1
|
Ziaja D, Müller C. Intraspecific chemodiversity provides plant individual- and neighbourhood-mediated associational resistance towards aphids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1145918. [PMID: 37082343 PMCID: PMC10111025 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1145918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Some plant species express an extraordinarily high intraspecific diversity in phytochemicals (= chemodiversity). As discussed for biodiversity, higher chemodiversity may provide better protection against environmental stress, including herbivory. However, little is known about whether the resistance of a plant individual towards herbivores is mostly governed by its own chemodiversity or by associational resistance provided by conspecific neighbours. To investigate the role of chemodiversity in plant-aphid interactions, we used the Asteraceae Tanacetum vulgare, whose individuals differ pronouncedly in the composition of leaf terpenoids, forming distinct chemotypes. Plants were set up in a field consisting of plots containing five individuals of either the same or different chemotypes. Presence of winged aphids, indicating attraction, and abundance of winged and unwinged aphids, indicating fitness, were counted weekly on each plant. During the peak abundance of aphids, leaf samples were taken from all plants for re-analyses of the terpenoid composition and quantification of terpenoid chemodiversity, calculated on an individual plant (Shannon index, Hsind, also considered as α-chemodiversity) and plot level (Hsplot, = β-chemodiversity). Aphid attraction was neither influenced by chemotype nor plot-type. The real-time odour environment may be very complex in this setting, impeding clear preferences. In contrast, the abundance was affected by both chemotype and plot-type. On average, more Uroleucon tanaceti aphids were found on plants of two of the chemotypes growing in homogenous compared to heterogenous plots, supporting the associational resistance hypothesis. For Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria aphids, the probability of presence differed between plot-types on one chemotype. Terpenoid chemodiversity expressed as a gradient revealed negative Hsplot effects on U. tanaceti, but a positive correlation of Hsind with M. tanacetaria abundance. Aphids of M. fuscoviride were not affected by any level of chemodiversity. In conclusion, this study shows that not only the chemotype and chemodiversity of individual plants but also that of conspecific neighbours can influence certain plant-herbivore interactions. These effects are highly specific with regard to the plant chemotype and differ between aphid species and their morphs (winged vs. unwinged). Furthermore, our results highlight the importance of analysing chemodiversity at different levels.
Collapse
|
2
|
Malka O, Feldmesser E, van Brunschot S, Santos‐Garcia D, Han W, Seal S, Colvin J, Morin S. The molecular mechanisms that determine different degrees of polyphagy in the Bemisia tabaci species complex. Evol Appl 2021; 14:807-820. [PMID: 33767754 PMCID: PMC7980310 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a closely related group of >35 cryptic species that feed on the phloem sap of a broad range of host plants. Species in the complex differ in their host-range breadth, but the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. We investigated, therefore, how six different B. tabaci species cope with the environmental unpredictability presented by a set of four common and novel host plants. Behavioral studies indicated large differences in performances on the four hosts and putative specialization of one of the species to cassava plants. Transcriptomic analyses revealed two main insights. First, a large set of genes involved in metabolism (>85%) showed differences in expression between the six species, and each species could be characterized by its own unique expression pattern of metabolic genes. However, within species, these genes were constitutively expressed, with a low level of environmental responsiveness (i.e., to host change). Second, within each species, sets of genes mainly associated with the super-pathways "environmental information processing" and "organismal systems" responded to the host switching events. These included genes encoding for proteins involved in sugar homeostasis, signal transduction, membrane transport, and immune, endocrine, sensory and digestive responses. Our findings suggested that the six B. tabaci species can be divided into four performance/transcriptomic "Types" and that polyphagy can be achieved in multiple ways. However, polyphagy level is determined by the specific identity of the metabolic genes/pathways that are enriched and overexpressed in each species (the species' individual metabolic "tool kit").
