1
|
Przybyło M, Krajda G, Różański Ł, Rolik G, Ortmann S, Górka P, Clauss M. Fluid and particle retention in a small New World and a small Old World cervid, the southern pudu (Pudu puda) and Reeves's muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 285:111506. [PMID: 37595882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants differ in the pattern how small particles and liquids pass through their gastrointestinal tract, and in particular their reticulorumen (RR). Based on that they may be classified into 'moose-type' and 'cattle-type' species (smaller and larger differences between particle and liquid passage, respectively). The ratio between the retention of particles and fluids is called the 'selectivity factor' (SF) and is a species-specific characteristic, studied in tragulids, giraffids and bovids, but not in many cervid species. Recently, it has been suggested that a high SF might also serve to wash digesta clean of external abrasives prior to regurgitation for rumination. In this study, we measured SF and passage kinetics (using a liquid marker and markers of different particle size, fed with the diet) in a capreoline deer, the southern pudu (Pudu puda, n = 5, 10.3 ± 2.9 kg, kept at two zoos) and a cervine deer, the Reeves's muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi, n = 6, 11.0 ± 1.7 kg, kept at a research facility). The relative daily dry matter intake (38 ± 3 g/kg0.75 for pudu and 76 ± 5 g/kg0.75 for muntjac) was higher, and the mean retention times (MRT) correspondingly shorter (e.g., MRT small particles in the total digestive tract 39 ± 8 h for pudu and 15 ± 2 h for muntjac), in the muntjac. The SF for small particles/liquid in the reticulorumen were, however, similar for both species, at 1.47 ± 0.21 for pudu and 1.66 ± 0.20 for muntjac, indicating a 'moose-type' physiology for both, irrespective of their different phylogenetic origin. To date, SF recorded in bovids attain distinctively higher values than the few reported for cervids. This situation reflects the degree of hypsodonty (tooth crown height) attained by these taxa, which is higher in bovids than in cervids. Together, constraints in hypsodonty as well as SF might limit cervids to more mesic habitats without distinct loads of external abrasives (such as dust or grit) on their food. In both species, some animals showed the typical ruminant pattern of a longer MRT for large than for small particle markers, but in some animals, this difference was not evident. This may be due to variable degrees of marker chewing during ingestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Przybyło
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Gracja Krajda
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Różański
- Municipal Zoological Garden in Warsaw, Ratuszowa 1/3, 03-461 Warszawa, Poland.
| | | | - Sylvia Ortmann
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Paweł Górka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lopez JW, Allen DC, Vaughn CC. White-tailed deer consumption of emergent macrophytes mediates aquatic-to-terrestrial nutrient flows. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9257. [PMID: 36110886 PMCID: PMC9465632 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophic interactions between mobile animals and their food sources often vector resource flows across ecosystem boundaries. However, the quality and quantity of such ecological subsidies may be altered by indirect interactions between seemingly unconnected taxa. We studied whether emergent macrophytes growing at the aquatic-terrestrial interface facilitate multi-step aquatic-to-terrestrial resource flows between streams and terrestrial herbivores. We also explored whether aquatic animal aggregations indirectly promote such resource flows by creating biogeochemical hotspots of nutrient cycling and availability.We tested whether white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in eastern North America vector nutrient fluxes from streams to terrestrial ecosystems by consuming emergent macrophytes (Justicia americana) using isotope and nutrient analyses of fecal samples and motion-sensing cameras. We also tested whether mussel-generated biogeochemical hotspots might promote such fluxes by surveying the density and nutrient stoichiometry of J. americana beds growing in association with variable densities of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida).Fecal samples from riparian deer had 3% lower C:N and 20% lower C:P ratios than those in upland habitats. C and N isotopes suggested riparian deer ate both terrestrial and aquatic (J. americana) vegetation, whereas upland deer ate more terrestrial foods. Motion-sensing cameras showed deer eating J. americana more than twice as frequently at mussel-generated hotspots than non-mussel sites. However, mussels were not associated with variation in J. americana growth or N and P content-although N isotopes in J. americana leaves did suggest assimilation of animal-derived nutrients.Our findings suggest that white-tailed deer may conduct significant transfers of aquatic-derived nutrients into terrestrial habitats when they feed on macrophytes and defecate on land. Whether aquatic animal aggregations promote such resource flows by creating biogeochemical hotspots remains unresolved, but the nearly global distributions of the deer family (Cervidae) and of macrophytes suggest that cervid-driven aquatic-to-terrestrial nutrient flows may be widespread and ecologically important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W. Lopez
