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Zimmer AM, Mandic M, Rourke KM, Perry SF. Breathing with fins: do the pectoral fins of larval fishes play a respiratory role? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 318:R89-R97. [PMID: 31692366 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00265.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Convective water flow across respiratory epithelia in water-breathing organisms maintains transcutaneous oxygen (O2) partial pressure (Po2) gradients that drive O2 uptake. Following hatch, larval fishes lack a developed gill and the skin is the dominant site of gas transfer, yet few studies have addressed the contribution of convective water flow to cutaneous O2 uptake in larvae. We hypothesized that the pectoral fins, which can generate water flow across the skin in larvae, promote transcutaneous O2 transfer and thus aid in O2 uptake. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), the frequency of pectoral fin movements increased in response to hypoxia at 4 days postfertilization (dpf), but the response was blunted by 15 dpf, when the gills become the dominant site of O2 uptake, and was absent by 21 dpf. In rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Po2 measured at the skin surface of ventilating larvae was lower when the pectoral fins had been surgically removed, directly demonstrating that fins contribute to convective flow that dissipates cutaneous Po2 boundary layers. Lack of pectoral fins compromised whole animal O2 consumption in trout during hypoxia, but this effect was absent in zebrafish. Overall, our findings support a respiratory role of the pectoral fins in rainbow trout, but their involvement in zebrafish remains equivocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Zimmer
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milica Mandic
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn M Rourke
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Kemp A. Abnormal development in embryos and hatchlings of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, from two reservoirs in south-east Queensland. AUST J ZOOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/zo13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Few of the localities currently inhabited by the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, are in pristine condition. Most populations of wild lungfish in south-east Queensland are now isolated in reservoirs. The barriers formed by the building of dams and weirs across natural rivers separate lungfish groups from each other, cut across possible pathways for normal movement in the environment, and have additional and more serious effects. Water levels in reservoirs fluctuate in spring when lungfish are spawning, and do not allow dense stands of submerged aquatic plants to become established. Lungfish need these plants as sites for oviposition, and newly hatched young need them as refuges and sources of food. Potential recruitment of young lungfish in reservoir populations faces another threat, that of anomalous development of the embryos, hatchlings and juveniles, severe enough to kill many embryos within days of oviposition, and destroy the young fish before they are more than a few months old. Similar anomalies are not present in young fish from a river environment raised under identical conditions. Reasons for poor development, which has now been found in two reservoirs, may be related to the diet of the adult lungfish, and possibly to genetic factors.
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Cartwright JH, Piro O, Tuval I. Fluid dynamics in developmental biology: moving fluids that shape ontogeny. HFSP JOURNAL 2008; 3:77-93. [PMID: 19794816 PMCID: PMC2707792 DOI: 10.2976/1.3043738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human conception, indeed fertilization in general, takes place in a fluid, but what role does fluid dynamics have during the subsequent development of an organism? It is becoming increasingly clear that the number of genes in the genome of a typical organism is not sufficient to specify the minutiae of all features of its ontogeny. Instead, genetics often acts as a choreographer, guiding development but leaving some aspects to be controlled by physical and chemical means. Fluids are ubiquitous in biological systems, so it is not surprising that fluid dynamics should play an important role in the physical and chemical processes shaping ontogeny. However, only in a few cases have the strands been teased apart to see exactly how fluid forces operate to guide development. Here, we review instances in which the hand of fluid dynamics in developmental biology is acknowledged, both in human development and within a wider biological context, together with some in which fluid dynamics is notable but whose workings have yet to be understood, and we provide a fluid dynamicist's perspective on possible avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julyan H.E. Cartwright
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Oreste Piro
- Departamento de Física e Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Idan Tuval
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
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Nokhbatolfoghahai M, Downie JR, Clelland AK, Rennison K. The surface ciliation of anuran amphibian embryos and early larvae: Patterns, timing differences and functions. J NAT HIST 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00222930400002937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Nokhbatolfoghahai M, Downie JR, Ogilvy V. Surface ciliation of anuran amphibian larvae: Persistence to late stages in some species but not others. J Morphol 2006; 267:1248-56. [PMID: 16886232 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the surfaces of 21 species of tadpoles from six families, from Gosner Stage 25/26 until close to metamorphosis. Contrary to most previous reports, ciliated epidermal cells persisted until late stages in many but not all species and not at all locations examined. The commonest location for ciliated cells was around the nostrils, suggesting a role in chemosensation. Ciliated cells also occurred around the circumference of the eye, suggesting a cleaning role. Several species had ciliated cells on the tail. The densest, most regular arrays of ciliated cells occurred in species that tend to hang motionless in still-water pools, suggesting a respiratory function for these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nokhbatolfoghahai
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Shiraz, Shiraz 71345, Iran.
