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Martins DJ, Di Lazzaro Filho R, Bertola DR, Hoch NC. Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, a disorder far from solved. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1296409. [PMID: 38021400 PMCID: PMC10676203 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1296409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a range of clinical symptoms, including poikiloderma, juvenile cataracts, short stature, sparse hair, eyebrows/eyelashes, nail dysplasia, and skeletal abnormalities. While classically associated with mutations in the RECQL4 gene, which encodes a DNA helicase involved in DNA replication and repair, three additional genes have been recently identified in RTS: ANAPC1, encoding a subunit of the APC/C complex; DNA2, which encodes a nuclease/helicase involved in DNA repair; and CRIPT, encoding a poorly characterized protein implicated in excitatory synapse formation and splicing. Here, we review the clinical spectrum of RTS patients, analyze the genetic basis of the disease, and discuss molecular functions of the affected genes, drawing some novel genotype-phenotype correlations and proposing avenues for future studies into this enigmatic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi Jardim Martins
- Genomic Stability Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Di Lazzaro Filho
- Center for Human Genome Studies, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Dasa Genômica/Genera, Genômica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Romeo Bertola
- Center for Human Genome Studies, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Children’s Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nícolas Carlos Hoch
- Genomic Stability Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Simpson S, Rizvanov AA, Jeyapalan JN, de Brot S, Rutland CS. Canine osteosarcoma in comparative oncology: Molecular mechanisms through to treatment discovery. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:965391. [PMID: 36570509 PMCID: PMC9773846 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.965391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of non-communicable morbidity and mortality throughout the world, similarly, in dogs, the most frequent cause of mortality is tumors. Some types of cancer, including osteosarcoma (OSA), occur at much higher rates in dogs than people. Dogs therefore not only require treatment themselves but can also act as an effective parallel patient population for the human disease equivalent. It should be noted that although there are many similarities between canine and human OSA, there are also key differences and it is important to research and highlight these features. Despite progress using chorioallantoic membrane models, 2D and 3D in vitro models, and rodent OSA models, many more insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms, drug development, and treatment are being discovered in a variety of canine OSA patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Simpson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Albert A. Rizvanov
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Jennie N. Jeyapalan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simone de Brot
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Comparative Pathology Platform (COMPATH), Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Catrin S. Rutland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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3
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Vagher J, Gammon A, Kohlmann W, Jeter J. Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers and Other Cutaneous Manifestations in Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes and Rare DNA Repair Disorders. Front Oncol 2022; 12:837059. [PMID: 35359366 PMCID: PMC8960432 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.837059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most non-melanoma skin cancers are felt to be sporadic in origin, these tumors do play a role in several cancer predisposition syndromes. The manifestations of skin cancers in these hereditary populations can include diagnosis at extremely early ages and/or multiple primary cancers, as well as tumors at less common sites. Awareness of baseline skin cancer risks for these individuals is important, particularly in the setting of treatments that may compromise the immune system and further increase risk of cutaneous malignancies. Additionally, diagnosis of these disorders and management of non-cutaneous manifestations of these diseases have profound implications for both the patient and their family. This review highlights the current literature on the diagnosis, features, and non-melanoma skin cancer risks associated with lesser-known cancer predisposition syndromes, including bone marrow failure disorders, genomic instability disorders, and base excision repair disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Vagher
- Family Cancer Assessment Clinic, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Amanda Gammon
- Family Cancer Assessment Clinic, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Wendy Kohlmann
- Family Cancer Assessment Clinic, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Joanne Jeter
- Family Cancer Assessment Clinic, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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4
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Second Osteosarcoma in a 16-Year-old Woman Diagnosed With Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2021; 43:e532-e534. [PMID: 32769558 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000001884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with an increased predisposition to osteosarcoma (OS) when it is caused by concrete mutations in the RECQL4 gene. Most OSs arise sporadically, but it can also be the first manifestation of a cancer predisposition syndrome as Rothmund Thompson. The early onset, multifocality and metachronism, and a family history of the disease, may suggest a tumor predisposition syndrome. We present the case of a patient with a polymalformative syndrome, who, at 6 years of age, was diagnosed with OS in the right femur. This led to the diagnosis of a RTS type 2. She was cured and surveillance showed no sign of disease. Ten years later, the patient developed a second OS in the contralateral femur. Fortunately, she is in complete remission again after treatment. We describe our patient treatment and recommend a possible screening-surveillance for RTS type II patients.
