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Mah CL. New Genera, Species, and observations on the biology of Antarctic Valvatida (Asteroidea). Zootaxa 2023; 5310:1-88. [PMID: 37518658 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5310.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of Antarctic taxonomic diversity for asteroids and other taxa for poorly studied or unknown regions, such as the deep-sea, will be important for our understanding of these understudied habitats. Eleven new species and a new genus are described from three families (Asterinidae, Goniasteridae, Solasteridae) within the Valvatida, nearly all of which were collected from deep-sea settings below 1000 m by the US Antarctic Research Program in the 1960s. A new subfamily, the Kampylasterinae subfam. nov. is designated for Kampylaster and Astrotholus nov. gen. which were supported as sister taxa on a monophyletic clade within the Asterinidae. Astrotholus nov. gen. is described to accommodate "Anseropoda" antarctica and four new bathyal and abyssal species, which are a significant morphological divergence from the typological definition of Anseropoda. New species of the goniasterid Notioceramus and the solasterid Paralophaster are also described from bathyal depths (2000-3000 m). Paralophaster ferax n. sp. is among the deepest asteroids known to brood, is the first brooding species within Paralophaster and the second species in the Solasteridae known to brood. Following examination of the type and molecular data, Lophaster densus is found to be included within Paralophaster. A review of Antarctic Lophaster species shows additional specimens of Lophaster abbreviatus which support it as a distinct species from Lophaster stellans. New occurrence data for bathyal Antarctic Asteroidea as well as unusual-gut content observations of shallower-water species are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Mah
- Dept. of Invertebrate Zoology; NMNH; NHB-163; Smithsonian Institution; Washington D.C. 20560.
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2
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Mita M. Relaxin-like Gonad-Stimulating Peptides in Asteroidea. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050781. [PMID: 37238650 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Starfish relaxin-like gonad-stimulating peptide (RGP) is the first identified peptide hormone with gonadotropin-like activity in invertebrates. RGP is a heterodimeric peptide, comprising A and B chains with disulfide cross-linkages. Although RGP had been named a gonad-stimulating substance (GSS), the purified peptide is a member of relaxin-type peptide family. Thus, GSS was renamed as RGP. The cDNA of RGP encodes not only the A and B chains, but also signal and C-peptides. After the rgp gene is translated as a precursor, mature RGP is produced by eliminating the signal and C-peptides. Hitherto, twenty-four RGP orthologs have been identified or predicted from starfish in the orders Valvatida, Forcipulatida, Paxillosida, Spinulosida, and Velatida. The molecular evolution of the RGP family is in good accordance with the phylogenetic taxonomy in Asteroidea. Recently, another relaxin-like peptide with gonadotropin-like activity, RLP2, was found in starfish. RGP is mainly present in the radial nerve cords and circumoral nerve rings, but also in the arm tips, the gonoducts, and the coelomocytes. RGP acts on ovarian follicle cells and testicular interstitial cells to induce the production of 1-methyladenine (1-MeAde), a starfish maturation-inducing hormone. RGP-induced 1-MeAde production is accompanied by an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP levels. This suggests that the receptor for RGP (RGPR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Two types of GPCRs, RGPR1 and RGPR2, have been postulated as candidates. Furthermore, 1-MeAde produced by RGP not only induces oocyte maturation, but also induces gamete shedding, possibly by stimulating the secretion of acetylcholine in the ovaries and testes. Thus, RGP plays an important role in starfish reproduction, but its secretion mechanism is still unknown. It has also been revealed that RGP is found in the peripheral adhesive papillae of the brachiolaria arms. However, gonads are not developed in the larvae before metamorphosis. It may be possible to discover new physiological functions of RGP other than gonadotropin-like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Mita