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Bartsch P, Gemballa S, Piotrowski T. The Embryonic and Larval Development ofPolypterus senegalusCuvier, 1829: its Staging with Reference to External and Skeletal Features, Behaviour and Locomotory Habits. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1997.tb01014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
In common with the embryos of other anamniotes, young of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, have ciliated cells in the epidermis. These first appear at stage 28, ˜ 10 days before hatching, and develop progressively to a peak in numbers and in activity at stage 44, just after hatching. After this point, ciliary action in the epidermal cells slowly declines, and cilia disappear completely from the outer surface of the hatchling by stage 52. Cilia are lost earlier from the oral epithelium, between stages 45 and 46, and from the epithelium covering the gills and lining the operculum at stage 51, although they are retained in the nares and in the cavity of the olfactory organ. To assess possible functions for the ciliated epidermis in lungfish hatchlings, the presence of cilia in the epidermis of young N. forsteri is compared with landmarks of development. The ciliated epidermal cells are not associated with movements of the embryo within the egg capsule, nor are they a part of a feeding mechanism. They are not related to oxygen uptake. The ciliated epidermis appears to function as a mechanism for clearing the animal of particles and settling organisms before hatching, when the egg membranes have developed holes, and after hatching, when the young fish is living among the submerged rootlets of trees growing on the river bank or in dense stands of aquatic plants. The function of a ciliated epidermis in N. forsteri hatchlings in relation to microhabitat is discussed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kemp
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Comparative Pulmonary Morphology and Morphometry: The Functional Design of Respiratory Systems. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-78598-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Whiting TLHP, Bannister LH, Barwick RE, Bone Q. Early locomotor behaviour and the structure of the nervous system in embryos and larvae of the Australian lungfish,Neoceratodusforsteri‡. J Zool (1987) 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb03833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Vertebrates lack an epidermal nerve plexus. This feature is common to many invertebrates from which vertebrates differ by an extensive set of shared-derived characters (synapomorphies) derived from the neural crest and epidermal neurogenic placodes. Hence, the hypothesis that the developmental precursor of the epidermal nerve plexus may be homologous to the neural crest and epidermal neurogenic placodes. This account attempts to generate a nested set of scenarios for the prevertebrate-vertebrate transition, associating a presumed sequence of behavioural and environmental changes with the observed phenotypic ones. Toward this end, it integrates morphological, developmental, functional (physiological/behavioural) and some ecological data, as many phenotypic shifts apparently involved associated transitions in several aspects of the animals. The scenarios deal with the origin of embryonic and adult tissues and such major organs as the notochord, the CNS, grills and kidneys and propose a sequence of associated changes. Alternative scenarios are stated as the evidence often remains insufficient for decision. The analysis points to gaps in comprehension of the biology of the animals and therefore suggests further research.
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Bone Q, Kemp A, Kemp D. Epithelial action potentials in embryos of the Australian lungfish. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. SERIES B, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1989; 237:127-31. [PMID: 2569199 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1989.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial cells of the skin of embryonic Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri) between stages 30 and 39, are mechanosensitive and excitable, showing overshooting action potentials 400-800 ms long with a rapid rise followed by a slower repolarization (usually with a shoulder on the repolarizing phase), which propagate at around 10 mm s-1. This skin impulse system is very similar to that found in embryonic and larval Amphibia; the significance of this similarity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Bone
- Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, U.K
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2 Respiratory Gas Exchange, Aerobic Metabolism, and Effects of Hypoxia During Early Life. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(08)60199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Liem KF. The biology of lungfishes: An epilogue. J Morphol 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051900419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Feder ME, Burggren WW. Cutaneous gas exchange in vertebrates: design, patterns, control and implications. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1985; 60:1-45. [PMID: 3919777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1985.tb00416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
Larvae of the air-breathing teleost fish Monopterus are frequently exposed to periods of critical hypoxia, which they can survive because they have (i) dense capillary networks in the skin, (ii) a small blood-water barrier, (iii) an active pectoral fin mechanism that generates a posteriorly directed respiratory water current originating from the oxygen-rich surface layer, and (iv) a principal flow of blood that runs countercurrent to the water stream. Experimental data show that the larva as a whole is a functional analog of a fish gill lamella and that similar adaptive mechanisms are present in larvae of ancient fishes and some modern teleosts inhabiting permanently or periodically hypoxic waters.
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