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Leonardi MS, Paz RR, Oliveira HL, Lazzari CR, Negrete J, Márquez F. The deeper the rounder: body shape variation in lice parasitizing diving hosts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20947. [PMID: 39251772 PMCID: PMC11385217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71541-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Seal lice, unique among insects, show remarkable adaptability to the extreme conditions of the deep sea. Evolving with their seal and sea lion hosts, they have managed to tolerate hypoxia, high salinity, low temperature, and elevated hydrostatic pressure. Given the diving capabilities of their mammalian hosts, which can reach depths of hundreds to thousands of meters, our study examines the morphological variation among closely related seal lice species infesting hosts with different maximum diving depths. In particular, our research reveals a significant morphological difference between lice associated with regular and deep-diving hosts, where lice from deep-diving hosts tend to be rounder. This could be an adaptation to withstand the high hydrostatic pressures found in the deep ocean. The rounded shape optimizes the louse's ability to withstand external pressure by redistributing it over a larger ventral/dorsal plane. This in turn minimizes the internal energy required to support body deformations, thereby increasing the louse's resilience in the deep sea environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Leonardi
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, PC 9120, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo R Paz
- ANSYS Inc., 7374 Las Positas Rd., Livermore, California, 94551, USA
- IMIT, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Libertad 5460, 1er. piso, W3404AAS, Corrientes, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Hugo Luiz Oliveira
- FECFAU, Departamento de Estruturas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Albert Einstein, 951, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Claudio R Lazzari
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte-UMR CNRS 7261, University of Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Javier Negrete
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 122 and 60, PC 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología de Predadores Tope, Instituto Antártico Argentino, Cerrito 1248, PC 1010, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Márquez
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, PC 9120, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Boulevard Brown 3051, PC 9120, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
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Baillie C, Welicky RL, Hadfield KA, Smit NJ, Mariani S, D Beck RM. Hooked on you: shape of attachment structures in cymothoid isopods reflects parasitic strategy. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:207. [PMID: 31703555 PMCID: PMC6839256 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parasite attachment structures are critical traits that influence effective host exploitation and survival. Morphology of attachment structures can reinforce host specificity and niche specialisation, or even enable host switching. Therefore, it is important to understand the determinants of variation in attachment structures. Cymothoid isopods are striking ectoparasites of fishes that include the infamous ‘tongue-biters.’ They are known to parasitise hosts in one of four qualitatively distinct anatomical regions. Here, we quantify variation in cymothoid attachment structures — hook-like appendages called dactyli — and test whether differences in dactylus shape are correlated with parasite mode (where they attach), allometry, or both, using multivariate ordinary least squares regression. We also assess the influence of shared ancestry on shape using a molecular phylogeny to weight our models using phylogenetic generalised least squares regression. Results We find clear differences in shape between externally-attaching and internally-attaching cymothoids but also between anterior and posterior dactyli across various species with the same attachment mode. Allometric effects are significant for anterior but not posterior dactyli. Mouth-attaching species show greater shape variability than gill- and mouth-attaching species. We find no evidence that there are clade-specific patterns of association between parasite mode and dactylus shape. Conclusions Parasite mode appears to be the main driver of attachment morphology. This likely reflects several components of parasite ecology including feeding and functional demands of attachment in different microhabitats. Geometric morphometric approaches to the quantification of shape variation of simple structures is an effective tool that provides new insights into the evolvability of parasite attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Baillie
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Rachel L Welicky
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, 98105, USA.,Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Kerry A Hadfield