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Hatanodai 8-5-1, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Schiebelhut LM, Giakoumis M, Castilho R, Garcia VE, Wares JP, Wessel GM, Dawson MN. Is It in the Stars? Exploring the Relationships between Species' Traits and Sea Star Wasting Disease. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022; 243:315-327. [PMID: 36716486 DOI: 10.1086/722800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAn explanation for variation in impacts of sea star wasting disease across asteroid species remains elusive. Although various traits have been suggested to play a potential role in sea star wasting susceptibility, currently we lack a thorough comparison that explores how life-history and natural history traits shape responses to mass mortality across diverse asteroid taxa. To explore how asteroid traits may relate to sea star wasting, using available data and recognizing the potential for biological correlations to be driven by phylogeny, we generated a supertree, tested traits for phylogenetic association, and evaluated associations between traits and sea star wasting impact. Our analyses show no evidence for a phylogenetic association with sea star wasting impact, but there does appear to be phylogenetic association for a subset of asteroid life-history traits, including diet, substrate, and reproductive season. We found no relationship between sea star wasting and developmental mode, diet, pelagic larval duration, or substrate but did find a relationship with minimum depth, reproductive season, and rugosity (or surface complexity). Species with the greatest sea star wasting impacts tend to have shallower minimum depth distributions, they tend to have their median reproductive period 1.5 months earlier, and they tend to have higher rugosities relative to species less affected by sea star wasting. Fully understanding sea star wasting remains challenging, in part because dramatic gaps still exist in our understanding of the basic biology and phylogeny of asteroids. Future studies would benefit from a more robust phylogenetic understanding of sea stars, as well as leveraging intra- and interspecific comparative transcriptomics and genomics to elucidate the molecular pathways responding to sea star wasting.
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Dilman AB, Minin KV, Petrov NB. New record of the wood-associated sea star Caymanostella, with notes on the phylogenetic position of the family Caymanostellidae (Asteroidea). Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In 2016, three specimens of Caymanostella were collected from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench area at depths of 5101–5134 m. Comparative morphological analysis revealed that the new specimens are similar to Caymanostella spinimarginata, the most geographically distant species (Atlantic Ocean). The new specimens were identified as C. cf. spinimarginata. Multilocus genetic data were obtained for the family Caymanostellidae for the first time in this study. Molecular evidence based on the analyses of three mitochondrial and two nuclear markers recovers the family Caymanostellidae as a sister-taxon to Ophidiasteridae (order Valvatida). Phylogenetic data indicate that morphological features, which were previously used to imply asterinid, xyloplacid or korethrasterid affinities for the family Caymanostellidae, emerged independently. It is suggested that the family Caymanostellidae should be placed within the order Valvatida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Dilman
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, RAS, Nakhimovsky prospekt, 36, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill V Minin
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, RAS, Nakhimovsky prospekt, 36, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay B Petrov
- A. N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, MSU, Leninskye gory, 1, building 40, 119992, Moscow, Russia
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Yamamoto M, Hiruta SF, Arai M, Shimizu M, Mah CL, Fujita T, Setiamarga DHE. The first complete mitochondrial genome of the Northern Pacific deep-sea goniasterid sea star Ceramaster japonicus (Sladen, 1889) determined using NGS-based shotgun sequencing. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:1406-1408. [PMID: 33969188 PMCID: PMC8079041 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1911706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Wakayama College, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shimpei F. Hiruta
- Division of Marine Invertebrates, National Museum of Nature and Science, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mikihito Arai
- Division of Marine Invertebrates, National Museum of Nature and Science, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Wakayama College, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Christopher L. Mah
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Toshihiko Fujita
- Division of Marine Invertebrates, National Museum of Nature and Science, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Davin H. E. Setiamarga
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Wakayama College, Wakayama, Japan
