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Atzori L, Ferreli C, Agosta D, Mou M, Coni P, Lachowicz JI, Pilloni L. Generalized scleroderma-like induration associated with D-penicillamine elastosis perforans serpiginosa in Wilson's disease. Int J Dermatol 2023; 62:246-249. [PMID: 35968714 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Atzori
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Caterina Ferreli
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniele Agosta
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Pierpaolo Coni
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Joanna Izabela Lachowicz
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luca Pilloni
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Samal S, Sable M. Elastosis Perforans Serpiginosa: a D-penicillamine induced dermatoses in a patient with Wilson's disease. AUTOPSY AND CASE REPORTS 2020; 10:e2020167. [PMID: 33344284 PMCID: PMC7703465 DOI: 10.4322/acr.2020.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Long term use of D-penicillamine for Wilson’s disease can be associated with many adverse reactions and systemic side effects. We report the case of a 28-year-old male patient diagnosed with Wilson's disease presenting with a serpiginous raised violaceous skin lesion in the anterior aspect of the neck over the last six months and two small papules with central umbilication during the last month. Histopathological examination of skin lesions demonstrated transepidermal perforating channel, and the Verhoeff's-van Gieson stain showed marked increase number of irregular serrated elastic fibers suggesting the diagnosis of D- penicillamine induced elastosis perforans serpiginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagatika Samal
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology. Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Mukund Sable
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology. Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
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Schmelzer CEH, Hedtke T, Heinz A. Unique molecular networks: Formation and role of elastin cross-links. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:842-854. [PMID: 31834666 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Elastic fibers are essential assemblies of vertebrates and confer elasticity and resilience to various organs including blood vessels, lungs, skin, and ligaments. Mature fibers, which comprise a dense and insoluble elastin core and a microfibrillar mantle, are extremely resistant toward intrinsic and extrinsic influences and maintain elastic function over the human lifespan in healthy conditions. The oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine to peptidyl allysine in elastin's precursor tropoelastin is a crucial posttranslational step in their formation. The modification is catalyzed by members of the family of lysyl oxidases and the starting point for subsequent manifold condensation reactions that eventually lead to the highly cross-linked elastomer. This review summarizes the current understanding of the formation of cross-links within and between the monomer molecules, the molecular sites, and cross-link types involved and the pathological consequences of abnormalities in the cross-linking process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E H Schmelzer
- Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tobias Hedtke
- Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrea Heinz
- Department of Pharmacy, LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dzieżyc-Jaworska K, Litwin T, Członkowska A. Clinical manifestations of Wilson disease in organs other than the liver and brain. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:S62. [PMID: 31179299 PMCID: PMC6531658 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.03.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is an inherited genetic disorder that is caused by copper metabolism disturbances with main hepatic, neurological, and psychiatric presentation. Deposits of copper accumulate in different organs and may cause a broad range of clinical manifestations. Patients with WD may present with ophthalmological symptoms, or renal, cardiac and osteoarticular involvement. The most common ophthalmological sign as a result of copper accumulation is the Kayser-Fleischer corneal ring, whereas sunflower cataracts are observed rarely. Retinal degeneration, present in WD patients, may serve as a marker of neurodegeneration. Osteoarticular involvement is quite common and includes osteopenia, osteoporosis and arthropathy, which may lead to bone fractures and joint problems mainly affecting knees and wrists. Renal disturbances include tubular dysfunction and renal calculi. A recent cardiac study has shown a higher risk of atrial fibrillation and heart failure in WD patients than in non-WD patients. Autonomic system dysfunction is also observed, but involvement is subclinical in most cases. Another manifestation of WD concerns endocrine system disturbances, which can lead to recurrent abortions, infertility, growth disruption, and parathyroid failure. However, it is possible to become pregnant for females with mild WD symptoms and for those who are compliant with therapy. Hematologic disturbances are frequent and may include acute hemolytic anemia, leucopenia, anemia and low platelet count. Other observed symptoms include lipomas and characteristic of WD skin changes like hyperpigmentation of the legs, xerosis or azure lunulae of the nails. In this paper, we present some of the less common, but nevertheless, important manifestations of WD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Członkowska