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Malka
- Department of EntomologyThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Ester Feldmesser
- Department of Biological ServicesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Sharon van Brunschot
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
- School of Biological Sciencesthe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | | | - Wen‐Hao Han
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Susan Seal
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of EntomologyThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stoeckel S, Porro B, Arnaud-Haond S. The discernible and hidden effects of clonality on the genotypic and genetic states of populations: Improving our estimation of clonal rates. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:1068-1084. [PMID: 33386695 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Partial clonality is widespread across the tree of life, but most population genetic models are designed for exclusively clonal or sexual organisms. This gap hampers our understanding of the influence of clonality on evolutionary trajectories and the interpretation of population genetic data. We performed forward simulations of diploid populations at increasing rates of clonality (c), analysed their relationships with genotypic (clonal richness, R, and distribution of clonal sizes, Pareto β) and genetic (FIS and linkage disequilibrium) indices, and tested predictions of c from population genetic data through supervised machine learning. Two complementary behaviours emerged from the probability distributions of genotypic and genetic indices with increasing c. While the impact of c on R and Pareto β was easily described by simple mathematical equations, its effects on genetic indices were noticeable only at the highest levels (c > 0.95). Consequently, genotypic indices allowed reliable estimates of c, while genetic descriptors led to poorer performances when c < 0.95. These results provide clear baseline expectations for genotypic and genetic diversity and dynamics under partial clonality. Worryingly, however, the use of realistic sample sizes to acquire empirical data systematically led to gross underestimates (often of one to two orders of magnitude) of c, suggesting that many interpretations hitherto proposed in the literature, mostly based on genotypic richness, should be reappraised. We propose future avenues to derive realistic confidence intervals for c and show that, although still approximate, a supervised learning method would greatly improve the estimation of c from population genetic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solenn Stoeckel
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, INRAE, Le Rheu, France
| | - Barbara Porro
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,MARBEC - Marine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, MARBEC, Sète, France
| | - Sophie Arnaud-Haond
- MARBEC - Marine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, MARBEC, Sète, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Loxdale HD, Balog A, Biron DG. Aphids in focus: unravelling their complex ecology and evolution using genetic and molecular approaches. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aphids are renowned plant parasites of agriculture, horticulture and forestry, causing direct physical damage by sucking phloem and especially by transmission of plant pathogenic viruses. The huge yield loss they cause amounts to hundreds of millions of dollars globally, and because of this damage and the intense efforts expended on control, some 20 species are now resistant to pesticides worldwide. Aphids represent an ancient, mainly northern temperate group, although some species occur in the tropics, often as obligate asexual lineages or even asexual ‘species’. However, besides their notoriety as enemies of plant growers, aphids are also extremely interesting scientifically, especially at the molecular and genetic levels. They reproduce mainly asexually, one female producing 10–90 offspring in 7–10 days and therefore, theoretically, could produce billions of offspring in one growing season in the absence of mortality factors (i.e. climate/weather and antagonists). In this overview, we provide examples of what molecular and genetic studies of aphids have revealed concerning a range of topics, especially fine-grained ecological processes. Aphids, despite their apparently limited behavioural repertoire, are in fact masters (or, perhaps more accurately, mistresses) of adaptation and evolutionary flexibility and continue to flourish in a variety of ecosystems, including the agro-ecosystem, regardless of our best efforts to combat them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, the Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff, UK
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Tirgu-Mureș/Corunca, Romania
| | - David G Biron
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR CNRS, Campus Universitaire des Cézeaux, Aubiere Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Loxdale HD, Balog A, Harvey JA. Generalism in Nature…The Great Misnomer: Aphids and Wasp Parasitoids as Examples. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10100314. [PMID: 31554276 PMCID: PMC6835564 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present article we discuss why, in our view, the term ‘generalism’ to define the dietary breadth of a species is a misnomer and should be revised by entomologists/ecologists with the more exact title relating to the animal in question’s level of phagy—mono-, oligo, or polyphagy. We discard generalism as a concept because of the indisputable fact that all living organisms fill a unique ecological niche, and that entry and exit from such niches are the acknowledged routes and mechanisms driving ecological divergence and ultimately speciation. The term specialist is probably still useful and we support its continuing usage simply because all species and lower levels of evolutionary diverge are indeed specialists to a large degree. Using aphids and parasitoid wasps as examples, we provide evidence from the literature that even some apparently highly polyphagous agricultural aphid pest species and their wasp parasitoids are probably not as polyphagous as formerly assumed. We suggest that the shifting of plant hosts by herbivorous insects like aphids, whilst having positive benefits in reducing competition, and reducing antagonists by moving the target organism into ‘enemy free space’, produces trade-offs in survival, involving relaxed selection in the case of the manicured agro-ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoara Str. 1C., 540485 Tirgu-Mures, Romania.