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Nam SE, Kim SA, Park TYS, Rhee JS. The first complete mitochondrial genome from the family Solasteridae, Crossaster papposus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:45-47. [PMID: 33490596 PMCID: PMC7801099 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1846001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The common sunstar, Crossaster papposus, belongs to the family Solasteridae whose ordinal classification has been unstable. Here, for the first time, we assembled and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of the common sunstar, C. papposus Linnaeus, 1767. The circular genome of C. papposus is 16,335 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, a control region, and large and small ribosomal subunits. The overall genomic structure and gene arrangement were identical to the reported mitochondrial genomes of sea star species, and a phylogenetic analysis of 13 PCGs recovers a closest relationship with the derived cluster of the paraphyletic order Valvatida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Eun Nam
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sung Ah Kim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Yoon S. Park
- Division of Polar Earth-System Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
- Polar Science Department, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
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7
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Mita M, Osugi T, Matsubara S, Kawada T, Satake H, Katayama H. A relaxin-like gonad-stimulating peptide identified from the starfish Astropecten scoparius. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 88:34-42. [PMID: 33244845 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A relaxin-like gonad-stimulating peptide (RGP) in starfish was the first identified invertebrate gonadotropin responsible for final gamete maturation. An RGP ortholog was newly identified from Astropecten scoparius of the order Paxillosida. The A. scoparius RGP (AscRGP) precursor is encoded by a 354 base pair open reading frame and is a 118 amino acid (aa) protein consisting of a signal peptide (26 aa), B-chain (21 aa), C-peptide (47 aa), and A-chain (24 aa). There are three putative processing sites (Lys-Arg) between the B-chain and C-peptide, between the C-peptide and A-chain, and within the C-peptide. This structural organization revealed that the mature AscRGP is composed of A- and B-chains with two interchain disulfide bonds and one intrachain disulfide bond. The C-terminal residues of the B-chain are Gln-Gly-Arg, which is a potential substrate for formation of an amidated C-terminal Gln residue. Non-amidated (AscRGP-GR) and amidated (AscRGP-NH2 ) peptides were chemically synthesized and their effect on gamete shedding activity was examined using A. scoparius ovaries. Both AscRGP-GR and AscRGP-NH2 induced oocyte maturation and ovulation in similar dose-dependent manners. This is the first report on a C-terminally amidated functional RGP. Collectively, these results suggest that AscRGP-GR and AscRGP-NH2 act as a natural gonadotropic hormone in A. scoparius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Mita
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Osugi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin Matsubara
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawada
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Katayama
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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Collin R, Venera-Pontón DE, Paulay G, Boyle MJ. World Travelers: DNA Barcoding Unmasks the Origin of Cloning Asteroid Larvae from the Caribbean. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2020; 239:73-79. [PMID: 33151757 DOI: 10.1086/710796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe identity of wild cloning sea star larvae has been a mystery since they were first documented in the Caribbean. The most commonly collected cloning species was thought to belong to the Oreasteridae, on the basis of similarity with sequences from Oreaster reticulatus and Oreaster clavatus. This larval form has recently been linked to a rare benthic juvenile. As part of two larger DNA barcoding projects, we collected cloning asteroid larvae from the Caribbean coast of Panama and compared them to a large reference database of tropical echinoderms. Morphological and DNA barcode data from the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene demonstrated that Panamanian larvae belonged to the same operational taxonomic unit as those recovered in previous studies of cloning larvae from the Caribbean. Much to our surprise, sequences from these larvae clearly identified them as belonging to Valvaster striatus, a species typically considered to be endemic to the Indo-West Pacific. A lineage of Mithrodia clavigera that occurs in both the Caribbean and the Indo-West Pacific also has cloning larvae, suggesting that this unusual life history has allowed larvae to pass around the Cape of Good Hope and the Benguela upwelling region, which is a barrier to dispersal for most tropical marine invertebrates.
