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Flaibani N, Ortiz VE, Fanara JJ, Carreira VP. The relationship between morphology and flight in Drosophila: a study of two pairs of sibling species from a natural population. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:885-900. [PMID: 37689967 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Insect flight is a complex trait involved in different behaviors, from the search for sexual partners, food, or breeding sites. Many studies have postulated the adaptive advantages of certain morphological traits in relation to increased flight capacity, such as low values of wing loading or high values of wing:thorax ratio and wing-aspect ratio. However, few studies have evaluated the relationship between variables related to flight and morphological traits in Drosophila. This work aimed to study morphological traits in males and females of two pairs of sibling species: Drosophila buzzatii Patterson and Wheeler-Drosophila koeferae Fontdevila and Wasserman, and Drosophila melanogaster Meigen-Drosophila simulans Sturtevant, and to analyze its relationship with flight. We detected the highest proportion of flight time in D. koepferae and D. simulans compared to D. buzzatii and D. melanogaster, respectively. Our results also revealed sexual dimorphism, with males exhibiting a higher proportion of flight time than females. Surprisingly, we did not find a general pattern to explain the relationship between morphology and the proportion of flight time because associations varied depending upon the analyses (considering all groups together or each sex-species combination separately). Moreover, these associations explained a low percentage of variation, suggesting that other nonmorphological components related to flight, such as physiological variables, should be taken into account. This work allowed us to show the variability and complexity of an aspect of flight, suggesting that the adaptive role of the morphological traits studied might have been overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Flaibani
- Laboratorio de Evolución, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (DEGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Instituto de Genética, Ecología y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria Estefanía Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Evolución, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (DEGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Instituto de Genética, Ecología y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan José Fanara
- Laboratorio de Evolución, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (DEGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Instituto de Genética, Ecología y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Paula Carreira
- Laboratorio de Evolución, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (DEGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Instituto de Genética, Ecología y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Fraimout A, Jacquemart P, Villarroel B, Aponte DJ, Decamps T, Herrel A, Cornette R, Debat V. Phenotypic plasticity of Drosophila suzukii wing to developmental temperature: implications for flight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/13/jeb166868. [PMID: 29987053 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.166868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity has been proposed as a mechanism that facilitates the success of biological invasions. In order to test the hypothesis of an adaptive role for plasticity in invasions, particular attention should be paid to the relationship between the focal plastic trait, the environmental stimulus and the functional importance of the trait. The Drosophila wing is particularly amenable to experimental studies of phenotypic plasticity. Wing morphology is known for its plastic variation under different experimental temperatures, but this plasticity has rarely been investigated in a functional context of flight. Here, we investigate the effect of temperature on wing morphology and flight in the invasive pest species Drosophila suzukii Although the rapid invasion of both Europe and North America was most likely facilitated by human activities, D. suzukii is also expected to disperse actively. By quantifying wing morphology and individual flight trajectories of flies raised under different temperatures, we tested whether (1) invasive populations of D. suzukii show higher phenotypic plasticity than their native counterparts, and (2) wing plasticity affects flight parameters. Developmental temperature was found to affect both wing morphology and flight parameters (in particular speed and acceleration), leaving open the possibility of an adaptive value for wing plasticity. Our results show no difference in phenotypic plasticity between invasive and native populations, rejecting a role for wing plasticity in the invasion success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Fraimout
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pauline Jacquemart
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Villarroel
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France.,Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, MECADEV-UMR 7179, CNRS, MNHN, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - David J Aponte
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France.,Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
| | - Thierry Decamps
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, MECADEV-UMR 7179, CNRS, MNHN, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, MECADEV-UMR 7179, CNRS, MNHN, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France