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Stefano Mariani
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Robin M D Beck
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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Morphological and molecular evidence for a new species of Pseudanisakis Layman & Borovkova, 1926 (Nematoda: Ascaridida), parasitizing Rajiformes in southern Southwest Atlantic waters. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:1989-1999. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Andres MJ, Pulis EE, Overstreet RM. Description of three species of Isorchis (Digenea: Atractotrematidae) from Australia. Acta Parasitol 2016; 61:590-601. [PMID: 27447225 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2016-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Three species of Isorchis Durio and Manter, 1969 are described from Australian waters. Isorchis megas sp. nov. is described from the spotbanded scat, Selenotoca multifasciata (Richardson), off Western Australia (WA) and Northern Territory (NT); Isorchis currani sp. nov. is described from S. multifasciata off NT; and Isorchis anomalus sp. nov. is described from the milkfish, Chanos chanos Forsskål, off WA. Isorchis megas sp. nov. can be differentiated from the other species of Isorchis by possessing a single, large egg that is greater than 20% of the body length; having a shorter body (the largest specimen is less than 500 μm); and utilizing a scatophagid rather than a chanid host. Isorchis currani sp. nov. can be differentiated from species of Isorchis other than I. megas sp. nov. by utilizing a scatophagid rather than a chanid host; it is differentiated from I. megas sp. nov. in having eggs that are 11-15% of the body length. Isorchis anomalus sp. nov. can be differentiated from all other species of Isorchis in possessing an irregular shaped genital pore rather than one that is circular to oblong. A Bayesian inference analysis of partial 28S rDNA sequences of the three new species of Isorchis and 30 other haploporoids revealed 1) the monophyly of the Atractotrematidae Yamaguti, 1939, 2) the two species of Isorchis infecting S. multifasciata were each other's closest relative, and 3) that Isorchis was most closely related to Pseudomegasolena Machida and Komiya, 1976 rather than Atractotrema Goto and Ozaki, 1929 although sequence data are not yet available for a member of Pseudisorchis Ahmad, 1985.
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Waeschenbach A, Webster BL, Littlewood DTJ. Adding resolution to ordinal level relationships of tapeworms (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda) with large fragments of mtDNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 63:834-47. [PMID: 22406529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The construction of a stable phylogeny for the Cestoda, indicating the interrelationships of recognised orders and other major lineages, has proceeded iteratively since the group first received attention from phylogenetic systematists. Molecular analyses using nuclear ribosomal RNA gene fragments from the small (ssrDNA) and large (lsrDNA) subunits have been used to test competing evolutionary scenarios based on morphological data but could not arbitrate between some key conflicting hypotheses. To the ribosomal data, we have added a contiguous fragment of mitochondrial (mt) genome data (mtDNA) of partial nad1-trnN-trnP-trnI-trnK-nad3-trnS-trnW-cox1-trnT-rrnL-trnC-partial rrnS, spanning 4034-4447 bp, where new data for this region were generated for 18 species. Bayesian analysis of mtDNA and rDNA as nucleotides, and where appropriate as amino acids, demonstrated that these two classes of genes provide complementary signal across the phylogeny. In all analyses, except when using mt amino acids only, the Gyrocotylidea is sister group to all other Cestoda (Nephroposticophora), and Amphilinidea forms the sister group to the Eucestoda. However, an earliest-diverging position of Amphilinidea is strongly supported in the mt amino acid analysis. Amphilinidea exhibit a unique tRNA arrangement (nad1-trnI-trnL2-trnP-trnK-trnV-trnA-trnN-nad3), whereas Gyrocotylidea shares that of the derived lineages, providing additional evidence of the uniqueness of amphilinid genes and genomes. The addition of mtDNA to the rDNA genes supported the Caryophyllidea as the sister group to (Spathebothriidea+remaining Eucestoda), a hypothesis consistently supported by morphology. This relationship suggests a history of step-wise evolutionary transitions from simple monozoic, unsegmented tapeworms to the more familiar polyzoic, externally segmented (strobilate) forms. All our data partitions recovered Haplobothriidea as the sister group to Diphyllobothriidae. The sister-group relationship between Diphyllidea and Trypanorhyncha, as previously established using rDNA, is not supported by the mt data, although it is supported by the combined mt and rDNA analysis. With regards to the more derived taxa, in all except the mt amino acid analysis, the following topology is supported: (Bothriocephalidea (Litobothriidea (Lecanicephalidea (Rhinebothriidea (Tetraphyllidea, (Acanthobothrium, Proteocephalidea), (Nippotaeniidea, Mesocestoididae, Tetrabothriidea, Cyclophyllidea)))))), where