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Rayinda T, van Steensel M, Danarti R. Inherited skin disorders presenting with poikiloderma. Int J Dermatol 2021; 60:1343-1353. [PMID: 33739439 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poikiloderma is a skin condition that combines atrophy, telangiectasia, and macular pigment changes (hypo- as well as hyperpigmentation). It is often mistaken for mottled pigmentation by general practitioners or nondermatology specialists. Poikiloderma can be a key presenting symptom of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS), dyskeratosis congenita (DC), hereditary sclerosing poikiloderma (HSP), hereditary fibrosing poikiloderma with tendon contractures, myopathy, and pulmonary fibrosis (POIKTMP), xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Bloom syndrome (BS), Kindler syndrome (KS), and Clericuzio-type poikiloderma with neutropenia (PN). In these conditions, poikiloderma starts early in life, usually before the second or third year. They may also be associated with photosensitivity and other significant multi-organ manifestation developed later in life. Poikiloderma could indicate the presence of a genetic disorder with potentially serious consequences. Poikiloderma almost always precedes more severe manifestations of these genodermatoses. Prompt diagnosis at the time of presentation could help to prevent complications and mitigate the course of the disease. This review discusses these to help the practicing clinician manage patients presenting with the symptom. To further facilitate early recognition, this paper also proposes a simple diagnostic algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuntas Rayinda
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Maurice van Steensel
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,National Skin Center, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Retno Danarti
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome-Like RECQL4 Truncating Mutations Cause a Haploinsufficient Low-Bone-Mass Phenotype in Mice. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0059020. [PMID: 33361189 PMCID: PMC8088275 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00590-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by defects in the skeletal system, such as bone hypoplasia, short stature, low bone mass, and an increased incidence of osteosarcoma. RTS type 2 patients have germ line compound biallelic protein-truncating mutations of RECQL4. As existing murine models employ Recql4 null alleles, we have attempted to more accurately model RTS by generating mice with patient-mimicking truncating Recql4 mutations. Truncating mutations impaired the stability and subcellular localization of RECQL4 and resulted in homozygous embryonic lethality and a haploinsufficient low-bone mass phenotype. Combination of a truncating mutation with a conditional Recql4 null allele demonstrated that the skeletal defects were intrinsic to the osteoblast lineage. However, the truncating mutations did not promote tumorigenesis. We utilized murine Recql4 null cells to assess the impact of human RECQL4 mutations using an in vitro complementation assay. While some mutations created unstable protein products, others altered subcellular localization of the protein. Interestingly, the severity of the phenotypes correlated with the extent of protein truncation. Collectively, our results reveal that truncating RECQL4 mutations in mice lead to an osteoporosis-like phenotype through defects in early osteoblast progenitors and identify RECQL4 gene dosage as a novel regulator of bone mass.
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Slaught C, Berry EG, Bacik L, Skalet AH, Anadiotis G, Tuohy T, Leachman SA. Clinical challenges in interpreting multiple pathogenic mutations in single patients. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2021; 19:15. [PMID: 33541411 PMCID: PMC7863461 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-021-00172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the past two decades, genetic testing for cancer risk assessment has entered mainstream clinical practice due to the availability of low-cost panels of multiple cancer-associated genes. However, the clinical value of multiple-gene panels for cancer susceptibility is not well established, especially in cases where panel testing identifies more than one pathogenic variant. The risk for specific malignancies as a result of a mutated gene is complex and likely influenced by superimposed modifier variants and/or environmental effects. Recent data suggests that the combination of multiple pathogenic variants may be fewer than reported by chance, suggesting that some mutation combinations may be detrimental. Management of patients with “incidentally” discovered mutations can be particularly challenging, especially when established guidelines call for radical procedures (e.g. total gastrectomy in CDH1) in patients and families without a classic clinical history concerning for that cancer predisposition syndrome. Case presentation We present two cases, one of an individual and one of a family, with multiple pathogenic mutations detected by multi-gene panel testing to highlight challenges practitioners face in counseling patients about pathogenic variants and determining preventive and therapeutic interventions. Conclusions Ongoing investigation is needed to improve our understanding of inherited susceptibility to disease in general and cancer predisposition syndromes, as this information has the potential to lead to the development of more precise and patient-specific counseling and surveillance strategies. The real-world adoption of new or improved technologies into clinical practice frequently requires medical decision-making in the absence of established understanding of gene-gene interactions. In the meantime, practitioners must be prepared to apply a rationale based on currently available knowledge to clinical decision-making. Current practice is evolving to rely heavily on clinical concordance with personal and family history in making specific therapeutic decisions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13053-021-00172-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Slaught
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Suite 16D, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Berry
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Suite 16D, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Lindsay Bacik
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State Health, Hershey, USA
| | - Alison H Skalet
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Suite 16D, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA.,Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
| | - George Anadiotis
- Legacy Cancer Institute, Cancer Genetics Services, Legacy Health Systems, Portland, USA
| | - Therese Tuohy
- Legacy Cancer Institute, Cancer Genetics Services, Legacy Health Systems, Portland, USA
| | - Sancy A Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Suite 16D, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
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Molecular Characterisation of Canine Osteosarcoma in High Risk Breeds. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092405. [PMID: 32854182 PMCID: PMC7564920 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs develop osteosarcoma (OSA) and the disease process closely resembles that of human OSA. OSA has a poor prognosis in both species and disease-free intervals and cure rates have not improved in recent years. Gene expression in canine OSAs was compared with non-tumor tissue utilising RNA sequencing, validated by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (n = 16). Polymorphic polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts in the androgen receptor (AR/NR3C4) and nuclear receptor coactivator 3 (NCOA3) genes were investigated in control and OSA patients using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Sanger sequencing and fragment analysis (n = 1019 Rottweilers, 379 Irish Wolfhounds). Our analysis identified 1281 significantly differentially expressed genes (>2 fold change, p < 0.05), specifically 839 lower and 442 elevated gene expression in osteosarcoma (n = 3) samples relative to non-malignant (n = 4) bone. Enriched pathways and gene ontologies were identified, which provide insight into the molecular pathways implicated in canine OSA. Expression of a subset of these genes (SLC2A1, DKK3, MMP3, POSTN, RBP4, ASPN) was validated by qRTPCR and immunohistochemistry (MMP3, DKK3, SLC2A1) respectively. While little variation was found in the NCOA3 polyQ tract, greater variation was present in both polyQ tracts in the AR, but no significant associations in length were made with OSA. The data provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of OSA in high risk breeds. This knowledge may inform development of new prevention strategies and treatments for OSA in dogs and supports utilising spontaneous OSA in dogs to improve understanding of the disease in people.