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3
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Altitudinal variation in lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster populations from the Firtina Valley, northeastern Turkey. J Therm Biol 2016; 61:91-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fabian DK, Lack JB, Mathur V, Schlötterer C, Schmidt PS, Pool JE, Flatt T. Spatially varying selection shapes life history clines among populations of Drosophila melanogaster from sub-Saharan Africa. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:826-40. [PMID: 25704153 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Clines in life history traits, presumably driven by spatially varying selection, are widespread. Major latitudinal clines have been observed, for example, in Drosophila melanogaster, an ancestrally tropical insect from Africa that has colonized temperate habitats on multiple continents. Yet, how geographic factors other than latitude, such as altitude or longitude, affect life history in this species remains poorly understood. Moreover, most previous work has been performed on derived European, American and Australian populations, but whether life history also varies predictably with geography in the ancestral Afro-tropical range has not been investigated systematically. Here, we have examined life history variation among populations of D. melanogaster from sub-Saharan Africa. Viability and reproductive diapause did not vary with geography, but body size increased with altitude, latitude and longitude. Early fecundity covaried positively with altitude and latitude, whereas lifespan showed the opposite trend. Examination of genetic variance-covariance matrices revealed geographic differentiation also in trade-off structure, and QST -FST analysis showed that life history differentiation among populations is likely shaped by selection. Together, our results suggest that geographic and/or climatic factors drive adaptive phenotypic differentiation among ancestral African populations and confirm the widely held notion that latitude and altitude represent parallel gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Fabian
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Graduate School of Population Genetics, Vienna, Austria
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Murren CJ, Maclean HJ, Diamond SE, Steiner UK, Heskel MA, Handelsman CA, Ghalambor CK, Auld JR, Callahan HS, Pfennig DW, Relyea RA, Schlichting CD, Kingsolver J. Evolutionary Change in Continuous Reaction Norms. Am Nat 2014; 183:453-67. [DOI: 10.1086/675302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hübner S, Rashkovetsky E, Kim YB, Oh JH, Michalak K, Weiner D, Korol AB, Nevo E, Michalak P. Genome differentiation of Drosophila melanogaster from a microclimate contrast in Evolution Canyon, Israel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:21059-64. [PMID: 24324170 PMCID: PMC3876225 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321533111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The opposite slopes of "Evolution Canyon" in Israel have served as a natural model system of adaptation to a microclimate contrast. Long-term studies of Drosophila melanogaster populations inhabiting the canyon have exhibited significant interslope divergence in thermal and drought stress resistance, candidate genes, mobile elements, habitat choice, mating discrimination, and wing-shape variation, all despite close physical proximity of the contrasting habitats, as well as substantial interslope migration. To examine patterns of genetic differentiation at the genome-wide level, we used high coverage sequencing of the flies' genomes. A total of 572 genes were significantly different in allele frequency between the slopes, 106 out of which were associated with 74 significantly overrepresented gene ontology (GO) terms, particularly so with response to stimulus and developmental and reproductive processes, thus corroborating previous observations of interslope divergence in stress response, life history, and mating functions. There were at least 37 chromosomal "islands" of interslope divergence and low sequence polymorphism, plausible signatures of selective sweeps, more abundant in flies derived from one (north-facing) of the slopes. Positive correlation between local recombination rate and the level of nucleotide polymorphism was also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sariel Hübner
- Institute of Evolution, Haifa University, Haifa 31905, Israel
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | | | - Young Bun Kim
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061; and
| | - Jung Hun Oh
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Katarzyna Michalak
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061; and
| | - Dmitry Weiner
- Institute of Evolution, Haifa University, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | | | - Eviatar Nevo
- Institute of Evolution, Haifa University, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Pawel Michalak
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061; and
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7