the Tetraphyllidea are paraphyletic. Evidence from the mt data provides strong (nucleotides) to moderate (amino acids) support for Tetraphyllidea forming a group to the inclusion of Proteocephalidea, with the latter consistently forming the sister group to Acanthobothrium. The interrelationships among Nippotaeniidea, Mesocestoididae, Tetrabothriidea and Cyclophyllidea remain ambiguous and require further systematic attention. Mitochondrial and nuclear rDNA data provide conflicting signal for certain parts of the cestode tree. In some cases mt data offer results in line with morphological evidence, such as the interrelationships of the early divergent lineages. Also, Tetraphyllidea, although remaining paraphyletic with the inclusion of the Proteocephalidea, does not include the most derived cestodes; a result which has consistently been obtained with rDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Waeschenbach
- Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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Patterns of trunk spine growth in two congeneric species of acanthocephalan: investment in attachment may differ between sexes and species. Parasitology 2012; 139:945-55. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYAcanthocephalans have evolved a hooked proboscis and some taxa have trunk spines to attach to their definitive hosts. These structures are generated before being used, thus a key question is how investment in attachment could optimally be allocated through the ontogeny. The number and arrangement of hooks and spines are never modified in the definitive host, but it is unclear whether these structures grow during adult development. A comparison of the size of trunk spines between cystacanths and adults of Corynosoma cetaceum and C. australe indicated that spines grow in both species, but only in females, which also had significantly larger spines than males. This sexual dimorphism did not result from pure allometry because the body of females was smaller, and did not grow more than that of males. However, having a longer lifespan, females would need to withstand the extreme flow conditions prevailing in marine mammals for longer, inducing different investment and development schedules for spines. Patterns of spine growth also differed between species: fore-trunk spines grew in both species, but hind-trunk spines did only in C. cetaceum. In conclusion, investment strategies on attachment may differ, not only between congeneric species of acanthocephalan, but also between sexes of the same species.
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A new cryptic species of Aponurus Looss, 1907 (Digenea: Lecithasteridae) from Mediterranean goatfish (Teleostei: Mullidae). Syst Parasitol 2011; 79:145-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s11230-011-9297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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VIGNON MATTHIAS, PARISELLE ANTOINE, VANHOVE MAARTENPM. Modularity in attachment organs of African Cichlidogyrus (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea: Ancyrocephalidae) reflects phylogeny rather than host specificity or geographic distribution. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Evolution of interspecific variation in size of attachment structures in the large tapeworm genusAcanthobothrium(Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae). Parasitology 2010; 137:1707-20. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010000569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYParasites have evolved a myriad of attachment structures closely adapted to their hosts and sites of attachment. Here, using members of the genusAcanthobothriumvan Beneden, 1850 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae), we (i) examined the influence of host body size and phylogeny, in addition to morphological features of these tapeworms, on the size of 3 structures used in attachment (bothridia, accessory suckers and hooks) by means of general linear models and phylogenetic-independent contrasts methods, and (ii) quantified the scaling exponents of relationships between size of attachment structures and tapeworm body size. Our results indicate that there exists a positive relationship, albeit not directly proportional, between size of attachment structures andAcanthobothriumspp. body size, and hook size and size of bothridia and accessory suckers. These results suggest that the resource investment in whole-body growth is greater than that in attachment structures, and that a greater investment in development of bothridia and accessory suckers is required to maintain an equivalent functional efficacy to hooks. In addition, host body size also influences, though less markedly, the size of attachment structures inAcanthobothriumspp. independently of parasite size itself.Acanthobothriumspecies have evolved a generalized mode of attachment that is successful in maintaining their position on various intestinal mucosal topographies across a variety of hosts exploiting different food resources.
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