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The Role of Phagocytes and NETs in Dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:263-272. [PMID: 27659806 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the host first line of defense against pathogens. However, only in recent years, we are beginning to better understand the ways it operates. A key player is this branch of the immune response that are the phagocytes, as macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils. These cells act as sentinels, employing specialized receptors in the sensing of invaders and host injury, and readily responding to them by production of inflammatory mediators. They afford protection not only by ingesting and destroying pathogens, but also by providing a suitable biochemical environment that shapes the adaptive response. In this review, we aim to present a broad perspective about the role of phagocytes in dermatophytosis, focusing on the mechanisms possibly involved in protective and non-protective responses. A full understanding of how phagocytes fit in the pathogenesis of these infections may open the venue for the development of new and more effective therapeutic approaches.
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Park YW, Choi JW, Paik SH, Kim DY, Jin SP, Park HS, Yoon HS, Cho S. Tinea incognito simulating herpes simplex virus infection. Ann Dermatol 2014; 26:267-9. [PMID: 24882990 PMCID: PMC4037688 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2014.26.2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young Woon Park
- Department of Dermatology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. ; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. ; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Choi
- Department of Dermatology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Paik
- Department of Dermatology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. ; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. ; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon-Pil Jin
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. ; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Sun Park
- Department of Dermatology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sun Yoon
- Department of Dermatology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. ; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. ; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyun Cho
- Department of Dermatology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. ; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. ; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Gilliver SC, Emmerson E, Bernhagen J, Hardman MJ. MIF: a key player in cutaneous biology and wound healing. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:1-6. [PMID: 21158933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its implication in a range of pathological conditions, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease and cancer, the pleiotropic cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been the subject of intensive recent investigation. In the field of dermatology, MIF is believed to be a detrimental factor in diseases such as systemic sclerosis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema and UV radiation damage. However, its contribution to other aspects of cutaneous biology is currently unclear. Although its expression in intact skin is well characterized, little is known about MIF's role in cutaneous homoeostasis. However, recent data do identify MIF as a key player in the immune privilege of hair follicles. Similarly, although MIF is rapidly released and its local expression significantly induced upon wounding, its primary role in the ensuing repair process remains a source of contention. MIF has been identified as being a key effector of the beneficial effects of estrogen on wound repair, yet studies employing Mif null mice, recombinant MIF, and neutralizing anti-MIF antibodies have failed to provide a consensus as to whether it benefits or inhibits healing. In fact MIF appears to be able to exert both positive and negative effects, with the cell-specific relevancy of MIF in wound healing still unclear. Thus, if MIF and/or its downstream targets are to be therapeutically useful in the context of cutaneous repair, more needs to be done to establish the nature and mechanism of action of MIF and its receptors in healing wounds.
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Jensen JM, Pfeiffer S, Akaki T, Schröder JM, Kleine M, Neumann C, Proksch E, Brasch J. Barrier Function, Epidermal Differentiation, and Human β-Defensin 2 Expression in Tinea Corporis. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1720-7. [PMID: 17392834 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tinea corporis is a superficial mycotic infection resulting in substantial epidermal changes. We determined skin barrier function, epidermal differentiation, and human-beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2) protein expression in 10 patients with tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum). We found disturbed skin barrier function as shown by a significant increase in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and specific ultrastructural changes including disturbed formation of extracellular lipid bilayers, lamellar body extrusion, and deposit of clotted material at the stratum granulosum/stratum corneum interface. Epidermal proliferation in tinea increased several fold and accordingly, proliferation and inflammation-associated keratins K6, K16, and K17 were expressed. Expression of basal keratins K5 and K14 increased, whereas differentiation-associated K10 was reduced. Reduction of the cornified envelope proteins involucrin, loricrin, and the S100 protein filaggrin was also seen. Reduced filaggrin expression correlated with reduced skin hydration; protein breakdown products of filaggrin have been shown to be important for water binding. Surprisingly, we found pronounced epidermal protein expression of hBD-2, which may be related to disturbed epidermal differentiation and inflammation. hBD-2 showed a weak, although significant, antifungal activity against T. rubrum in the turbidimetric assay and the immunohistological staining was somewhat less pronounced in areas directly underneath fungal hyphae in the stratum corneum. Together, we describe profound changes in skin barrier structure and function, epidermal proliferation, and differentiation including pronounced protein expression of hBD-2 in tinea corporis.
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Abstract
Tinea faciei is a relatively uncommon superficial dermatophyte infection limited to the glabrous skin of the face. It is usually seen in pediatric patients. This fungus can be found worldwide, but has a predilection for tropical humid climates. Although the infecting organisms and treatments are the same as for other superficial fungal infections, it is frequently misdiagnosed clinically and histologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richie L Lin
- Dermatology, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103-2714, USA
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