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Duarte M, Pedrosa SS, Khusial PR, Madureira AR. Exploring the interplay between stress mediators and skin microbiota in shaping age-related hallmarks: A review. Mech Ageing Dev 2024; 220:111956. [PMID: 38906383 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2024.111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Psychological stress is a major contributing factor to several health problems (e.g., depression, cardiovascular disease). Around 35 % of the world's population suffers from it, including younger generations. Physiologically, stress manifests through neuroendocrine pathways (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and Sympathetic-Adrenal-Medullary (SAM) system) which culminate in the production of stress mediators like cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Stress and its mediators have been associated to body aging, through molecular mechanisms such as telomere attrition, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis, among others. Regarding its impact in the skin, stress impacts its structural integrity and physiological function. Despite this review focusing on several hallmarks of aging, emphasis was placed on skin microbiota dysbiosis. In this line, several studies, comprising different age groups, demographic contexts and body sites, have reported skin microbiota alterations associated with aging, and some effects of stress mediators on skin microbiota have also been reviewed in this paper. From a different perspective, since it is not a "traditional" stress mediator, oxytocin, a cortisol antagonist, has been related to glucorticoids inhibition and to display positive effects on cellular aging. This hormone dysregulation has been associated to psychological issues such as depression, whereas its upregulation has been linked to positive social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Duarte
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, Porto 4169-005, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Santos Pedrosa
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, Porto 4169-005, Portugal
| | - P Raaj Khusial
- Amyris Biotech INC, 5885 Hollis St Ste 100, Emeryville, CA 94608-2405, USA
| | - Ana Raquel Madureira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, Porto 4169-005, Portugal.
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Dos Santos EA, Cavalheiro LAM, Rodrigues D, Machado-Rodrigues A, Silva MR, Nogueira H, Padez C. Is more prolonged sun exposure associated with healthier life habits and obesity indicators in Portuguese children? Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23918. [PMID: 37228007 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sun exposure seems to have an indirect effect on the development of obesity through vitamin D synthesis in the skin, the primary source of this vitamin. The present study aimed to investigate associations among sun exposure time, obesity indicators, and lifestyle habits in children. METHODS A total of 4755 children (3-10 years; 49.86% boys) from the north, center and south-central Portugal were included in the present study. During 2016/2017 children's sun exposure time, screen time, time devoted to the practice of physical activity and active play were collected through standard questionnaires answered by parents. Statistical analyses were conducted to investigate differences among sun exposure time according to the sex, age, obesity indicators and lifestyle habits. RESULTS Linear regression analysis showed that sun exposure time presented a negative association with Body Mass Index (β = -0.09, 95% CI: -0.18; -0.003; p = .042), body fat % (β = -0.31, 95%; CI: -0.54; -0.07; p = .010), computer time (β = -0.08, 95% CI: -0.12; - 0.05; p < .0001) and a positive association with active play time (β = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.17; 0.27; p < .0001) and total time of physical activity practice (β = 10.01, 95% CI: 4.52; 15.20; p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS The results reinforce the need for future guidance on the ideal sun exposure time, especially in children, who are at risk for vitamin D deficiency. Standardization of criteria for classifying optimal sun exposure time in this age group, considering the parameters that affect vitamin D status, such as age and seasonality, should be considered when planning future guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabete A Dos Santos
- Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Rodrigues
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Maria-Raquel Silva
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre-Group of Sleep, Chronobiology and Sleep Disorders-Nova Medical School, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Nogueira
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Geography and Tourism, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Padez
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Pace NP, Vassallo J, Calleja-Agius J. Gestational diabetes, environmental temperature and climate factors - From epidemiological evidence to physiological mechanisms. Early Hum Dev 2021; 155:105219. [PMID: 33046275 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a common metabolic complication of pregnancy that is generally asymptomatic in its clinical course, although it is potentially associated with a wide range of both maternal and foetal complications. The population prevalence of GDM varies widely, depending on the clinical diagnostic criteria, ethnicity, demographics and background prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Climate variability and environmental temperature have recently come to the forefront as potential direct or indirect determinants of human health. The association between GDM and environmental temperature is complex, and studies have often reported conflicting findings. Epidemiologic studies have shown a direct relation between rising environmental temperature and the risk of both GDM and impaired beta cell function. Seasonal trends in the prevalence of GDM have been reported in several populations, with a higher prevalence in summer months. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to explain the GDM-temperature correlation. A growing body of evidence supports a link between temperature, energy expenditure and adipose tissue metabolism. Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, induced by cold temperatures, improves insulin sensitivity. Further biological explanations for the GDM-temperature correlation lie in potential association with low vitamin D levels, which varies according to sunshine exposure. Observational studies are also complicated by lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical activity, that could exhibit seasonal variation. In this review article, we provide a systematic overview of available epidemiological evidence linking environmental temperature and gestational diabetes. Furthermore, the physiological mechanisms that give biological plausibility to association between GDM and temperature are explored. As future climate patterns could drive global changes in GDM prevalence, this knowledge has important implications for both clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Paul Pace
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta.