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9
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Jossart Q, Kochzius M, Danis B, Saucède T, Moreau CVE. Diversity of the Pterasteridae (Asteroidea) in the Southern Ocean: a molecular and morphological approach. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
An integrative approach is crucial in discrimination of species, especially for taxa that are difficult to identify based on morphological characters. In this study, we combine genetics and morphology to assess the diversity of Pterasteridae, a sea star family diversified in deep-sea and polar environments. Because of their derived anatomy and the frequent loss of characters during preservation, Pterasteridae are a suitable case for an integrative study. The molecular identification of 191 specimens (mostly from the Southern Ocean) suggests 26–33 species in three genera (Diplopteraster, Hymenaster and Pteraster), which match the morphological identification in 54–62% of cases. The mismatches are either different molecular units that are morphologically indistinguishable (e.g. Pteraster stellifer units 2 and 4) or, conversely, nominal species that are genetically identical (e.g. Hymenaster coccinatus/densus/praecoquis). Several species are shared between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (e.g. Pteraster jordani/affinis). In conclusion, the taxonomic status of some groups is confirmed, but for others we find the need to re-evaluate the taxonomy at both genus and species levels. This work significantly increases the DNA barcode library of the Southern Ocean species and merges taxonomic information into an identification key that could become a baseline for future studies (pterasteridae-so.identificationkey.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Jossart
- Marine Biology, Ecology and Biodiversity, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Kochzius
- Marine Biology, Ecology and Biodiversity, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Danis
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Saucède
- Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche Comté (UBFC), Dijon, France
| | - Camille V E Moreau
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche Comté (UBFC), Dijon, France
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10
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Hiruta SF, Arai M, Chavanich S, Viyakarn V, Fujita T. Complete mitochondrial genome of a sea star, Linckia laevigata (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Valvatida, Ophidiasteridae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1735271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei F. Hiruta
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mikihito Arai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Suchana Chavanich
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Voranop Viyakarn
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Toshihiko Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan
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11
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On the genus Crossaster (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) and its distribution. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227223. [PMID: 31910238 PMCID: PMC6946177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several starfish (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) are keystone species of marine ecosystems, but some of the species are difficult to identify using morphological criteria only. The common sunstar, Crossaster papposus (Linnaeus, 1767), is a conspicuous species with a wide circumboreal distribution. In 1900, a closely similar species, C. squamatus (Döderlein, 1900) was described from the NE Atlantic Ocean, but subsequent authors have differed in their views on whether this is a valid taxon or rather an ecotype associated with temperature variations. We assessed the differentiating morphological characters of specimens from Norwegian and Greenland waters identified as C. papposus and C. squamatus and compared their distributions in the NE Atlantic as inferred from research cruises. The field data show that C. papposus is found mainly in temperate and shallow waters, whereas C. squamatus resides on the shelf-break in colder, mixed water masses. Intraspecific diversity and interspecific genetic differentiation of the two putative species, and their phylogenetic relationships to several Crossaster congeners worldwide, were explored using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. The molecular evidence suggests that C. papposus is the more diverse and geographically structured taxon, in line with its wide distribution. C. papposus and C. squamatus are closely related, yet clearly distinct taxa, while C. papposus and C. multispinus H.L. Clark, 1916, the latter from the South Pacific Ocean, are closely related, possibly sister taxa.