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahomaUSA
- Oklahoma Biological SurveyUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahomaUSA
- Present address:
Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosaAlabamaUSA
| | - Daniel C. Allen
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahomaUSA
- Present address:
Department of Ecosystem Science and ManagementPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Caryn C. Vaughn
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahomaUSA
- Oklahoma Biological SurveyUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahomaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stanton DWG, Frandsen P, Waples RK, Heller R, Russo IRM, Orozco-terWengel PA, Pedersen CET, Siegismund HR, Bruford MW. More grist for the mill? Species delimitation in the genomic era and its implications for conservation. CONSERV GENET 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-019-01149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
4
|
DeMiguel D. Disentangling adaptive evolutionary radiations and the role of diet in promoting diversification on islands. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29803. [PMID: 27405690 PMCID: PMC4942836 DOI: 10.1038/srep29803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the initial formulation of modern concepts of adaptive radiation arose from consideration of the fossil data, rigorous attempts to identify this phenomenon in the fossil record are largely uncommon. Here I focus on direct evidence of the diet (through tooth-wear patterns) and ecologically-relevant traits of one of the most renowned fossil vertebrates-the Miocene ruminant Hoplitomeryx from the island of Gargano-to deepen our understanding of the most likely causal forces under which adaptive radiations emerge on islands. Results show how accelerated accumulation of species and early-bursts of ecological diversification occur after invading an island, and provide insights on the interplay between diet and demographic (population-density), ecological (competition/food requirements) and abiotic (climate-instability) factors, identified as drivers of adaptive diversification. A pronounced event of overpopulation and a phase of aridity determined most of the rate and magnitude of radiation, and pushed species to expand diets from soft-leafy foods to tougher-harder items. Unexpectedly, results show that herbivorous mammals are restricted to browsing habits on small-islands, even if bursts of ecological diversification and dietary divergence occur. This study deepens our understanding of the mechanisms promoting adaptive radiations, and forces us to reevaluate the role of diet in the origins and evolution of islands mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel DeMiguel
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Z, C/de les Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Differences among clades in their diversification patterns result from a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. In this study, I examined the role of intrinsic factors in the morphological diversification of ruminants, in general, and in the differences between bovids and cervids, in particular. Using skull morphology, which embodies many of the adaptations that distinguish bovids and cervids, I examined 132 of the 200 extant ruminant species. As a proxy for intrinsic constraints, I quantified different aspects of the phenotypic covariation structure within species and compared them with the among-species divergence patterns, using phylogenetic comparative methods. My results show that for most species, divergence is well aligned with their phenotypic covariance matrix and that those that are better aligned have diverged further away from their ancestor. Bovids have dispersed into a wider range of directions in morphospace than cervids, and their overall disparity is higher. This difference is best explained by the lower eccentricity of bovids' within-species covariance matrices. These results are consistent with the role of intrinsic constraints in determining amount, range, and direction of dispersion and demonstrate that intrinsic constraints can influence macroevolutionary patterns even as the covariance structure evolves.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lerp H, Klaus S, Allgöwer S, Wronski T, Pfenninger M, Plath M. Phylogenetic analyses of gazelles reveal repeated transitions of key ecological traits and provide novel insights into the origin of the genus Gazella. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 98:1-10. [PMID: 26826603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
