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Dolezel M, Lang A, Greiter A, Miklau M, Eckerstorfer M, Heissenberger A, Willée E, Züghart W. Challenges for the Post-Market Environmental Monitoring in the European Union Imposed by Novel Applications of Genetically Modified and Genome-Edited Organisms. BIOTECH 2024; 13:14. [PMID: 38804296 PMCID: PMC11130885 DOI: 10.3390/biotech13020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Information on the state of the environment is important to achieve the objectives of the European Green Deal, including the EU's Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. The existing regulatory provisions for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) foresee an obligatory post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) of potential adverse effects upon release into the environment. So far, GMO monitoring activities have focused on genetically modified crops. With the advent of new genomic techniques (NGT), novel GMO applications are being developed and may be released into a range of different, non-agricultural environments with potential implications for ecosystems and biodiversity. This challenges the current monitoring concepts and requires adaptation of existing monitoring programs to meet monitoring requirements. While the incorporation of existing biodiversity monitoring programs into GMO monitoring at the national level is important, additional monitoring activities will also be required. Using case examples, we highlight that monitoring requirements for novel GMO applications differ from those of GM crop plants previously authorized for commercial use in the European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Dolezel
- Land Use & Biosafety Unit, Umweltbundesamt–Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Spittelauer Laende 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.G.); (M.M.); (M.E.); (A.H.)
| | - Andreas Lang
- Büro Lang, Hoernlehof, Gresgen 108, 79669 Zell im Wiesental, Germany;
- Research Group Environmental Geosciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistr. 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anita Greiter
- Land Use & Biosafety Unit, Umweltbundesamt–Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Spittelauer Laende 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.G.); (M.M.); (M.E.); (A.H.)
| | - Marianne Miklau
- Land Use & Biosafety Unit, Umweltbundesamt–Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Spittelauer Laende 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.G.); (M.M.); (M.E.); (A.H.)
| | - Michael Eckerstorfer
- Land Use & Biosafety Unit, Umweltbundesamt–Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Spittelauer Laende 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.G.); (M.M.); (M.E.); (A.H.)
| | - Andreas Heissenberger
- Land Use & Biosafety Unit, Umweltbundesamt–Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Spittelauer Laende 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.G.); (M.M.); (M.E.); (A.H.)
| | - Eva Willée
- Division of Terrestrial Monitoring, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstr. 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany (W.Z.)
| | - Wiebke Züghart
- Division of Terrestrial Monitoring, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstr. 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany (W.Z.)
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Chan MTT, Muttray A, Sakhrani D, Woodward K, Kim JH, Christensen KA, Koop BF, Devlin RH. Sexually Dimorphic Growth Stimulation in a Strain of Growth Hormone Transgenic Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:140-148. [PMID: 33481139 PMCID: PMC7929968 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-020-10012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) transgenic fish often exhibit remarkable transformations in growth rate and other phenotypes relative to wild-type. The 5750A transgenic coho salmon strain exhibits strong sexually dimorphic growth, with females possessing growth stimulation at a level typical of that seen for both sexes in other strains harbouring the same gene construct (e.g. M77), while males display a modest level of growth stimulation. GH mRNA levels were significantly higher in females than in males of the 5750A strain but equivalent in the M77 strain, indicating sex and transgene insertion locus altered transgene expression. We found that acute estradiol treatments did not influence GH expression in either strain (5750A and M77) or the transgene promoter (metallothionein-B), suggesting that estradiol level was not a significant factor influencing transgene activity. The feminization of XX and XY fish of the 5750A and M77 strains generated all-female groups and resulted in equalized growth of the two genetic sexes, suggesting that the presence of the Y chromosome was not directly capable of influencing the GH transgene-mediated growth in a physiological female conditions. These data suggest that the difference in growth rate seen between the sexes in the 5750A strain arises from non-estradiol-mediated sex influences on gene regulation at the transgene locus. This study shows how genetic factors and transgene insertion sites can influence transgene expression with significant consequent effects on phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T T Chan
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Annette Muttray
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada
- New York Institute of Technology, #1700-701 West Georgia Street, Vancouver, BC, V7Y 1K8, Canada
| | - Dionne Sakhrani
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - Krista Woodward
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - Jin-Hyoung Kim
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Sondomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
| | - Kris A Christensen
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Ben F Koop
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Robert H Devlin
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada
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Zhang X, Pang S, Liu C, Wang H, Ye D, Zhu Z, Sun Y. A Novel Dietary Source of EPA and DHA: Metabolic Engineering of an Important Freshwater Species-Common Carp by fat1-Transgenesis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:171-185. [PMID: 30588551 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA), are essential for neural development and human health. The n-3 PUFAs are mainly obtained from marine fish by dietary intake. Freshwater fish species usually contain low level of n-3 PUFAs due to the lack of n-3 PUFAs in their food chain. In this study, we report on the substantial production of EPA and DHA in a globally important freshwater fish species, common carp (Cyprinus carpio). This was achieved by introducing an "all-fish" transgene CA:fat1 containing the fish codon-optimized omega-3 desaturase gene (fat1) driven by the common carp β-actin promoter (CA). Through a sperm sample screening method, we successfully generated fat1-positive F1 transgenic population with high efficiency. In F1 population, the muscle contents of ALA (18:3n-3), EPA and DHA were significantly increased when compared with non-transgenic siblings. Thereafter, four independent F2 heterozygous lines were obtained from 4 F1 transgenic males and a detailed comparison of fatty acids profile and growth performance was carried out for these 4 lines. All fat1-transgenic common carps from 4 lines showed an evident