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12
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Fau M, Villier L. Comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the Forcipulatacea (Echinodermata: Asteroidea): insights from ossicle morphology. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A new phylogenetic analysis of the superorder Forcipulatacea is presented. Forcipulatacea is one of the three major groups of sea stars (Asteroidea: Echinodermata), composed of 400 extant species. The sampled taxa are thought to represent the morphological diversity of the group. Twenty-nine forcipulate taxa were sampled belonging to Asteriidae, Stichasteridae, Heliasteridae, Pedicellasteridae, Zoroasteridae and Brisingida. Specimens were dissected with bleach. Detailed description of the skeleton and the anatomy of the ossicles were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Comparative anatomy allowed the scoring of 115 phylogenetically informative characters. The consensus tree resulting from the analysis recovers Asteriidae, Stichasteridae, Zoroasteridae and Brisingida as monophyletic. All types of morphological features contribute to tree resolution and may be appropriate for taxon diagnosis. The synapomorphies supporting different clades are described and discussed. Brisingida and Zoroasteridae are the best-supported clades. The potentially challenging position of Brisingida in the tree may be explained by homoplastic changes, but also by the presence of numerous non-applicable characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Fau
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 6, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Villier
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie – Paris, UMR 7207 CNRS – MNHN – Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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13
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Moreau C, Danis B, Jossart Q, Eléaume M, Sands C, Achaz G, Agüera A, Saucède T. Is reproductive strategy a key factor in understanding the evolutionary history of Southern Ocean Asteroidea (Echinodermata)? Ecol Evol 2019; 9:8465-8478. [PMID: 31410254 PMCID: PMC6686340 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Life traits such as reproductive strategy can be determining factors of species evolutionary history and explain the resulting diversity patterns. This can be investigated using phylogeographic analyses of genetic units. In this work, the genetic structure of five asteroid genera with contrasting reproductive strategies (brooding: Diplasterias, Notasterias and Lysasterias versus broadcasting: Psilaster and Bathybiaster) was investigated in the Southern Ocean. Over 1,400 mtDNA cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences were analysed using five species delineation methods (ABGD, ASAP, mPTP, sGMYC and mGMYC), two phylogenetic reconstructions (ML and BA), and molecular clock calibrations, in order to examine the weight of reproductive strategy in the observed differences among phylogeographic patterns. We hypothesised that brooding species would show higher levels of genetic diversity and species richness along with a clearer geographic structuring than broadcasting species. In contrast, genetic diversity and species richness were not found to be significantly different between brooders and broadcasters, but broadcasters are less spatially structured than brooders supporting our initial hypothesis and suggesting more complex evolutionary histories associated to this reproductive strategy. Broadcasters' phylogeography can be explained by different scenarios including deep-sea colonisation routes, bipolarity or cosmopolitanism, and sub-Antarctic emergence for the genus Bathybiaster; Antarctic- New Zealand faunal exchanges across the Polar Front for the genus Psilaster. Brooders' phylogeography could support the previously formulated hypothesis of a past trans-Antarctic seaway established between the Ross and the Weddell seas during the Plio-Pleistocene. Our results also show, for the first time, that the Weddell Sea is populated by a mixed asteroid fauna originating from both the East and West Antarctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Moreau
- Marine Biology LabUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Belgium
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRSUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Bruno Danis
- Marine Biology LabUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Belgium
| | - Quentin Jossart
- Marine Biology LabUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Belgium
- Marine BiologyVrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Marc Eléaume
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRSSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Chester Sands
- Natural Environment Research CouncilBritish Antarctic SurveyCambridgeUK
| | - Guillaume Achaz
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRSSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie (CIRB), CNRSINSERM, Collège de FranceParisFrance
| | - Antonio Agüera
- Marine Biology LabUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Belgium
| | - Thomas Saucède
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRSUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
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14
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Lowe EK, Garm AL, Ullrich-Lüter E, Cuomo C, Arnone MI. The crowns have eyes: multiple opsins found in the eyes of the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:168. [PMID: 30419810 PMCID: PMC6233551 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Opsins are G protein-coupled receptors used for both visual and non-visual photoreception, and these proteins evolutionarily date back to the base of the bilaterians. In the current sequencing age, phylogenomic analysis has proven to be a powerful tool, facilitating the increase in knowledge about diversity within the opsin subclasses and, so far, at least nine types of opsins have been identified. Within echinoderms, opsins have been studied in Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea, which do not possess proper image forming eyes, but rather widely dispersed dermal photoreceptors. However, most species of Asteroidea, the starfish, possess true eyes and studying them will shed light on the diversity of opsin usage within echinoderms and help resolve the evolutionary history of opsins. Results Using high-throughput RNA sequencing, we have sequenced and analyzed the transcriptomes of different Acanthaster planci tissue samples: eyes, radial nerve, tube feet and a mixture of tissues from other organs. At least ten opsins were identified, and eight of them were found significantly differentially expressed in both eyes and radial nerve, with R-opsin being the most highly expressed in the eye. Conclusion This study provides new important insight into the involvement of opsins in visual and nonvisual photoreception. Of relevance, we found the first indication of an r-opsin photopigment expressed in a well-developed visual eye in a deuterostome animal. Additionally, we provided tissue specific A. planci transcriptomes that will aid in future Evo Devo studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1276-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah K Lowe
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa comunale, 80122, Naples, Italy
| | - Anders L Garm
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Claudia Cuomo
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa comunale, 80122, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria I Arnone
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa comunale, 80122, Naples, Italy.