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Angelella GM, Michel AP, Kaplan I. Using host-associated differentiation to track source population and dispersal distance among insect vectors of plant pathogens. Evol Appl 2019; 12:692-704. [PMID: 30976303 PMCID: PMC6439873 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Small, mobile insects are notoriously challenging to track across landscapes and manage in agricultural fields. However, genetic differentiation among insect populations and host plants acquired through host-associated differentiation could be exploited to infer movement within crop systems and damage potential. Although many insects exhibit host-associated differentiation, management strategies for insect vectors of plant pathogens assume a homogenous population. Nevertheless, phenotypic changes derived from host-associated differentiation could manifest in altered behavior or physiology affecting the likelihood of vector-pathogen-plant interactions, or the subsequent efficiency of pathogen transmission. We used SNPs to assess genotypic structure and host-associated differentiation in the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae). To do so, we sampled A. craccivora across the Midwestern United States. from two host plants, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)-putative source populations for winged migrants. Simultaneously, we sampled winged A. craccivora landing in pumpkin fields where they transmit viruses. Structure analyses supported host-associated differentiation by identifying two major genotypic groups: an alfalfa group containing a single multilocus genotype and a locust group containing all others. Winged locust-group aphids landed at a much greater magnitude within focal fields during year 2 than year 1, while those in the alfalfa group remained fairly consistent. Spatial autocorrelation analyses indicated locust-group aphid movement was characterized by small-scale dispersal during year 2, likely originating from populations within 10 km. We also detected strong temporal differences in colonization from the two host plants. Early in the summer, most winged aphids (79.4%) derived from the locust group, whereas late in the summer more (58.3%) were from the alfalfa group. Because early crop growth stages are more susceptible to damage from aphid-vectored viruses, these data implicate locust as the more important source and illustrate how host-associated differentiation can be used to track dispersal and inform management of heterogeneous pest populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Marie Angelella
- Department of EntomologyPurdue UniversityLafayetteIndiana
- Present address:
Department of HorticultureVirginia Tech University, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension CenterPainterVirginia
| | - Andy P. Michel
- Department of EntomologyThe Ohio State UniversityWoosterOhio
| | - Ian Kaplan
- Department of EntomologyPurdue UniversityLafayetteIndiana
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Benedek K, Mara G, Mehrparvar M, Bálint J, Loxdale HD, Balog A. Near-regular distribution of adult crimson tansy aphids,Uroleucon tanaceti(L.), increases aposematic signal honesty on different tansy plant chemotypes. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klára Benedek
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
| | - Gyöngyvér Mara
- Department of Biological Engineering, Faculty of Economics, Socio-Human Sciences and Engineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
| | - Mohsen Mehrparvar
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - János Bálint
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
| | - Hugh D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff, UK
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mehrparvar M, Zytynska SE, Balog A, Weisser WW. Coexistence through mutualist-dependent reversal of competitive hierarchies. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1247-1259. [PMID: 29375795 PMCID: PMC5773332 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that allow for the coexistence of two competing species that share a trophic level can be broadly divided into those that prevent competitive exclusion of one species within a local area, and those that allow for coexistence only at a regional level. While the presence of aphid‐tending ants can change the distribution of aphids among host plants, the role of mutualistic ants has not been fully explored to understand coexistence of multiple aphid species in a community. The tansy plant (Tanacetum vulgare) hosts three common and specialized aphid species, with only one being tended by ants. Often, these aphids species will not coexist on the same plant but will coexist across multiple plant hosts in a field. In this study, we aim to understand how interactions with mutualistic ants and predators affect the coexistence of multiple species of aphid herbivores on tansy. We show that the presence of ants drives community assembly at the level of individual plant, that is, the local community, by favoring one ant‐tended species, Metopeurum fuscoviride, while preying on the untended Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria and, to a lesser extent, Uroleucon tanaceti. Competitive hierarchies without ants were very different from those with ants. At the regional level, multiple tansy plants provide a habitat across which all aphid species can coexist at the larger spatial scale, while being competitively excluded at the local scale. In this case, ant mutualist‐dependent reversal of the competitive hierarchy can drive community dynamics in a plant–aphid system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mehrparvar