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Czarnecka AM, Synoradzki K, Firlej W, Bartnik E, Sobczuk P, Fiedorowicz M, Grieb P, Rutkowski P. Molecular Biology of Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2130. [PMID: 32751922 PMCID: PMC7463657 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary bone cancer in children and adolescents and the third most frequent in adults. Many inherited germline mutations are responsible for syndromes that predispose to osteosarcomas including Li Fraumeni syndrome, retinoblastoma syndrome, Werner syndrome, Bloom syndrome or Diamond-Blackfan anemia. TP53 is the most frequently altered gene in osteosarcoma. Among other genes mutated in more than 10% of OS cases, c-Myc plays a role in OS development and promotes cell invasion by activating MEK-ERK pathways. Several genomic studies showed frequent alterations in the RB gene in pediatric OS patients. Osteosarcoma driver mutations have been reported in NOTCH1, FOS, NF2, WIF1, BRCA2, APC, PTCH1 and PRKAR1A genes. Some miRNAs such as miR-21, -34a, -143, -148a, -195a, -199a-3p and -382 regulate the pathogenic activity of MAPK and PI3K/Akt-signaling pathways in osteosarcoma. CD133+ osteosarcoma cells have been shown to exhibit stem-like gene expression and can be tumor-initiating cells and play a role in metastasis and development of drug resistance. Although currently osteosarcoma treatment is based on adriamycin chemoregimens and surgery, there are several potential targeted therapies in development. First of all, activity and safety of cabozantinib in osteosarcoma were studied, as well as sorafenib and pazopanib. Finally, novel bifunctional molecules, of potential imaging and osteosarcoma targeting applications may be used in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Czarnecka
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Synoradzki
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Firlej
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Sobczuk
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Fiedorowicz
- Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Interinstitute Laboratory of New Diagnostic Applications of MRI, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Grieb
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
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Cañueto J, Tejera-Vaquerizo A, Redondo P, Botella-Estrada R, Puig S, Sanmartin O. A review of terms used to define cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with a poor prognosis. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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A review of terms used to define cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with a poor prognosis. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2020; 111:281-290. [PMID: 32359704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common cancer in humans and its incidence is both underestimated and on the rise. cSCC is referred to in the literature as high-risk cSCC, locally advanced cSCC, metastatic cSCC, advanced cSCC, and aggressive cSCC. These terms can give rise to confusion and are not always well defined. In this review, we aim to clarify the concepts underlying these terms with a view to standardizing the description of this tumor, something we believe is necessary in light of the new drugs that have been approved or are in development for cSCC.
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Alsabbagh M. Rothmund-thomson syndrome: A review of clinical and molecular aspects. JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY & DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jdds.jdds_34_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Gastrointestinal Malignancy Presenting with a Virchow's Node in a Patient with Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome. Case Rep Genet 2018; 2018:7536832. [PMID: 30498607 PMCID: PMC6222232 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7536832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome is a genetic disorder with characteristic findings in childhood as well as a predisposition to osteosarcoma, skin cancer, and hematological malignancy. We present the first reported case of duodenal malignancy in a patient with Rothmund-Thompson syndrome. An enlarged Virchow's node was noted and an advanced duodenal adenocarcinoma was diagnosed shortly thereafter. The features of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome are discussed, as well as current management and screening guidelines for duodenal adenocarcinoma.
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Nahhas AF, Oberlin DM, Braunberger TL, Lim HW. Recent Developments in the Diagnosis and Management of Photosensitive Disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol 2018; 19:707-731. [PMID: 29959757 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-018-0365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photodermatoses occur in males and females of all races and ages. Onset can be variable in timing and influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Photodermatoses are broadly classified as immunologically mediated, chemical- and drug-induced, photoaggravated, and genetic (defective DNA repair or chromosomal instability) diseases. Advances in the field have led to improved recognition and treatment of many photodermatoses. The purpose of this focused review is to provide an update on the diagnosis and management of a variety of photodermatoses, both common and less common, with review of recent updates in the literature pertaining to their diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda F Nahhas
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - David M Oberlin
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Taylor L Braunberger
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor affecting predominantly adolescents and young adults. It accounts for about 5% of all childhood cancers. Although the majority of OSs are sporadic, a small percentage occur as a component of hereditary cancer syndromes. Early onset, bilateral, multifocal, and metachronous tumors suggest genetic predisposition. The inheritance patterns can be autosomal dominant or recessive. These syndromes predispose to a wide variety of mesenchymal and epithelial cancers with propensity for certain mutations being prevalent in specific cancer subtypes. Li-Fraumeni syndrome, retinoblastoma, Rothmund-Thompson syndrome (type 2), Werner syndrome, and Bloom syndrome, constitute the majority of the tumor syndromes predisposing to OS and will be the focus for this review.
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Colombo EA, Locatelli A, Cubells Sánchez L, Romeo S, Elcioglu NH, Maystadt I, Esteve Martínez A, Sironi A, Fontana L, Finelli P, Gervasini C, Pecile V, Larizza L. Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome: Insights from New Patients on the Genetic Variability Underpinning Clinical Presentation and Cancer Outcome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1103. [PMID: 29642415 PMCID: PMC5979380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in RECQL4 gene, a caretaker of the genome, cause Rothmund-Thomson type-II syndrome (RTS-II) and confer increased cancer risk if they damage the helicase domain. We describe five families exemplifying clinical and allelic heterogeneity of RTS-II, and report the effect of pathogenic RECQL4 variants by in silico predictions and transcripts analyses. Complete phenotype of patients #39 and #42 whose affected siblings developed osteosarcoma correlates with their c.[1048_1049del], c.[1878+32_1878+55del] and c.[1568G>C;1573delT], c.[3021_3022del] variants which damage the helicase domain. Literature survey highlights enrichment of these variants affecting the helicase domain in patients with cancer outcome raising the issue of strict oncological surveillance. Conversely, patients #29 and #19 have a mild phenotype and carry, respectively, the unreported homozygous c.3265G>T and c.3054A>G variants, both sparing the helicase domain. Finally, despite matching several criteria for RTS clinical diagnosis, patient #38 is heterozygous for c.2412_2414del; no pathogenic CNVs out of those evidenced by high-resolution CGH-array, emerged as contributors to her phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa A Colombo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Locatelli
- UO Dermatologia e Venereologia, Asst Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Laura Cubells Sánchez
- Department of Dermatology, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Sara Romeo
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK.