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15
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Fau M, Villier L. Post-metamorphic ontogeny of Zoroaster fulgens Thomson, 1873 (Asteroidea, Forcipulatacea). J Anat 2018; 233:644-665. [PMID: 30294788 PMCID: PMC6182998 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete ontogenetic development of an asteroid skeleton has never been described formally for any species. Here, we describe in detail the post-metamorphic ontogeny of Zoroaster fulgens Thomson, 1873. The major novelty of our work is the description of patterns of plate addition, the ontogeny of the internal ossicles, as well as the variability of ossicles according to their position along series. Seven specimens collected in the Rockall Basin (North Atlantic) were dissected with bleach and their anatomy was documented using a scanning electron microscope. The external anatomy was additionally observed on more than 30 specimens. We found that the overall structure of the skeleton does not change much between juveniles and adults, but the shape of individual ossicle changes during growth. Allometric scaling was particularly visible on the orals, ambulacrals and adambulacrals. The shape of an ossicle is more dependent of its position along the arm series than of its individual size. Many morphological features differentiate progressively during ontogeny, while others are expressed consistently among specimens. The study of this ontogenetic series allows discussing the homology between the structures present on the ossicles of Z. fulgens in particular and other forcipulatacean sea stars in general (i.e. muscles insertions and articulation areas). The new data obtained in this study provide a comprehensive framework of the anatomy and ontogeny of Z. fulgens that will help resolve taxonomic and phylogenetic controversies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Fau
- Department of GeosciencesUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Loïc Villier
- Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les PaléoenvironnementsSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
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16
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Linchangco GV, Foltz DW, Reid R, Williams J, Nodzak C, Kerr AM, Miller AK, Hunter R, Wilson NG, Nielsen WJ, Mah CL, Rouse GW, Wray GA, Janies DA. The phylogeny of extant starfish (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) including Xyloplax, based on comparative transcriptomics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 115:161-170. [PMID: 28757447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multi-locus phylogenetic studies of echinoderms based on Sanger and RNA-seq technologies and the fossil record have provided evidence for the Asterozoa-Echinozoa hypothesis. This hypothesis posits a sister relationship between asterozoan classes (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea) and a similar relationship between echinozoan classes (Echinoidea and Holothuroidea). Despite this consensus around Asterozoa-Echinozoa, phylogenetic relationships within the class Asteroidea (sea stars or starfish) have been controversial for over a century. Open questions include relationships within asteroids and the status of the enigmatic taxon Xyloplax. Xyloplax is thought by some to represent a newly discovered sixth class of echinoderms - and by others to be an asteroid. To address these questions, we applied a novel workflow to a large RNA-seq dataset that encompassed a broad taxonomic and genomic sample. This study included 15 species sampled from all extant orders and 13 families, plus four ophiuroid species as an outgroup. To expand the taxonomic coverage, the study also incorporated five previously published transcriptomes and one previously published expressed sequence tags (EST) dataset. We developed and applied methods that used a range of alignment parameters with increasing permissiveness in terms of gap characters present within an alignment. This procedure facilitated the selection of phylogenomic data subsets from large amounts of transcriptome data. The results included 19 nested data subsets that ranged from 37 to 4,281loci. Tree searches on all data subsets reconstructed Xyloplax as a velatid asteroid rather than a new class. This result implies that asteroid morphology remains labile well beyond the establishment of the body plan of the group. In the phylogenetic tree with the highest average asteroid nodal support several monophyletic groups were recovered. In this tree, Forcipulatida and Velatida are monophyletic and form a clade that includes Brisingida as sister to Forcipulatida. Xyloplax is consistently recovered as sister to Pteraster. Paxillosida and Spinulosida are each monophyletic, with Notomyotida as sister to the Paxillosida. Valvatida is recovered as paraphyletic. The results from other data subsets are largely consistent with these results. Our results support the hypothesis that the earliest divergence event among extant asteroids separated Velatida and Forcipulatacea from Valvatacea and Spinulosida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio V Linchangco
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
