizing host resources. J Anim Ecol 2009; 78:686-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Colinet H, Hance T, Vernon P, Bouchereau A, Renault D. Does fluctuating thermal regime trigger free amino acid production in the parasitic wasp Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae)? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 147:484-92. [PMID: 17347005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
When stressful cold-exposure is interrupted by short warm intervals, physiological recovery is possible, and this improves markedly the survival of insects. Fluctuating thermal regime (FTR) may act as a cue triggering the initiation of a metabolic response involving synthesis of cryoprotective compounds, such as free amino acids (FAA). Since specific changes in FAA levels can provide a good indication of the overall response of an organism to stressful conditions, we investigated temporal changes in FAA body contents of the parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck during exposure to FTR (4 degrees C: 20 degrees C for 22 h: 2 h per day) versus constant low temperature (4 degrees C). Physiological response during cold-exposure was clearly dissimilar between thermal treatments. Under constant cold-exposure FAA pool increased, whereas it decreased with cold-exposure duration in FTR. No single FAA accumulation could explain the higher survival under FTR. We propose that instead of considering FAA as a part of cryoprotective arsenal, FAA accumulation should rather be regarded as a symptom of a cold-induced physiological response. This is much less manifest under FTR, as the warm intervals likely allow a periodic reactivation of normal metabolic activities and a recovery of developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Colinet
- Unité d'Ecologie et de Biogéographie, Biodiversity Research Centre, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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