| | - Nursel H Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, 34890 Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Mediterranean University, Mersin 10 Cyprus, Turkey.
| | - Isabelle Maystadt
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, 6041 Charleroi (Gosselies), Belgium.
| | - Altea Esteve Martínez
- Department of Dermatology, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Alessandra Sironi
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Fontana
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Palma Finelli
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Vanna Pecile
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Foundation IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Institute, 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Lidia Larizza
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy.
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17
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Salih A, Inoue S, Onwuzurike N. Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) with osteosarcoma due to RECQL4 mutation. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-222384. [PMID: 29367366 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-222384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with clinical features consisting of poikiloderma, skeletal abnormalities, sparse hair, absent or scanty eyelashes and eyebrows and short stature. Patients with RTS due to genetic mutations of RECQL4 genes carry a high risk of developing osteosarcoma during childhood. Because of this, early genetic diagnosis is important. Here, we describe a 14-year-old white boy who developed an erythematous rash on both cheeks before the age of 3 months and was noted to have absent eyelashes and scanty eyebrows. He was found to have compound heterozygous mutations of the RECQL4 gene alleles at the age of 6 months and was diagnosed to have RTS type II. He subsequently developed osteosarcoma at age 10 which was successfully treated, and currently he has been tumour free for over 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Salih
- Department of Combined Medicine-Pediatrics Residency Program, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - Susumu Inoue
- Department of Pediatics, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - Nkechi Onwuzurike
- Department of Combined Medicine-Pediatrics Residency Program, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Flint, Michigan, USA
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18
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Chinmayee JT, Meghana GR, Prathiba RK, Ramesh TK. Ophthalmic manifestations in Rothmund-Thomson syndrome: Case report and review of literature. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017; 65:1025-1027. [PMID: 29044077 PMCID: PMC5678305 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_89_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 24-year-old male patient presented to us with diminution of vision in both eyes with watering and photophobia for the past 8 years. General physical examination showed short stature and poikiloderma. Ocular findings include photophobia with reflex tearing, dry eye, cicatricial ectropion, symblepharon approaching pupillary area of cornea, and multiple superficial punctuate erosions on the cornea. Both eyelids showed scanty meibomian glands on infrared meibography. The rest of the anterior and posterior segment was normal. The patient was treated with topical lubricants which reduced photophobia and corneal erosions. He then underwent symblepharon release with buccal mucosal grafting, which improved ectropion. Patient improved symptomatically with reduction of photophobia and improvement in vision as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Chinmayee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Minto Eye Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G R Meghana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Minto Eye Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R K Prathiba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Minto Eye Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - T K Ramesh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Minto Eye Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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19
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Simpson S, Dunning MD, de Brot S, Grau-Roma L, Mongan NP, Rutland CS. Comparative review of human and canine osteosarcoma: morphology, epidemiology, prognosis, treatment and genetics. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:71. [PMID: 29065898 PMCID: PMC5655853 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OSA) is a rare cancer in people. However OSA incidence rates in dogs are 27 times higher than in people. Prognosis in both species is relatively poor, with 5 year OSA survival rates in people not having improved in decades. For dogs, 1 year survival rates are only around ~ 45%. Improved and novel treatment regimens are urgently required to improve survival in both humans and dogs with OSA. Utilising information from genetic studies could assist in this in both species, with the higher incidence rates in dogs contributing to the dog population being a good model of human disease. This review compares the clinical characteristics, gross morphology and histopathology, aetiology, epidemiology, and genetics of canine and human OSA. Finally, the current position of canine OSA genetic research is discussed and areas for additional work within the canine population are identified.
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20
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Abstract
Tumor syndromes, including bone neoplasias, are genetic predisposing conditions characterized by the development of a pattern of malignancies within a family at an early age of onset. Occurrence of bilateral, multifocal, or metachronous neoplasias and specific histopathologic findings suggest a genetic predisposition syndrome. Additional clinical features not related to the neoplasia can be a hallmark of specific genetic syndromes. Mostly, those diseases have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with variable percentage of penetrance. Some syndromic disorders with an increased tumor risk may show an autosomal recessive transmission or are related to somatic mosaicism. Many genetic tumor syndromes are known. This update is specifically focused on syndromes predisposing to osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gnoli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Skeletal Rare Diseases, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna 40136, Italy.
| | - Francesca Ponti
- Department of Medical Genetics and Skeletal Rare Diseases, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Luca Sangiorgi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Skeletal Rare Diseases, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna 40136, Italy
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21
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Predispositions to Leukemia in Down Syndrome and Other Hereditary Disorders. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2017; 18:41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11864-017-0485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Giordano CN, Yew YW, Spivak G, Lim HW. Understanding photodermatoses associated with defective DNA repair: Syndromes with cancer predisposition. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 75:855-870. [PMID: 27745641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary photodermatoses are a spectrum of rare photosensitive disorders that are often caused by genetic deficiency or malfunction of various components of the DNA repair pathway. This results clinically in extreme photosensitivity, with many syndromes exhibiting an increased risk of cutaneous malignancies. This review will focus specifically on the syndromes with malignant potential, including xeroderma pigmentosum, Bloom syndrome, and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. The typical phenotypic findings of each disorder will be examined and contrasted, including noncutaneous identifiers to aid in diagnosis. The management of these patients will also be discussed. At this time, the mainstay of therapy remains strict photoprotection; however, genetic therapies are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yik Weng Yew
- Department of Dermatology, National Skin Centre, Singapore
| | - Graciela Spivak
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.