| | - David W Foltz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Rob Reid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - John Williams
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Conor Nodzak
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca Hunter
- Department of Biology, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, TX, USA
| | - Nerida G Wilson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia
| | - William J Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher L Mah
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Greg W Rouse
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gregory A Wray
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel A Janies
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
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17
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Petrov NB, Vladychenskaya IP, Dil’man AB, Mironov AN. Taxonomic position of the family Porcellanasteridae within the class Asteroidea. BIOL BULL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359016060133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Patiño S, Keever CC, Sunday JM, Popovic I, Byrne M, Hart MW. SpermBindinDivergence under Sexual Selection and Concerted Evolution in Sea Stars. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1988-2001. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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19
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Feuda R, Smith AB. Phylogenetic signal dissection identifies the root of starfishes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123331. [PMID: 25955729 PMCID: PMC4425436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Relationships within the class Asteroidea have remained controversial for almost 100 years and, despite many attempts to resolve this problem using molecular data, no consensus has yet emerged. Using two nuclear genes and a taxon sampling covering the major asteroid clades we show that non-phylogenetic signal created by three factors - Long Branch Attraction, compositional heterogeneity and the use of poorly fitting models of evolution – have confounded accurate estimation of phylogenetic relationships. To overcome the effect of this non-phylogenetic signal we analyse the data using non-homogeneous models, site stripping and the creation of subpartitions aimed to reduce or amplify the systematic error, and calculate Bayes Factor support for a selection of previously suggested topological arrangements of asteroid orders. We show that most of the previous alternative hypotheses are not supported in the most reliable data partitions, including the previously suggested placement of either Forcipulatida or Paxillosida as sister group to the other major branches. The best-supported solution places Velatida as the sister group to other asteroids, and the implications of this finding for the morphological evolution of asteroids are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Feuda
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew B Smith
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Shin S. A New Record of Sea Star Genus Nearchaster (Asteroidea: Notomyotida: Benthopectinidae) from East Sea, Korea. ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS, EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY 2015. [DOI: 10.5635/ased.2015.31.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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21
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Mah C, Linse K, Copley J, Marsh L, Rogers A, Clague D, Foltz D. Description of a new family, new genus, and two new species of deep-sea Forcipulatacea (Asteroidea), including the first known sea star from hydrothermal vent habitats. Zool J Linn Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mah
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20013-7012 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Katrin Linse
- British Antarctic Survey; High Cross, Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ET UK
| | - Jon Copley
- Ocean and Earth Science; University of Southampton; Waterfront Campus Southampton SO14 3ZH UK
| | - Leigh Marsh
- Ocean and Earth Science; University of Southampton; Waterfront Campus Southampton SO14 3ZH UK
| | - Alex Rogers
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; The Tinbergen Building South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK
| | - David Clague
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; 7700 Sandholdt Road Moss Landing CA 95039 USA
| | - David Foltz
- Department of Biological Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
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22
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Mah C, Neill K, Eléaume M, Foltz D. New species and global revision of Hippasteria(Hippasterinae: Goniasteridae; Asteroidea; Echinodermata). Zool J Linn Soc 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mah
- Department of Biological Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology; NMNH; Smithsonian Institution; PO Box 37012 MRC 163 Washington DC 20013-7012 USA
| | - Kate Neill
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; Private Bag 14901 Wellington New Zealand