decrease in n-6 PUFA contents and a substantial increase in n-3 PUFA contents, among which line 4 stands out, showing a statistically significant increase in all 4 types of n-3 PUFAs including ALA (4.4-fold increase, p < 0.001), EPA (4.8-fold increase, p < 0.01), C22:5n-3 (DPA, 2.4-fold increase, p < 0.05), and DHA (1.9-fold increase, p < 0.05). Therefore, the line 4 was selected as the optimized breeding stock for further study, and the proximate nutrition composition and PUFA synthesis pathway were analyzed. Our study demonstrates that in the transgenic group, the muscular lipid content did not change, while fat accumulations in the internal organs and especially in the liver were significantly decreased as a result of hyperactivation of fatty acid oxidation process. Finally, we conclude that the "all-fish" CA:fat1-transgenic freshwater fish-common carp-can serve as a novel healthy dietary source of n3-PUFAs, especially EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaochen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Chengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Houpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ding Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Wei Y, Huang L, Cao J, Wang C, Yan J. Dietary Safety Assessment of Flk1-Transgenic Fish. Front Physiol 2018; 9:8. [PMID: 29422865 PMCID: PMC5788912 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is facing with growing demands of aquaculture and aquatic products. Although various genetically modified (GM) aquatics have been generated, it is important to evaluate biosafety of GM organisms on the human health before entering into our food chain. For this purpose, we establish a zebrafish wild adult feeding Flk1-transgenic larvae model to examine the predatory fish's histology in multiple tissues, and the global gene expression profile in the liver. 180 days of feeding trial show that there are no significantly morphological changes in intestine, liver, kidney, and sex gonads between fish fed with Flk1 transgenic fish diet (TFD) and fish fed with regular food meal (RFM). However, a characteristic skin spot and autofluorescence increase in the theca of follicle are observed in F1 generation of TFD fish. Liver RNA-sequencing analyses demonstrate that 53 out of 56712 genes or isoforms are differentially transcribed, and mostly involved in proteolysis in extracellular region. According to GO enrichment terms these deregulated genes function in catalytic activity, steroid storing, lipid metabolic process and N-Glycan biosynthesis. These results suggest that a long term of Flk1-transgenic fish diet could alter certain metabolic pathways and possibly cause related tissue deformation. Compared to the previous reports, our feasible transgenic dietary assess system could evaluate subchronic and potential health impact of transgenic fish diet by combining multi-tissue histology and liver transcriptome analyses.
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Devlin RH, Sundström LF, Leggatt RA. Assessing Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Growth-Accelerated Genetically Engineered Fishes. Bioscience 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Chung WJ, Huang CL, Gong HY, Ou TY, Hsu JL, Hu SY. Recombinant production of biologically active giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) growth hormone from inclusion bodies of Escherichia coli by fed-batch culture. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 110:79-88. [PMID: 25703054 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) performs important roles in regulating somatic growth, reproduction, osmoregulation, metabolism and immunity in teleosts, and thus, it has attracted substantial attention in the field of aquaculture application. Herein, giant grouper GH (ggGH) cDNA was cloned into the pET28a vector and expressed in Shuffle® T7 Competent Escherichia coli. Recombinant N-terminal 6× His-tagged ggGH was produced mainly in insoluble inclusion bodies; the recombinant ggGH content reached 20% of total protein. For large-scale ggGH production, high-cell density E. coli culture was achieved via fed-batch culture with pH-stat. After 30h of cultivation, a cell concentration of 41.1g/l dry cell weight with over 95% plasmid stability was reached. Maximal ggGH production (4.0g/l; 22% total protein) was achieved via mid-log phase induction. Various centrifugal forces, buffer pHs and urea concentrations were optimized for isolation and solubilization of ggGH from inclusion bodies. Hydrophobic interactions and ionic interactions were the major forces in ggGH inclusion body formation. Complete ggGH inclusion body solubilization was obtained in PBS buffer at pH 12 containing 3M urea. Through a simple purification process including Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and refolding, 5.7mg of ggGH was obtained from 10ml of fed-batch culture (45% recovery). The sequence and secondary structure of the purified ggGH were confirmed by LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry and circular dichroism analysis. The cell proliferation-promoting activity was confirmed in HepG2, ZFL and GF-1 cells with the WST-1 colorimetric bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jen Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Lung Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yi Gong
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yin Ou
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Quemoy University, Kinmen, Taiwan
| | - Jue-Liang Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yang Hu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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Yong L, Liu YM, Jia XD, Li N, Zhang WZ. Subchronic toxicity study of GH transgenic carp. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3920-6. [PMID: 22889892 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A subchronic toxicity study of GH (growth hormone) transgenic carp was carried out with 60 SD rats aged 4 weeks, weight 115∼125 g. Ten male and 10 female rats were allotted into each group. Animals of the three groups (transgenic carp group (GH-TC), parental carp group (PC) and control group) were fed soy- and alfalfa-free diet (SAFD) with 10% GH transgenic carp powder, 10% parental carp powder or 10% common carp powder for 90 consecutive days, respectively. In the end of study, animals were killed by exsanguination via the carotid artery under diethyl ether anesthesia, then weights of heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, thymus, brain, ovaries and uterus/testis were measured. Pathological examination of organs was determined. Endocrine hormones of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid hormone (T4), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 17β-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) levels were detected by specific ELISA kit. Parameters of blood routine and blood biochemical were measured. The weights of the body and organs of the rats, food intake, blood routine, blood biochemical test and serum hormones showed no significant differences among the GH transgenic carp-treated, parental carp-treated and control groups (P>0.05). Thus, it was concluded that at the dose level of this study, GH transgenic carp showed no subchronic toxicity and endocrine disruption to SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yong
- National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, China CDC, Beijing 100021, China
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