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Keller I, Alexander JM, Holderegger R, Edwards PJ. Widespread phenotypic and genetic divergence along altitudinal gradients in animals. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2527-43. [PMID: 24128377 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Altitudinal gradients offer valuable study systems to investigate how adaptive genetic diversity is distributed within and between natural populations and which factors promote or prevent adaptive differentiation. The environmental clines along altitudinal gradients tend to be steep relative to the dispersal distance of many organisms, providing an opportunity to study the joint effects of divergent natural selection and gene flow. Temperature is one variable showing consistent altitudinal changes, and altitudinal gradients can therefore provide spatial surrogates for some of the changes anticipated under climate change. Here, we investigate the extent and patterns of adaptive divergence in animal populations along altitudinal gradients by surveying the literature for (i) studies on phenotypic variation assessed under common garden or reciprocal transplant designs and (ii) studies looking for signatures of divergent selection at the molecular level. Phenotypic data show that significant between-population differences are common and taxonomically widespread, involving traits such as mass, wing size, tolerance to thermal extremes and melanization. Several lines of evidence suggest that some of the observed differences are adaptively relevant, but rigorous tests of local adaptation or the link between specific phenotypes and fitness are sorely lacking. Evidence for a role of altitudinal adaptation also exists for a number of candidate genes, most prominently haemoglobin, and for anonymous molecular markers. Novel genomic approaches may provide valuable tools for studying adaptive diversity, also in species that are not amenable to experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Keller
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zentrum CHN, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Macroevolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Rosetti N, Remis MI. Latitudinal clines in the grasshopper Dichroplus elongatus: coevolution of the A genome and B chromosomes? J Evol Biol 2013; 26:719-32. [PMID: 23517446 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Argentine populations of Dichroplus elongatus (Orthoptera: Acrididae) are polymorphic for B chromosomes. Previous studies showed that B chromosomes affect body size and some fitness components in Northwestern populations. We studied phenotype and B's variation patterns along a latitudinal cline as well as the relationship between karyotype and body size related traits in 17 populations from East. Body size related traits showed a 'saw tooth' pattern of variation being small at low and high latitudes and large at intermediate latitudes in most of the analysed populations. Analyses of variance and principal components demonstrated that in most analysed populations B carrier males are associated with a decrease in body size related traits with respect to individuals with standard karyotype. Accordingly with the relationship between karyotype and body size, an opposite pattern of latitudinal variation in the frequencies of B's with respect to body size variation was observed in this area. i.e. smaller individuals tend to have a higher frequency of B chromosomes. The comparison of the differentiation of both karyotype and body size traits with molecular neutral markers demonstrated the relative importance of selection moulding chromosome and phenotype variation. The observed pattern of phenotypic variation is likely to be the result of local adaptation to season length along the latitudinal gradient. The observed contrary pattern of B's clinal variation may reflect the population ability to maintain this chromosome in relation to the local adaptation. The available evidence indicates that the distribution of B chromosome frequency was shaped by selective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rosetti
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Aires, Argentina
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Pitchers W, Pool JE, Dworkin I. Altitudinal clinal variation in wing size and shape in African Drosophila melanogaster: one cline or many? Evolution 2012; 67:438-52. [PMID: 23356616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Geographical patterns of morphological variation have been useful in addressing hypotheses about environmental adaptation. In particular, latitudinal clines in phenotypes have been studied in a number of Drosophila species. Some environmental conditions along latitudinal clines-for example, temperature-also vary along altitudinal clines, but these have been studied infrequently and it remains unclear whether these environmental factors are similar enough for convergence or parallel evolution. Most clinal studies in Drosophila have dealt exclusively with univariate phenotypes, allowing for the detection of clinal relationships, but not for estimating the directions of covariation between them. We measured variation in wing shape and size in D. melanogaster derived from populations at varying altitudes and latitudes across sub-Saharan Africa. Geometric morphometrics allows us to compare shape changes associated with latitude and altitude, and manipulating rearing temperature allows us to quantify the extent to which thermal plasticity recapitulates clinal effects. Comparing effect vectors demonstrates that altitude, latitude, and temperature are only partly associated, and that the altitudinal shape effect may differ between Eastern and Western Africa. Our results suggest that selection responsible for these phenotypic clines may be more complex than just thermal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Pitchers
- Department of Zoology, Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA.