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23
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Scollon S, Anglin AK, Thomas M, Turner JT, Wolfe Schneider K. A Comprehensive Review of Pediatric Tumors and Associated Cancer Predisposition Syndromes. J Genet Couns 2017; 26:387-434. [PMID: 28357779 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the role of inherited cancer predisposition syndromes in pediatric tumor diagnoses continues to develop as more information is learned through the application of genomic technology. Identifying patients and their relatives at an increased risk for developing cancer is an important step in the care of this patient population. The purpose of this review is to highlight various tumor types that arise in the pediatric population and the cancer predisposition syndromes associated with those tumors. The review serves as a guide for recognizing genes and conditions to consider when a pediatric cancer referral presents to the genetics clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Scollon
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates St, FC 1200, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | | | | | - Joyce T Turner
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kami Wolfe Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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24
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Fernandes RS, dos Santos Ferreira D, de Aguiar Ferreira C, Giammarile F, Rubello D, de Barros ALB. Development of imaging probes for bone cancer in animal models. A systematic review. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:1253-1264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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25
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Nistal M, Paniagua R, González-Peramato P, Reyes-Múgica M. Perspectives in Pediatric Pathology, Chapter 17. Other Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadisms. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2016; 19:278-90. [PMID: 26809023 DOI: 10.2350/16-01-1755-pb.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nistal
- 1 Department of Pathology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Paniagua
- 2 Department of Cell Biology, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Reyes-Múgica
- 3 Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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26
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Zils K, Klingebiel T, Behnisch W, Mueller HL, Schlegel PG, Fruehwald M, Suttorp M, Simon T, Werner M, Bielack S. Osteosarcoma in patients with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2015; 32:32-40. [PMID: 25551679 DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2014.987939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is associated with an increased risk of osteosarcoma, but information about affected patients is limited. PROCEDURE Seven patients with osteosarcoma, treated in the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group-trials, had a diagnosis of RTS. Their patient-, tumor- and treatment-related variables and outcome were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Median age at diagnosis of osteosarcoma was 13 years (range 7-16), five were female, two male. Tumor involved proximal tibia (n = 4), distal tibia (n = 1), distal fibula (n = 1) and proximal ulna (n = 1). Three patients had metastatic disease at diagnosis. All patients received surgery and chemotherapy. Four of seven patients required dose modifications and three of them terminated treatment prematurely. Complete resection of the primary tumor was achieved in all individuals. Two of three affected patients failed to achieve surgical clearance of their primary metastases and died. The third patient relapsed with multiple metastases and died. Two of four patients with localized disease were alive in first complete remission, a third patient in second complete remission after recurrence and a fourth patient died of acute leukemia, while still in first complete remission of osteosarcoma. CONCLUSIONS Patients with RTS and osteosarcoma may be cured of their cancer with appropriate multimodal therapy. They should be treated like other osteosarcoma patients but preexisting disorders, needs for special support and development of toxicities have to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Zils
- 1Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group (COSS), Pediatrics 5 (Oncology, Hematology, Immunology), Klinikum Stuttgart-Olgahospital , Germany
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27
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Barisonek KL, Protzman NM, Wobst GM, Brigido SA. Delayed Union of a Jones Fracture in a Patient With Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Foot Ankle Surg 2014; 55:291-3. [PMID: 25441286 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis, characterized by poikiloderma, small stature, juvenile cataracts, sparse hair, skeletal abnormalities, and a predisposition to osteogenic sarcomas and skin cancers. Although numerous skeletal abnormalities have been described in patients with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, to our knowledge, only 1 study has shown evidence of delayed fracture healing in a patient with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. We present the case of a 13-year-old female diagnosed with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome who demonstrated delayed union of her fifth metatarsal after a Jones fracture. She was treated conservatively for 6 weeks with non-weightbearing cast immobilization and was then transitioned to a controlled ankle motion walker for an additional 4 weeks. Two months later, however, she continued to experience pain, and, on radiographic examination, the fracture remained unchanged. Therefore, with her guardian's consent, the patient elected to undergo open reduction and internal fixation of the fifth metatarsal fracture. At 8 weeks postoperatively, the patient reported a subsidence of symptoms and had returned to normal activity. With our report, we hope to increase practitioner awareness that delayed bone healing could be a possibility in patients with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome and encourage consideration of routine imaging and supplementation with calcium and vitamin D. Additionally, the present findings suggest that patients with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome could benefit from early surgical intervention, given their poor bone healing capacity and high likelihood of nonunion. Although the association between impaired bone healing and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome is rational, additional studies are needed to determine the prevalence of chronic nonunion in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten L Barisonek
- Resident, Podiatric Residency Program, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Nicole M Protzman
- Research Associate, Clinical Education and Research Department, Coordinated Health, Allentown, PA
| | - Garrett M Wobst
- Fellow, Foot and Ankle Reconstruction Fellowship, Coordinated Health, Bethlehem, PA
| | - Stephen A Brigido
- Fellowship Director, Foot and Ankle Reconstruction, and Department Chair, Foot and Ankle Department, Coordinated Health, Bethlehem, PA.