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Centre for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany.,Present address: Department of Biodiversity Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences Graduate University of Advanced Technology Kerman Iran
| | - Sharon E Zytynska
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Centre for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture Faculty of Technical and Human Science Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania Tirgu-Mures Romania
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Centre for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Loxdale HD, Balog A. Aphid specialism as an example of ecological-evolutionary divergence. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:642-657. [PMID: 28836372 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Debate still continues around the definition of generalism and specialism in nature. To some, generalism is equated solely with polyphagy, but this cannot be readily divorced from other essential biological factors, such as morphology, behaviour, genetics, biochemistry, chemistry and ecology, including chemical ecology. Viewed in this light, and accepting that when living organisms evolve to fill new ecological-evolutionary niches, this is the primal act of specialisation, then perhaps all living organisms are specialist in the broadest sense. To illustrate the levels of specialisation that may be found in a group of animals, we here provide an overview of those displayed by a subfamily of hemipteran insects, the Aphididae, which comprises some 1600 species/subspecies in Europe alone and whose members are specialised in a variety of lifestyle traits. These include life cycle, host adaptation, dispersal and migration, associations with bacterial symbionts (in turn related to host adaptation and resistance to hymenopterous wasp parasitoids), mutualisms with ants, and resistance to insecticides. As with polyphagy, these traits cannot easily be separated from one another, but rather, are interconnected, often highly so, which makes the Aphididae a fascinating animal group to study, providing an informative, perhaps unique, model to illustrate the complexities of defining generalism versus specialism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, U.K
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Department of Horticulture, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, 540485, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wongsa K, Duangphakdee O, Rattanawannee A. Genetic Structure of the Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) From Thailand Inferred From Mitochondrial COI Gene Sequence. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2017; 17:3966736. [PMID: 28973491 PMCID: PMC5510963 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the most destructive insect pests of legume plants worldwide. Although outbreaks of this pest occur annually in Thailand causing heavy damage, its genetic structure and demographic history are poorly understood. In order to determine genetic structure and genetic relationship of the geographic populations of this species, we examined sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of 51 individuals collected from 32 localities throughout Thailand. Within the sequences of these geographic populations, 32 polymorphic sites defined 17 haplotypes, ranging in sequence divergence from 0.2% (1 nucleotide) to 2.7% (16 nucleotides). A relatively high haplotype diversity but low nucleotide diversity was detected in the populations of A. craccivora, a finding that is typical for migratory species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a weak phylogeographic structuring among the geographic populations and among the haplotypes, indicating their close relationship. Considering the distance between the sampling sites, the occurrence of identical haplotypes over wide areas is noteworthy. Moreover, the low genetic distance (FST ranging from -0.0460 to 0.3263) and high rate of per-generation female migration (Nm ranging from 1.0323 to 20.3333) suggested population exchange and gene flow between the A. craccivora populations in Thailand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanyanat Wongsa
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand (; )
| | - Orawan Duangphakdee
- King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Ratchaburi Campus, 126, Bangmod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand ()
| | - Atsalek Rattanawannee
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand (; )
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Loxdale HD, Harvey JA. The ‘generalism’ debate: misinterpreting the term in the empirical literature focusing on dietary breadth in insects. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D. Loxdale
- School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; The Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX UK
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology; Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mooney EH, Phillips JS, Tillberg CV, Sandrow C, Nelson AS, Mooney KA. Abiotic mediation of a mutualism drives herbivore abundance. Ecol Lett 2015; 19:37-44. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily H. Mooney