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Carmel J, Rashkovetsky E, Nevo E, Korol A. Differential Expression of Small Heat Shock Protein Genes Hsp23 and Hsp40, and heat shock gene Hsr-omega in Fruit Flies (Drosophila melanogaster) along a Microclimatic Gradient. J Hered 2011; 102:593-603. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esr027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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BARKER JSF, FRYDENBERG J, SARUP P, LOESCHCKE V. Altitudinal and seasonal variation in microsatellite allele frequencies of Drosophila buzzatii. J Evol Biol 2010; 24:430-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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SARUP P, LOESCHCKE V. Developmental acclimation affects clinal variation in stress resistance traits inDrosophila buzzatii. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:957-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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SARUP P, FRYDENBERG J, LOESCHCKE V. Local adaptation of stress related traits inDrosophila buzzatiiandDrosophila simulansin spite of high gene flow. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1111-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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FOLGUERA GUILLERMO, CEBALLOS SANTIAGO, SPEZZI LUCIANA, FANARA JUANJOSÉ, HASSON ESTEBAN. Clinal variation in developmental time and viability, and the response to thermal treatments in two species of Drosophila. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Karl I, Schmitt T, Fischer K. Phosphoglucose isomerase genotype affects life-history traits and cold stress resistance in a Copper butterfly. Funct Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Adaptation to different climates results in divergent phenotypic plasticity of wing size and shape in an invasive drosophilid. J Genet 2008; 87:209-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-008-0034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Korol A, Rashkovetsky E, Iliadi K, Nevo E. Drosophila flies in "Evolution Canyon" as a model for incipient sympatric speciation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:18184-9. [PMID: 17108081 PMCID: PMC1838727 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608777103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of population divergence leading to adaptive radiation and speciation is a major unresolved problem of evolutionary biology. Molecular elucidation of "speciation genes" advanced recently, yet it remains without clear identification of the gene complexes participating in reproductive isolation between natural populations, particularly, in sympatry. Genetic divergence was discovered between Drosophila melanogaster populations inhabiting ecologically contrasting, opposite slopes in "Evolution Canyon" (EC), Mt. Carmel, Israel. Interslope migration of flies is easy and verified. Nevertheless, significant interslope D. melanogaster population divergence was established at EC involving habitat choice, mate choice, thermal and drought tolerances, adaptive genes, and mobile elements. Parallel patterns of stress tolerance, habitat choice, and mate choice were demonstrated in Drosophila simulans at EC, although on a smaller scale. However, some tests for interslope genetic differentiation in Drosophila, derived from the opposite EC slopes, gave somewhat controversial results. Here we present new empirical data on interslope genetic divergence of Drosophila at EC, and summarize previous supporting and controversial results. We suggest that Drosophila populations at EC represent a rare example, demonstrating how selection overrides migration, and propose an ad hoc ecological model of incipient sympatric divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Korol
- *Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel; and
| | - Eugenia Rashkovetsky
- *Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel; and
| | - Konstantin Iliadi
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 6018 McMaster Building, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Eviatar Nevo
- *Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel; and
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Norry FM, Sambucetti P, Scannapieco AC, Loeschcke V. Altitudinal patterns for longevity, fecundity and senescence in Drosophila buzzatii. Genetica 2006; 128:81-93. [PMID: 17028942 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-005-5537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We tested for variation in longevity, senescence rate and early fecundity of Drosophila buzzatii along an elevational transect in Argentina, using laboratory-reared flies in laboratory tests performed to avoid extrinsic mortality. At 25 degrees C, females from lowland populations lived longer and had a lower demographic rate of senescence than females from highland populations. Minimal instead of maximal temperature at the sites of origin of population best predicted this cline. A very different pattern was found at higher test temperature. At 29.5 degrees C, longevity of males increased with altitude of origin of population. No clinal trend was apparent for longevity of females at 29.5 degrees C. There was evidence for a trade-off between early fecundity and longevity at non-stressful temperature (25 degrees C) along the altitudinal gradient. This trait association is consistent with evolutionary theories of aging. Population-by-temperature and sex-by-temperature interactions indicate that senescence patterns are expressed in environment specific ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Norry
- Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, (C-1428-EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Collinge JE, Hoffmann AA, McKechnie SW. Altitudinal patterns for latitudinally varying traits and polymorphic markers in Drosophila melanogaster from eastern Australia. J Evol Biol 2006; 19:473-82. [PMID: 16599923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Altitudinal changes in traits and genetic markers can complement the studies on latitudinal patterns and provide evidence of natural selection because of climatic factors. In Drosophila melanogaster, latitudinal variation is well known but altitudinal patterns have rarely been investigated. Here, we examine five traits and five genetic markers on chromosome 3R in D. melanogaster collected at high and low altitudes from five latitudes along the eastern coast of Australia. Significant altitudinal differentiation was observed for cold tolerance, development time, ovariole number in unmated females, and the microsatellite marker DMU25686. Differences tended to match latitudinal patterns, in that trait values at high altitudes were also found at high latitudes, suggesting that factors linked to temperature are likely selective agents. Cold tolerance was closely associated with average temperature and other climatic factors, but no significant associations were detected for the other traits. Genes around DMU25686 represent good candidates for climatic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Collinge
- Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research (CESAR), School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Sambucetti P, Loeschcke V, Norry FM. Developmental time and size-related traits in Drosophila buzzatii along an altitudinal gradient from Argentina. Hereditas 2006; 143:77-83. [PMID: 17362338 DOI: 10.1111/j.2006.0018-0661.01934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinal analysis for fitness-related traits provides a well-known approach to investigate adaptive evolution. Several fitness-related traits (developmental time, thorax length, wing length and wing loading) were measured at two laboratory generations (G7 and G33) of D. buzzatii from an altitudinal gradient from northwestern Argentina, where significant thermal differences persist. Developmental time (DT) was positively correlated with altitude of origin of population. Further, DT was negatively correlated with maximal mean temperature at the site of origin of population, and this thermal variable decreases with altitude. Wing loading tended to be larger in highland than in lowland populations, suggesting that flight performance is subject to stronger selection pressure in highland populations. Developmental time showed a significant increase with laboratory generation number. There was no significant correlation between developmental time and body size across populations along the altitudinal cline of DT. This result illustrates that developmental time and body size do not always evolve in the same direction, even though both traits are often positively and genetically correlated in a well-known tradeoff in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sambucetti
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sarup P, Sørensen JG, Dimitrov K, Barker JSF, Loeschcke V. Climatic adaptation of Drosophila buzzatii populations in southeast Australia. Heredity (Edinb) 2006; 96:479-86. [PMID: 16622471 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in 19 traits possibly relevant for thermal adaptation was studied in 11 populations of Drosophila buzzatii collected in southeast Australia. Using stepwise multiple regression, the variation was compared to variation in geographic coordinates and to a set of climatic variables estimated for each collection site. For 13 of the traits, a significant part of the variation was explained by climatic variables and/or geographic coordinates, suggesting directional selection for adaptation to the environment in the majority of traits studied. In 10 of the traits, both geographic coordinates and climatic variables explained significant proportions of the variation, with R2 ranging from 0.075 to 0.58. Although larvae, pupae and adults of D. buzzatii share a common habitat, the measured traits were not correlated across life stages and gender. Also, there seemed to be special conditions in marginal populations near species borders, giving rise to nonlinear relations with latitude. Climate apparently does influence the adaptive evolution of the traits studied, but they also are affected by other factors that vary with latitude, longitude and distance to coast. These results highlight the complex challenges imposed by the environment on the adaptive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sarup
- Aarhus Centre for Environmental Stress Research (ACES), Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, Buildg. 540, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Korol A, Rashkovetsky E, Nevo E. Enigmatic Flies: Is Drosophila in the "Evolution Canyon" A Model for Incipient Sympatric speciation? Isr J Ecol Evol 2006. [DOI: 10.1560/ijee_52_3-4_507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies of biota at "Evolution Canyon" (EC) on Mount Carmel (Nahal Oren Canyon, Israel) includeDrosophilaas one of the main model organisms. The microtopography of the EC permits interslope mixing by easy migration of the flies. Nevertheless, we found strong interslope differentiation inDrosophilapopulations derived from the opposite slopes involving habitat choice, as well as various aspects of induced changes in viability and longevity caused by short-term and lifetime high-temperature treatments. The most exciting findings were related to sexual behavior: interslope differences in mating propensity, sexual discrimination, reproductive activity, peculiarities in courtship song patterns, and significant positive assortative mating. Some of the foregoing effects were also confirmed inD. simulans.The evidence suggests that these populations are examples of ongoing divergence taking place regardless of gene flow. However, tests for interslope genetic differentiation inDrosophila, carried out in a number of laboratories, gave somewhat conflicting results. A possible explanation could be that adaptive differentiation can withstand destructive effects of interslope migration, but it should not necessarily be accompanied by differentiation for selectively neutral markers, unless the latter will be in linkage disequilibrium with selected loci. The last condition can also be maintained despite migration, but only under tight linkage and strong selection. For someDrosophilagenes, linkage disequilibrium is known to decay within just a few kilobases. Thus, differentiation for adaptive trait complexes and relevant candidate genes seems to be much better evidence for interslope divergent selection than that displayed by genetic distances estimated using molecular markers.
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