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28
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Pencovich N, Margalit N, Constantini S. Atypical meningioma as a solitary malignancy in a patient with Rothmund-Thompson syndrome. Surg Neurol Int 2013; 3:148. [PMID: 23372965 PMCID: PMC3551513 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.104742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by genomic instability and increased risk of various malignancies, especially osteosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma. We report the first RTS patient who developed a central nervous system (CNS)-related neoplasm. Case description: A 28-year-old male, previously diagnosed with RTS , developed a massive parasagital lesion, detected by magnetic resonance imaging. The tumor was surgically removed and histologically diagnosed as atypical meningioma. Preoperative symptoms were dramatically improved. Conclusions: This is the first description of a CNS-related malignancy in RTS patients. Although rare, the genomic instability and additional risk factors of this syndrome should be considered in choosing the course of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niv Pencovich
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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29
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Larizza L, Roversi G, Verloes A. Clinical utility gene card for: Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2012. [PMID: 23188052 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Larizza
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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30
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Ng AJ, Mutsaers AJ, Baker EK, Walkley CR. Genetically engineered mouse models and human osteosarcoma. Clin Sarcoma Res 2012; 2:19. [PMID: 23036272 PMCID: PMC3523007 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-2-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common form of bone cancer. Pivotal insight into the genes involved in human osteosarcoma has been provided by the study of rare familial cancer predisposition syndromes. Three kindreds stand out as predisposing to the development of osteosarcoma: Li-Fraumeni syndrome, familial retinoblastoma and RecQ helicase disorders, which include Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome in particular. These disorders have highlighted the important roles of P53 and RB respectively, in the development of osteosarcoma. The association of OS with RECQL4 mutations is apparent but the relevance of this to OS is uncertain as mutations in RECQL4 are not found in sporadic OS. Application of the knowledge or mutations of P53 and RB in familial and sporadic OS has enabled the development of tractable, highly penetrant murine models of OS. These models share many of the cardinal features associated with human osteosarcoma including, importantly, a high incidence of spontaneous metastasis. The recent development of these models has been a significant advance for efforts to improve our understanding of the genetics of human OS and, more critically, to provide a high-throughput genetically modifiable platform for preclinical evaluation of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Jm Ng
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Emma K Baker
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Carl R Walkley
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
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31
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Calvert GT, Randall RL, Jones KB, Cannon-Albright L, Lessnick S, Schiffman JD. At-risk populations for osteosarcoma: the syndromes and beyond. Sarcoma 2012; 2012:152382. [PMID: 22550413 PMCID: PMC3329649 DOI: 10.1155/2012/152382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bone. Most cases are sporadic without a known genetic or environmental cause. Heritable genetic predisposition syndromes are associated with a small percentage of osteosarcomas. Study of these rare disorders has provided insight into the molecular pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. Screening of at-risk families and surveillance of affected individuals for these syndromes may permit earlier diagnosis and more effective treatment of osteosarcoma in these populations. This paper reviews the genetic and clinical features of the known osteosarcoma predisposition syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T. Calvert
- Department of Orthopaedics and Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Sarcoma Services, Center for Children, Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - R. Lor Randall
- Department of Orthopaedics and Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Sarcoma Services, Center for Children, Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kevin B. Jones
- Department of Orthopaedics and Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Sarcoma Services, Center for Children, Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - Stephen Lessnick
- Sarcoma Services, Center for Children, Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Joshua D. Schiffman
- Sarcoma Services, Center for Children, Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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32
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Ghosh AK, Rossi ML, Singh DK, Dunn C, Ramamoorthy M, Croteau DL, Liu Y, Bohr VA. RECQL4, the protein mutated in Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, functions in telomere maintenance. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:196-209. [PMID: 22039056 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.295063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are structures at the ends of chromosomes and are composed of long tracks of short tandem repeat DNA sequences bound by a unique set of proteins (shelterin). Telomeric DNA is believed to form G-quadruplex and D-loop structures, which presents a challenge to the DNA replication and repair machinery. Although the RecQ helicases WRN and BLM are implicated in the resolution of telomeric secondary structures, very little is known about RECQL4, the RecQ helicase mutated in Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS). Here, we report that RTS patient cells have elevated levels of fragile telomeric ends and that RECQL4-depleted human cells accumulate fragile sites, sister chromosome exchanges, and double strand breaks at telomeric sites. Further, RECQL4 localizes to telomeres and associates with shelterin proteins TRF1 and TRF2. Using recombinant proteins we showed that RECQL4 resolves telomeric D-loop structures with the help of shelterin proteins TRF1, TRF2, and POT1. We also found a novel functional synergistic interaction of this protein with WRN during D-loop unwinding. These data implicate RECQL4 in telomere maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik K Ghosh
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Marie L Rossi
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Christopher Dunn
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Mahesh Ramamoorthy
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Yie Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224.
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33
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Karalis A, Tischkowitz M, Millington G. Dermatological manifestations of inherited cancer syndromes in children. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:245-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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34
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35
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Altunay I, Fisek N, Gokdemir G, Sakız D, Cetincelik U. Therapy-resistant leg ulcer in a patient with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Int Wound J 2010; 7:531-5. [PMID: 20860557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2010.00734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a rare genodermatosis with characteristic skin changes such as atrophy, abnormal pigmentation and telengiectasias, skeletal abnormalities, short stature, juvenile cataract and predisposition to skin and bone malignancies. Data from the literature suggest that cutaneous findings of the syndrome include genetically programmed ageing changes and DNA repair abnormalities related to photosensitivity. Our patient is a 23-year-old male who presented with an unhealing ulcer for one and a half year on his left leg. Although he had received many various treatments, there had been no significant improvement during this period. We believe that this failure of healing might be to DNA repair abnormalities of fibroblasts. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported with coexistence of an unhealing ulcer without any findings of malignancy and RTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Altunay
- Department of Dermatology, Sisli Etfal Research and Training Hospital, Veysi Paşa sok. Yucekent sit E/16, Altunizade-Istanbul, Turkey.