- Department of Biology University of Colorado at Colorado Springs 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway Colorado Springs CO USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory PO Box 319, Crested Butte CO 81224
| | - Joseph S. Phillips
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory PO Box 319, Crested Butte CO 81224
- University of Nebraska‐Lincoln 1400 R St, Lincoln NE 68588
| | | | - Cheryl Sandrow
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory PO Box 319, Crested Butte CO 81224
- State University of New York at Oswego 7060 NY‐104 Oswego NY 13126
| | - Annika S. Nelson
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory PO Box 319, Crested Butte CO 81224
- University of California at Irvine 321 Steinhaus Hall Irvine CA 92697
| | - Kailen A. Mooney
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory PO Box 319, Crested Butte CO 81224
- University of California at Irvine 321 Steinhaus Hall Irvine CA 92697
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Benedek K, Bálint J, Salamon RV, Kovács E, Ábrahám B, Fazakas C, Loxdale HD, Balog A. Chemotype of tansy (Tanacetum vulgareL.) determines aphid genotype and its associated predator system. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Klára Benedek
- Department of Horticulture; Faculty of Technical Science; Sapientia University; 540485, Sighisoara Str.1C Tirgu-Mures Romania
| | - János Bálint
- Department of Horticulture; Faculty of Technical Science; Sapientia University; 540485, Sighisoara Str.1C Tirgu-Mures Romania
| | - Rozália Veronika Salamon
- Department of Food Science; Sapientia University; 530104, Szabadság Str. 1 Miercurea Ciuc Romania
| | - Erika Kovács
- Department of Bioengineering; Faculty of Science; Sapientia University; 530104, Szabadság Str. 1 Miercurea Ciuc Romania
| | - Beáta Ábrahám
- Department of Bioengineering; Faculty of Science; Sapientia University; 530104, Szabadság Str. 1 Miercurea Ciuc Romania
| | - Csaba Fazakas
- Department of Horticulture; Faculty of Technical Science; Sapientia University; 540485, Sighisoara Str.1C Tirgu-Mures Romania
| | - Hugh D. Loxdale
- Royal Entomological Society; The Mansion House; Chiswell Green Lane; St Albans AL2 3NS UK
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture; Faculty of Technical Science; Sapientia University; 540485, Sighisoara Str.1C Tirgu-Mures Romania
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xin JJ, Shang QL, Desneux N, Gao XW. Genetic diversity of Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) populations from different geographic regions in China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109349. [PMID: 25356548 PMCID: PMC4214629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sitobion avenae is a major agricultural pest of wheat in China. Using microsatellite markers, we studied the potential gene flow, genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, and genetic structure of seven S. avenae populations from different regions of China (Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Shanxi provinces). The populations from Henan, Shandong, and Jiangsu showed high levels of genic and genotypic diversity. By contrast, the genic diversity in the Beijing and Hebei populations was much lower. Despite this low genic diversity, the genotypic diversity of the Beijing population was higher than that of all of the other populations, except those from Jiangsu and Shandong. Overall, the genetic divergence among the seven S. avenae populations tested was high, though there was almost no differentiation between the Shandong and Henan populations. We observed significant negative correlation between the strength of gene flow and the geographic distances among populations. Based on genetic analysis, the seven S. avenae populations studied can be divided into four distinct clusters; (i) Hubei, (ii) Shanxi, (iii) Beijing and Hebei, and (iv) Shandong, Henan, and Jiangsu. The present results provide a basis for potentially optimizing integrated pest management (IPM) programs in China, through adapting control methods that target biological traits shared by various populations of the same genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Xin
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qing-Li Shang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Paris, France
| | - Xi-Wu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rubiano-Rodríguez JA, Fuentes-Contreras E, Figueroa CC, Margaritopoulos JT, Briones LM, Ramírez CC. Genetic diversity and insecticide resistance during the growing season in the green peach aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on primary and secondary hosts: a farm-scale study in Central Chile. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:182-194. [PMID: 24484894 DOI: 10.1017/s000748531300062x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal dynamics of neutral genetic diversity and the insecticide resistance mechanisms of insect pests at the farm scale are still poorly documented. Here this was addressed in the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Central Chile. Samples were collected from an insecticide sprayed peach (Prunus persica L.) orchard (primary host), and a sweet-pepper (Capsicum annum var. grossum L.) field (secondary host). In addition, aphids from weeds (secondary hosts) growing among these crops were also sampled. Many unique multilocus genotypes were found on peach trees, while secondary hosts were colonized mostly by the six most common genotypes, which were predominantly sensitive to insecticides. In both fields, a small but significant genetic differentiation was