African bovids are a famous example of a taxonomic group in which the correlated evolution of body size, feeding mode, gregariousness, and social organization in relation to the preferred habitat type has been investigated. A continuum has been described ranging from small-bodied, sedentary, solitary or socially monogamous, forest- or bush-dwelling, browsing species that seek shelter from predation in dense vegetation, to large-bodied, migratory, highly gregarious, grazing taxa inhabiting open savannahs and relying on flight or group-defense behaviors when facing predators. Here, we examined a geographically widespread clade within the Bovidae (the genus Gazella) that shows minimal interspecific variation in body size and asked if we could still uncover correlated changes of key ecological and behavioral traits during repeated transitions from open-land to mountain-dwelling. Our study used a multi-locus phylogeny (based on sequence variation of Cytb and six nuclear intron markers) of all extant members of the genus Gazella to infer evolutionary patterns of key ecological and behavioral traits and to estimate ancestral character states using Bayesian inference. At the base of the Gazella-phylogeny, open plains were inferred as the most likely habitat type, and three independent transitions toward mountain-dwelling were uncovered. Those shifts coincided with shifts from migratory to sedentary lifestyles. Character estimation for group size was largely congruent with movement patterns in that species forming large groups tended to be migratory, while small group size was correlated with a sedentary lifestyle. Evolutionary patterns of two other conspicuous traits (twinning ability vs. exclusive singleton births and hornless vs. horned females) did not follow this trend in the Gazella-phylogeny. Furthermore, we inferred the genus Gazella to have emerged in the Late Miocene to Pliocene (10-3Mya), and estimating ancestral ranges based on a Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis model found the Middle East to be the most likely origin of the genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Lerp
- Natural History Collections, Museum Wiesbaden, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 2, 65185 Wiesbaden, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Klaus
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolution, J.W. Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefanie Allgöwer
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolution, J.W. Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Torsten Wronski
- Zoological Society of London, Conservation Programs, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; King Khalid Wildlife Research Center, Saudi Wildlife Authority, P.O. Box 61681, Riyadh 11575, Saudi Arabia
| | - Markus Pfenninger
- Molecular Ecology Group, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Plath
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
DeMIGUEL D, AZANZA B, MORALES J. Key innovations in ruminant evolution: a paleontological perspective. Integr Zool 2014; 9:412-33. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel DeMIGUEL
- Catalan Institute of Paleontology Miquel Crusafont; Autonomus University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Beatriz AZANZA
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Zaragoza, University Research Institute in Environmental Sciences; Zaragoza Spain
| | - Jorge MORALES
- Department of Paleobiology; National Museum of Natural Sciences; Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Clauss M, Rössner GE. Old World Ruminant Morphophysiology, Life History, and Fossil Record: Exploring Key Innovations of a Diversification Sequence. ANN ZOOL FENN 2014. [DOI: 10.5735/086.051.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
10
|
Lauper M, Lechner I, Barboza PS, Collins WB, Hummel J, Codron D, Clauss M. Rumination of different-sized particles in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and moose (Alces alces) on grass and browse diets, and implications for rumination in different ruminant feeding types. Mamm Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
11
|
Kaiser TM, Müller DWH, Fortelius M, Schulz E, Codron D, Clauss M. Hypsodonty and tooth facet development in relation to diet and habitat in herbivorous ungulates: implications for understanding tooth wear. Mamm Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Kaiser
- Biocentre Grindel and Zoological Museum; University Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3; D-20146; Hamburg; Germany
| | - Dennis W. H. Müller
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstr. 260; 8057; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Mikael Fortelius
- Department of Geosciences and Geography; University of Helsinki; PO Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a); FIN-00014; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Ellen Schulz
- Biocentre Grindel and Zoological Museum; University Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3; D-20146; Hamburg; Germany
| | - Daryl Codron
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstr. 260; 8057; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstr. 260; 8057; Zurich; Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|