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Saini S, Kharkar V, Nagral A. D-penicillamine-induced elastosis perforans serpiginosa in a case of Wilson's disease. INDIAN JOURNAL OF DRUGS IN DERMATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/ijdd.ijdd_53_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Aggarwal A, Bhatt M. Advances in Treatment of Wilson Disease. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018. [PMID: 29520330 PMCID: PMC5840318 DOI: 10.7916/d841881d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Wilson disease (WD) is an inherited neurometabolic disorder that results in excessive copper deposition in the liver and the brain, affecting children and young adults. Without treatment the disease is invariably fatal. Though treatments for WD have been available since the 1950s, the disease continues to be associated with considerable morbidity and mortality because of missed diagnosis, and delayed or inadequate treatment. In this paper we survey WD-related literature in order to review recent advances in WD treatment. Methods We performed a literature search using the PubMed database for articles relating to WD and its medical treatment. We reviewed the articles, and cross-references of relevant articles, to summarize the current practices for treatment of WD. Results The survey shows that if WD is properly treated, in most patients the liver can be stabilized, even severe neurological disability reversed, and patients can resume normal lives. Discussion Medical treatment for WD includes use of copper chelators (penicillamine, trientine, dimercaprol, dimercaptopropane sulfonate, and ammonium tetrathiomolybdate) and drugs that decrease gastrointestinal copper absorption. Our knowledge of the treatment approaches has benefited from the large systematic clinical studies that have been conducted over the last decade. For each drug used to treat WD, we surveyed its development, indication for use, dosing, efficacy, and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Aggarwal
- Wilson Disease Clinic, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Mohit Bhatt
- Wilson Disease Clinic, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, India
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Dzieżyc K, Litwin T, Członkowska A. Other organ involvement and clinical aspects of Wilson disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2017; 142:157-169. [PMID: 28433099 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63625-6.00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is a rare disorder of copper metabolism that presents mainly with hepatic and neuropsychiatric features. Copper accumulates not only in the liver and brain, but also in other organs. Liver injury can also be the cause of secondary impairment of other tissues. Therefore, the clinical manifestation of WD may be renal, cardiac, skin, osteoarticular, or endocrinologic and include other organ disturbances. Renal abnormalities include tubular dysfunction (e.g., renal tubular acidosis, aminoaciduria) and nephrolithiasis. Bone demineralization is a common manifestation in patients with WD. Cardiac injury may include arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, and autonomic dysfunction. Different endocrine system manifestations, such as infertility or repeated miscarriages, growth and puberty disturbances, and hypoparathyroidism, are observed. Other important clinical aspects of WD include pancreas involvement, immunologic abnormalities, the presence of lipomas, and skin changes. Although other organ involvement is not common in WD and usually not severe, delayed diagnosis may lead to irreversible changes in organs and tissues. Therefore, awareness of other possible WD presentations is important in the differential diagnosis of WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dzieżyc
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Członkowska
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
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Khandpur S, Jain N, Singla S, Chatterjee P, Behari M. D-penicillamine Induced Degenerative Dermopathy. Indian J Dermatol 2015; 60:406-9. [PMID: 26288416 PMCID: PMC4533546 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.160498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
D-penicillamine interferes with elastin and collagen metabolism and produces several cutaneous and multi-systemic side-effects. We present two cases of Wilson's disease who on long-term penicillamine therapy developed drug-induced degenerative dermopathy manifesting as skin fragility over pressure sites and cutis laxa-like changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Khandpur
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Jain
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shweta Singla
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Priti Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Madhuri Behari
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
GOALS To determine the prevalence and characteristics of lipomas in patients with Wilson disease. BACKGROUND Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting in copper accumulation in the liver and the central nervous tissue. Subcutaneous lipomas were often noted by the authors during clinical examinations of patients with Wilson disease. This is the first study to analyze the prevalence and progression of lipoma development in patients with Wilson disease. STUDY Eighty consecutive patients attending a tertiary care center were examined for the presence of subcutaneous lipomas. RESULTS Subcutaneous lipomas could be detected during the examination of 21 (26%) of the 80 patients with Wilson disease. Multiple subcutaneous lipomas were present in 16 (76%) of the 21 affected patients. Lipomas were mainly found on the extremities and the trunk. Neither initial presentation nor decoppering treatment influenced the presence or course of lipomas in these patients. CONCLUSIONS Subcutaneous lipoma formation is more common in patients with Wilson disease than in the general population. We suggest that the presence of lipomas contributes to the differential diagnosis of Wilson disease.