found between aphids on the crops vs. their weeds. Within-season comparisons showed genetic differentiation between early and late season samples from peach, as well as for weeds in the peach orchard. The knock-down resistance (kdr) mutation was detected mostly in the heterozygote state, often associated with modified acetylcholinesterase throughout the season for both crops. This mutation was found in high frequency, mainly in the peach orchard. The super-kdr mutation was found in very low frequencies in both crops. This study provides farm-scale evidence that the aphid M. persicae can be composed of slightly different genetic groups between contiguous populations of primary and secondary hosts exhibiting different dynamics of insecticide resistance through the growing season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - E Fuentes-Contreras
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
| | - C C Figueroa
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
| | - J T Margaritopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26 & Aiolou Street, 412 21 Larissa, Greece
| | - L M Briones
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
| | - C C Ramírez
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zheng Y, Peng X, Liu G, Pan H, Dorn S, Chen M. High genetic diversity and structured populations of the oriental fruit moth in its range of origin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78476. [PMID: 24265692 PMCID: PMC3821535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The oriental fruit moth Grapholita ( = Cydia) molesta is a key fruit pest globally. Despite its economic importance, little is known about its population genetics in its putative native range that includes China. We used five polymorphic microsatellite loci and two mitochondrial gene sequences to characterize the population genetic diversity and genetic structure of G. molesta from nine sublocations in three regions of a major fruit growing area of China. Larval samples were collected throughout the season from peach, and in late season, after host switch by the moth to pome fruit, also from apple and pear. We found high numbers of microsatellite alleles and mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in all regions, together with a high number of private alleles and of haplotypes at all sublocations, providing strong evidence that the sampled area belongs to the origin of this species. Samples collected from peach at all sublocations were geographically structured, and a significant albeit weak pattern of isolation-by-distance was found among populations, likely reflecting the low flight capacity of this moth. Interestingly, populations sampled from apple and pear in the late season showed a structure differing from that of populations sampled from peach throughout the season, indicating a selective host switch of a certain part of the population only. The recently detected various olfactory genotypes in G. molesta may underly this selective host switch. These genetic data yield, for the first time, an understanding of population dynamics of G. molesta in its native range, and of a selective host switch from peach to pome fruit, which may have a broad applicability to other global fruit production areas for designing suitable pest management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiong Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Gaoming Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongyan Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Silvia Dorn
- ETH Zurich, Applied Entomology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maohua Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mehrparvar M, Zytynska SE, Weisser WW. Multiple cues for winged morph production in an aphid metacommunity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58323. [PMID: 23472179 PMCID: PMC3589340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors can lead individuals down different developmental pathways giving rise to distinct phenotypes (phenotypic plasticity). The production of winged or unwinged morphs in aphids is an example of two alternative developmental pathways. Dispersal is paramount in aphids that often have a metapopulation structure, where local subpopulations frequently go extinct, such as the specialized aphids on tansy (Tanacetum vulgare). We conducted various experiments to further understand the cues involved in the production of winged dispersal morphs by the two dominant species of the tansy aphid metacommunity, Metopeurum fuscoviride and Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria. We found that the ant-tended M. fuscoviride produced winged individuals predominantly at the beginning of the season while the untended M. tanacetaria produced winged individuals throughout the season. Winged mothers of both species produced winged offspring, although in both species winged offspring were mainly produced by unwinged females. Crowding and the presence of predators, effects already known to influence wing production in other aphid species, increased the percentage of winged offspring in M. tanacetaria, but not in M. fuscoviride. We find there are also other factors (i.e. temporal effects) inducing the production of winged offspring for natural aphid populations. Our results show that the responses of each aphid species are due to multiple wing induction cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mehrparvar
- Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Center for Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|