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36
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Simon T, Kohlhase J, Wilhelm C, Kochanek M, De Carolis B, Berthold F. Multiple malignant diseases in a patient with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome with RECQL4 mutations: Case report and literature review. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1575-9. [PMID: 20503338 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
RECQL4 mutations cause genetic instability and increase the risk of malignant disease. We report on a patient with compound heterozygosity for two novel RECQL4 mutations: mutation c.1919_1924delTCACAG, p.L640_A642delinsP in exon 12 of the RECQL4 gene and mutation c.1704+1G>A in intron 10 of the RECQL4 gene. He subsequently developed large cell anaplastic T cell lymphoma at the age of 9 years, diffuse large cell B lymphoma and osteosarcoma when he was 14 years old, and finally acute lymphatic leukemia when he was 21 years old. The most remarkable clinical features are young age, spontaneous remission of diffuse large cell lymphoma, and severe CNS and skin toxicity of cytotoxic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Simon
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Sand M, Sand D, Thrandorf C, Paech V, Altmeyer P, Bechara FG. Cutaneous lesions of the nose. Head Face Med 2010; 6:7. [PMID: 20525327 PMCID: PMC2903548 DOI: 10.1186/1746-160x-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin diseases on the nose are seen in a variety of medical disciplines. Dermatologists, otorhinolaryngologists, general practitioners and general plastic and dermatologic surgeons are regularly consulted regarding cutaneous lesions on the nose. This article is the second part of a review series dealing with cutaneous lesions on the head and face, which are frequently seen in daily practice by a dermatologic surgeon. In this review, we focus on those skin diseases on the nose where surgery or laser therapy is considered a possible treatment option or that can be surgically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sand
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Dermatologic Surgery Unit, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Sand
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Christina Thrandorf
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Dermatologic Surgery Unit, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Volker Paech
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Dermatologic Surgery Unit, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter Altmeyer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Dermatologic Surgery Unit, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Falk G Bechara
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Dermatologic Surgery Unit, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany
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Singh DK, Karmakar P, Aamann M, Schurman SH, May A, Croteau DL, Burks L, Plon SE, Bohr VA. The involvement of human RECQL4 in DNA double-strand break repair. Aging Cell 2010; 9:358-71. [PMID: 20222902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder associated with mutation in RECQL4 gene, a member of the human RecQ helicases. The disease is characterized by genomic instability, skeletal abnormalities and predisposition to malignant tumors, especially osteosarcomas. The precise role of RECQL4 in cellular pathways is largely unknown; however, recent evidence suggests its involvement in multiple DNA metabolic pathways. This study investigates the roles of RECQL4 in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. The results show that RECQL4-deficient fibroblasts are moderately sensitive to gamma-irradiation and accumulate more gammaH2AX and 53BP1 foci than control fibroblasts. This is suggestive of defects in efficient repair of DSB's in the RECQL4-deficient fibroblasts. Real time imaging of live cells using laser confocal microscopy shows that RECQL4 is recruited early to laser-induced DSBs and remains for a shorter duration than WRN and BLM, indicating its distinct role in repair of DSBs. Endogenous RECQL4 also colocalizes with gammaH2AX at the site of DSBs. The RECQL4 domain responsible for its DNA damage localization has been mapped to the unique N-terminus domain between amino acids 363-492, which shares no homology to recruitment domains of WRN and BLM to the DSBs. Further, the recruitment of RECQL4 to laser-induced DNA damage is independent of functional WRN, BLM or ATM proteins. These results suggest distinct cellular dynamics for RECQL4 protein at the site of laser-induced DSB and that it might play important roles in efficient repair of DSB's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Rossi ML, Ghosh AK, Kulikowicz T, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Conserved helicase domain of human RecQ4 is required for strand annealing-independent DNA unwinding. DNA Repair (Amst) 2010; 9:796-804. [PMID: 20451470 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans have five members of the well conserved RecQ helicase family: RecQ1, Bloom syndrome protein (BLM), Werner syndrome protein (WRN), RecQ4, and RecQ5, which are all known for their roles in maintaining genome stability. BLM, WRN, and RecQ4 are associated with premature aging and cancer predisposition. Of the three, RecQ4's biological and cellular roles have been least thoroughly characterized. Here we tested the helicase activity of purified human RecQ4 on various substrates. Consistent with recent results, we detected ATP-dependent RecQ4 unwinding of forked duplexes. However, our results provide the first evidence that human RecQ4's unwinding is independent of strand annealing, and that it does not require the presence of excess ssDNA. Moreover, we demonstrate that a point mutation of the conserved lysine in the Walker A motif abolished helicase activity, implying that not the N-terminal portion, but the helicase domain is solely responsible for the enzyme's unwinding activity. In addition, we demonstrate a novel stimulation of RecQ4's helicase activity by replication protein A, similar to that of RecQ1, BLM, WRN, and RecQ5. Together, these data indicate that specific biochemical activities and protein partners of RecQ4 are conserved with those of the other RecQ helicases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L Rossi
- National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