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Ivanova II, Kotzev IA, Atanassova MV, Gancheva DT, Pavlov SI, Krasnaliev IJ, Konstantinova DH. Wilson’s disease in association with anetoderma. Clin J Gastroenterol 2015; 8:52-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12328-015-0550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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d-Penicillamine induced elastosis perforans serpiginosa with involvement of glans penis. DERMATOL SIN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsi.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ishak R, Abbas O. Penicillamine revisited: historic overview and review of the clinical uses and cutaneous adverse effects. Am J Clin Dermatol 2013; 14:223-33. [PMID: 23605177 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-013-0022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Penicillamine is a well-known heavy metal chelator, classically used in the treatment of Wilson disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cystinuria. From a dermatologic standpoint, penicillamine was found to be useful in the treatment of systemic sclerosis. The successful therapeutic uses of penicillamine have been hindered by its numerous adverse effects, both cutaneous and extra-cutaneous. It is a unique drug since it provokes a diversity of dermatologic manifestations that include (1) acute hypersensitivity reactions, (2) dermopathies characterized by elastic fiber abnormalities including elastosis perforans serpiginosa and pseudo-pseudoxanthoma elasticum, (3) autoimmune disorders such as pemphigus and penicillamine-induced lupus erythematosus-like syndrome, and (4) miscellaneous dermatoses that result from undefined mechanisms. These cutaneous adverse effects may correlate with the dosage and duration of penicillamine therapy as well as the disease being treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Ishak
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh/Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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Pavithra S, Rao S, Vishal B, Pai GS. D-penicillamine induced elastosis perforans serpiginosa mimicking acne keloidalis nuchae. Indian J Dermatol 2011; 56:449-50. [PMID: 21965866 PMCID: PMC3179021 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.84730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Pavithra
- Department of Dermatology, Yenepoya Medical College, Karnataka, India. E-mail:
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Carlesimo M, Narcisi A, Cortesi G, Mari E, Fidanza L, De Marco G, Rossi A, Camplone G. An 18-Year Follow-up of a Case of D-Penicillamine-Induced Elastosis Perforans Serpiginosa. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011; 24:257-9. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201102400133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS) is a rare complication of chronic therapy with a high-dose of D-penicillamine (1 g daily for more than 5 years), characterized by the elimination of abnormal elastic fibers from the upper dermis through the epidermis. D-penicillamine (DPA) is a heavy metal chelator primarily used for disorders such as cystinuria and Wilson disease. This therapy can lead to induction of EPS through a still unknown mechanism. We report the follow-up of a D-penicillamine-induced EPS in patient with Wilson disease, which prompted us to switch the therapy with trientine (another metal chelator). After 14 years the cutaneous lesions are still visible; therefore, we conclude that the DPA-induced cutaneous damage is irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carlesimo
- Dermatology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, II School of Medicine, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Italy
| | - A. Narcisi
- Dermatology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, II School of Medicine, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Italy
| | - G. Cortesi
- Dermatology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, II School of Medicine, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Italy
| | - E. Mari
- Dermatology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, II School of Medicine, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Italy
| | - L. Fidanza
- Dermatology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, II School of Medicine, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Italy
| | - G. De Marco
- Dermatology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, II School of Medicine, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Italy
| | - A. Rossi
- Dermatology Unit, Policlinico Umberto I, I School of Medicine, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Italy
| | - G. Camplone
- Dermatology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, II School of Medicine, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Because no data on skin and mucosal findings of patients with Wilson's disease have been published so far, the aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of mucosal and skin findings in childhood Wilson's disease and to determine its specific dermatological findings, if any exist. METHODS Thirty-seven 4-17-year-old children with Wilson's disease were included. A complete skin, scalp skin, mucous membrane and nail examination was performed. RESULTS Of the children, 26 (70.3%) had at least one dermatological finding. Twenty-five (67.6%), five (13.5%), nine (24.3%) had at least one skin, mucosal and nail finding, respectively. The most prevalent dermatological diagnosis of the Wilson's disease patients was xerosis (45.7%). The presence of dermatological findings was not related to drug usage, severity of the disease, or malnutrition. The duration of the disease was not different in patients with or without dermatological findings. The frequency of skin findings alone, however, was high in relatively newly diagnosed patients (<2 years). CONCLUSION Dermatologist should be aware of the various dermatological manifestations of Wilson's disease, because a careful and objective skin, mucosa, nail and hair examination may be indicative of a diagnosis of Wilson's disease, particularly in early cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muammer Seyhan
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Inonu University, Tip Fakultesi, Pediatri AD, Malatya 44280, Turkey.