| | - Marc Eléaume
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle; Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques; UMR 7208-BOREA MNHN-CNRS-UPMC-IRD; CP26; 57 rue Cuvier 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - David Foltz
- Department of Biological Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
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23
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Mah C, Neill K, Eléaume M, Foltz D. New species and global revision of Hippasteria (Hippasterinae: Goniasteridae; Asteroidea; Echinodermata). Zool J Linn Soc 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 163, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Kate Neill
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag, 14901, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Marc Eléaume
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, UMR 7208-BOREA MNHN-CNRS-UPMC-IRD, CP26, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - David Foltz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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24
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Sunday JM, Hart MW. Sea star populations diverge by positive selection at a sperm-egg compatibility locus. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:640-54. [PMID: 23532786 PMCID: PMC3605852 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilization proteins of marine broadcast spawning species often show signals of positive selection. Among geographically isolated populations, positive selection within populations can lead to differences between them, and may result in reproductive isolation upon secondary contact. Here, we test for positive selection in the reproductive compatibility locus, bindin, in two populations of a sea star on either side of a phylogeographic break. We find evidence for positive selection at codon sites in both populations, which are under neutral or purifying selection in the reciprocal population. The signal of positive selection is stronger and more robust in the population where effective population size is larger and bindin diversity is greater. In addition, we find high variation in coding sequence length caused by large indels at two repetitive domains within the gene, with greater length diversity in the larger population. These findings provide evidence of population-divergent positive selection in a fertilization compatibility locus, and suggest that sexual selection can lead to reproductive divergence between conspecific marine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Sunday
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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25
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Mah CL, Blake DB. Global diversity and phylogeny of the Asteroidea (Echinodermata). PLoS One 2012; 7:e35644. [PMID: 22563389 PMCID: PMC3338738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Asteroidea (phylum Echinodermata), popularly known as starfish or sea stars, are ecologically important and diverse members of marine ecosystems in all of the world's oceans. We present a comprehensive overview of diversity and phylogeny as they have figured into the evolution of the Asteroidea from Paleozoic to the living fauna. Living post-Paleozoic asteroids, the Neoasteroidea, are morphologically separate from those in the Paleozoic. Early Paleozoic asteroid faunas were diverse and displayed morphology that foreshadowed later living taxa. Preservation presents significant difficulties, but fossil occurrence and current accounts suggests a diverse Paleozoic fauna, which underwent extinction around the Permian-Triassic interval was followed by re-diversification of at least one surviving lineage. Ongoing phylogenetic classification debates include the status of the Paxillosida and the Concentricycloidea. Fossil and molecular evidence has been and continues to be part of the ongoing evolution of asteroid phylogenetic research. The modern lineages of asteroids include the Valvatacea, the Forcipulatacea, the Spinlosida, and the Velatida. We present an overview of diversity in these taxa, as well as brief notes on broader significance, ecology, and functional morphology of each. Although much asteroid taxonomy is stable, many new taxa remain to be discovered with many new species currently awaiting description. The Goniasteridae is currently one of the most diverse families within the Asteroidea. New data from molecular phylogenetics and the advent of global biodiversity databases, such as the World Asteroidea Database (http://www.marinespecies.org/Asteroidea/) present important new springboards for understanding the global biodiversity and evolution of asteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Mah
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.
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26
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MAH CHRISTOPHER, FOLTZ DAVID. Molecular phylogeny of the Forcipulatacea (Asteroidea: Echinodermata): systematics and biogeography. Zool J Linn Soc 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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