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Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a genodermatosis presenting with a characteristic facial rash (poikiloderma) associated with short stature, sparse scalp hair, sparse or absent eyelashes and/or eyebrows, juvenile cataracts, skeletal abnormalities, radial ray defects, premature aging and a predisposition to cancer. The prevalence is unknown but around 300 cases have been reported in the literature so far. The diagnostic hallmark is facial erythema, which spreads to the extremities but spares the trunk, and which manifests itself within the first year and then develops into poikiloderma. Two clinical subforms of RTS have been defined: RTSI characterised by poikiloderma, ectodermal dysplasia and juvenile cataracts, and RTSII characterised by poikiloderma, congenital bone defects and an increased risk of osteosarcoma in childhood and skin cancer later in life. The skeletal abnormalities may be overt (frontal bossing, saddle nose and congenital radial ray defects), and/or subtle (visible only by radiographic analysis). Gastrointestinal, respiratory and haematological signs have been reported in a few patients. RTS is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner and is genetically heterogeneous: RTSII is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the RECQL4 helicase gene (detected in 60-65% of RTS patients), whereas the aetiology in RTSI remains unknown. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings (primarily on the age of onset, spreading and appearance of the poikiloderma) and molecular analysis for RECQL4 mutations. Missense mutations are rare, while frameshift, nonsense mutations and splice-site mutations prevail. A fully informative test requires transcript analysis not to overlook intronic deletions causing missplicing. The diagnosis of RTS should be considered in all patients with osteosarcoma, particularly if associated with skin changes. The differential diagnosis should include other causes of childhood poikiloderma (including dyskeratosis congenita, Kindler syndrome and Poikiloderma with Neutropaenia), other rare genodermatoses with prominent telangiectasias (including Bloom syndrome, Werner syndrome and Ataxia-telangiectasia) and the allelic disorders, RAPADILINO syndrome and Baller-Gerold syndrome, which also share some clinical features. A few mutations recur in all three RECQL4 diseases. Genetic counselling should be provided for RTS patients and their families, together with a recommendation for cancer surveillance for all patients with RTSII. Patients should be managed by a multidisciplinary team and offered long term follow-up. Treatment includes the use of pulsed dye laser photocoagulation to improve the telangiectatic component of the rash, surgical removal of the cataracts and standard treatment for individuals who develop cancer. Although some clinical signs suggest precocious aging, life expectancy is not impaired in RTS patients if they do not develop cancer. Outcomes in patients with osteosarcoma are similar in RTS and non-RTS patients, with a five-year survival rate of 60-70%. The sensitivity of RTS cells to genotoxic agents exploiting cells with a known RECQL4 status is being elucidated and is aimed at optimizing the chemotherapeutic regimen for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Larizza
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Roversi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Milan, Italy
- National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ludovica Volpi
- Department of Biology for Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
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Rossi ML, Ghosh AK, Bohr VA. Roles of Werner syndrome protein in protection of genome integrity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2010; 9:331-44. [PMID: 20075015 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Werner syndrome protein (WRN) is one of a family of five human RecQ helicases implicated in the maintenance of genome stability. The conserved RecQ family also includes RecQ1, Bloom syndrome protein (BLM), RecQ4, and RecQ5 in humans, as well as Sgs1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rqh1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and homologs in Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus laevis, and Drosophila melanogaster. Defects in three of the RecQ helicases, RecQ4, BLM, and WRN, cause human pathologies linked with cancer predisposition and premature aging. Mutations in the WRN gene are the causative factor of Werner syndrome (WS). WRN is one of the best characterized of the RecQ helicases and is known to have roles in DNA replication and repair, transcription, and telomere maintenance. Studies both in vitro and in vivo indicate that the roles of WRN in a variety of DNA processes are mediated by post-translational modifications, as well as several important protein-protein interactions. In this work, we will summarize some of the early studies on the cellular roles of WRN and highlight the recent findings that shed some light on the link between the protein with its cellular functions and the disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L Rossi
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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From the rarest to the most common: insights from progeroid syndromes into skin cancer and aging. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2340-50. [PMID: 19387478 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite their rarity, diseases of premature aging, or "progeroid" syndromes, have provided important insights into basic mechanisms that may underlie cancer and normal aging. In this review, we highlight these recent developments in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), Werner syndrome, Bloom syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, trichothiodystrophy, ataxia-telangiectasia, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, and xeroderma pigmentosum. Though they are caused by different mutations in various genes and often result in quite disparate phenotypes, deciphering the molecular bases of these conditions has served to highlight their underlying basic similarities. Studies of progeroid syndromes, particularly HGPS, the most dramatic form of premature aging, have contributed to our knowledge of fundamental processes of importance to skin biology, including DNA transcription, replication, and repair, genome instability, cellular senescence, and stem-cell differentiation.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 17:132-41. [PMID: 19363348 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e32832ad5ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Roles of RECQ helicases in recombination based DNA repair, genomic stability and aging. Biogerontology 2008; 10:235-52. [PMID: 19083132 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of the stability of genetic material is an essential feature of every living organism. Organisms across all kingdoms have evolved diverse and highly efficient repair mechanisms to protect the genome from deleterious consequences of various genotoxic factors that might tend to destabilize the integrity of the genome in each generation. One such group of proteins that is actively involved in genome surveillance is the RecQ helicase family. These proteins are highly conserved DNA helicases, which have diverse roles in multiple DNA metabolic processes such as DNA replication, recombination and DNA repair. In humans, five RecQ helicases have been identified and three of them namely, WRN, BLM and RecQL4 have been linked to genetic diseases characterized by genome instability, premature aging and cancer predisposition. This helicase family plays important roles in various DNA repair pathways including protecting the genome from illegitimate recombination during chromosome segregation in mitosis and assuring genome stability. This review mainly focuses on various roles of human RecQ helicases in the process of recombination-based DNA repair to maintain genome stability and physiological consequences of their defects in the development of cancer and premature aging.
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