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Schaefer M, Schellenberg M, Merle U, Weiss KH, Stremmel W. Wilson protein expression, copper excretion and sweat production in sweat glands of Wilson disease patients and controls. BMC Gastroenterol 2008; 8:29. [PMID: 18637198 PMCID: PMC2515315 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-8-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Wilson disease, copper is not sufficiently excreted into bile due to the absence or malfunction of the Wilson protein copper ATPase in the excretory pathway of hepatocytes. Copper is found in sweat. It is unknown if the Wilson protein plays a role in copper excretion into sweat. It is the aim of this study to investigate Wilson protein expression in sweat glands and analysing its effects on copper excretion into sweat in controls and patients with Wilson disease. Methods Immunofluorescent analysis of the Wilson protein in skin samples from normal rat, LEC rat and human skin biopsies were performed. Pilocarpin-induced sweat gland stimulation by iontophoretic transfer adapted from the methods used for cystic fibrosis sweat test was used for sweat induction. Sweat volume, sweat copper concentration, serum ceruloplasmin and serum copper were analysed in 28 Wilson patients and 21 controls. Results The Wilson protein is expressed in human and rat sweat gland epithelia. Copper concentration in sweat is not significantly different between controls and Wilson patients. Wilson patients produce significantly smaller volumes of sweat compared to controls. Sweat production is partially reversible in Wilson patients under medical treatment for Wilson disease or after liver transplantation Conclusion Wilson patients show a reduced sweat production with unaltered sweat copper concentration. The Wilson protein might play an important role in physiological sweat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Schaefer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Infections Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, INF 410, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Skin Lesions Due to Drugs. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-30244-1_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Choi HJ, Lee DK, Chang SE, Lee MW, Choi JH, Moon KC, Koh JK. An iatrogenic dermatosis with ulceration. Clin Exp Dermatol 2005; 30:463-4. [PMID: 15953111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2005.01828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H-J Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Poongnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Lewis KG, Bercovitch L, Dill SW, Robinson-Bostom L. Acquired disorders of elastic tissue: part I. Increased elastic tissue and solar elastotic syndromes. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 51:1-21; quiz 22-4. [PMID: 15243519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix are an integral component of dermal connective tissue. The resilience and elasticity required for normal structure and function of the skin may be attributed to the network of elastic tissue. Advances in our understanding of elastic tissue physiology provide a foundation for studying the pathogenesis of elastic tissue disorders. Many acquired disorders are nevertheless poorly understood due to the paucity of reported cases. Several acquired disorders in which accumulation or elastotic degeneration of dermal elastic fibers produces prominent clinical and histopathologic features have recently been described. They include elastoderma, linear focal elastosis, and late-onset focal dermal elastosis and must be differentiated from better-known disorders, among them acquired pseudoxanthoma elasticum, elastosis perforans serpiginosa, and Favré-Racouchot syndrome. Learning objective At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should understand the similarities and differences between acquired disorders of elastic tissue that are characterized by an increase in elastic tissue, as well as the spectrum of solar elastotic dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan G Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Brown Medical School-Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Bécuwe C, Dalle S, Ronger-Savlé S, Skowron F, Balme B, Kanitakis J, Thomas L. Elastosis perforans serpiginosa Associated with Pseudo-Pseudoxanthoma elasticum during Treatment of Wilson’s Disease with Penicillamine. Dermatology 2005; 210:60-3. [PMID: 15604549 DOI: 10.1159/000081487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS) is a reactive perforating dermatosis characterized by the elimination of abnormal elastic fibers from the upper dermis through the epidermis. In a few cases, it occurs as a side effect of treatment by D-penicillamine (DPA). The first case of EPS induced by DPA was described in 1972 in a patient treated for Wilson's disease. Subsequently, cutaneous changes resembling pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) were observed in patients treated with DPA and were reported as pseudo-PXE. CASE REPORT We report herein the clinical, pathological and ultrastructural study of 2 new cases of DPA-induced EPS and pseudo-PXE. These patients had been treated for Wilson's disease since 14 and 16 years, respectively. Characteristic abnormal elastic fibers were found on histopathological examination of both EPS and pseudo-PXE skin and confirmed by an ultrastructural study. There was no ABCC6 mutation. DISCUSSION Penicillamine is able to induce widespread, cutaneous and systemic, elastic fiber damage. Our patients present typical features of DPA-induced elastosis, presenting as EPS and pseudo-PXE. ABCC6 mutation is associated with PXE and, as expected, it was absent in our cases of pseudo-PXE. This elastopathy has been related to morphologic changes in elastic fibers secondary to prolonged therapy in most cases. DPA may interfere with elastin cross-linking through inhibition of the enzyme lysyl oxidase, or by formation of complexes with the cross-linked precursors, impairing a normal maturation of elastic fibers. However, no fatal complication of DPA-induced elastopathy has been reported so far. An improvement of the cutaneous lesions is expected after the drug discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bécuwe
- Services de Dermatologie, Hôpital de l'Hôtel-Dieu, Lyon, France
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Affiliation(s)
- M A B Roest
- Department of Dermatology, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Aylesbury, Bucks, UK
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Bono W, Moutie O, Benomar A, Aïdi S, el Alaoui-Faris M, Yahyaoui M, Chkili T. [Wilson's disease. Clinical presentation, treatment and evolution in 21 cases]. Rev Med Interne 2002; 23:419-31. [PMID: 12064213 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(02)00589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wilson's disease is characterized by neuropsychiatric symptoms with frequent extrapyramidal and intellectual presentations. They have an insidious evolution that leads to a late diagnosis and less therapeutic effectiveness in the advanced forms. METHODS We report 21 cases of Wilson's disease with neurological complications, emphasizing clinical semiology, diagnostic means and problems of the therapeutics in our country. RESULTS The average age at the beginning of the disease was 17.6 years, with a female prevalence (8/13). The signs at first were mostly all neurological (71.4%), then psychiatric (19%) or hepatic (19%). The most common neurological signs were dystonia of members (81%), dysarthria (76%), tremors (76%) or disorders of motoricity (71.4%). Sometimes there were sialorrhea or disorders of the handwriting. The Kayser-Fleischer ring was present in 19 patients. Eighteen patients had clinical and/or biological hepatic involvement. The diagnosis was confirmed by biochemical examinations, which found a low rate of copper in blood, a sinking rate of ceruloplasmin and a very high rate of urinary copper. The cerebral computer tomography shows a cortical and/or subcortical atrophy (37%), and/or a low density of the central grey cores (35%). The treatment was based on D-penicillamine and/or zinc sulfate, according to the availability of the drugs. The evolution was favourable among 18 patients (85%) and not good in 42.8% of the cases. Six of the first patients had poor evolution after many years of follow-up. Finally, only 12 patients (57%) had a very good outcome. The family investigation made among 17 patients revealed 13 family cases. The only predictive factor of a poor evolution was the therapeutic noncompliance (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS The neurological presentations are traditional during the Wilson's disease, but are often ignored. We must suspect the disease in children when faced with disorders of handwriting or school failures and in the adult, when faced with neurological symptoms in a patient having a hepatic disease. We must not hesitate to consider it even given purely psychiatric signs, and we had better know to seek the neurological ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bono
- Service de neurologie, hôpital des spécialités, CHU Ibn Sina, Rabat, Maroc.
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