| | - Josanne Vassallo
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Jean Calleja-Agius
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
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Albers I, Zernickel E, Stern M, Broja M, Busch HL, Heiss C, Grotheer V, Windolf J, Suschek CV. Blue light (λ=453 nm) nitric oxide dependently induces β-endorphin production of human skin keratinocytes in-vitro and increases systemic β-endorphin levels in humans in-vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:78-86. [PMID: 31553937 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
β-Endorphin exerts a broad spectrum of physiological activity on mood, immune functions, pain management, reward effects, and behavioral stability. β-Endorphin is produced in certain neurons within the central and peripheral nervous system but also in the skin, especially in response to ultraviolet radiation. In the present study we have investigated the impact of visible blue light at λ = 453 nm (BL) on β-endorphin production of primary human skin keratinocytes (hKC) in-vitro as well as on systemic β-endorphin formation of whole-body exposed subjects in-vivo. We found that BL irradiation significantly enhanced both keratinocytic β-endorphin production of hKC cultures as well as systemic β-endorphin concentrations in light exposed healthy subjects. Interestingly, in hKC cultures elevated β-endorphin formation was paralleled by significantly increased levels of non-enzymatically generated nitric oxide (NO), whereas elevated systemic β-endorphin values of BL-exposed subjects were accompanied by enhanced systemic concentration of bioactive NO-derivates. These findings point to a pivotal role of NO in the molecular mechanism of the observed BL-induced effects, and indeed, exogenously applied NO was able to significantly enhance β-endorphin production in hKC cultures. Thus, our finding of BL-induced increases in systemic β-endorphin concentration in-vivo can be plausibly explained by an event sequence comprising 1.) BL-driven non-enzymatic formation of NO in the exposed skin tissue, 2.) systemic distribution of cutaneously produced NO in the form of bioactive nitroso compounds, 3.) a subsequent NO-dependent induction of β-endorphin synthesis in epidermal keratinocytes, and 4.) probably also a NO-dependent modulation of β-endorphin synthesis in specialized neurons within the central and peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Albers
- Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Erika Zernickel
- Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manuel Stern
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melanie Broja
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Lucas Busch
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Heiss
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; Surrey and Sussex NHS Healthcare Trust, Redhill, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Grotheer
- Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Windolf
- Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph V Suschek
- Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Chen Y, Liu Z, Lin Z, Shi X. Eye Signs in Pituitary Disorders. Neurol India 2019; 67:979-982. [PMID: 31512618 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.266265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The eye is a vital sense organ and plays a vital role in conveying the underlying physical and mental state of wellbeing of an individual. A comprehensive examination of the eye is often required in patients presenting with systemic complaints. Many endocrine disorders have characteristic manifestations pertaining to the eye, the classical being the exophthalmos in thyrotoxicosis. However, a cursory eye evaluation may lead to the identification of early features that can help in the diagnosis of other endocrine disorders. This is more common in cases of pituitary mass lesions, who often present with the functional hormonal alterations rather than the visual symptoms. The definitive therapy during the late stages of the disease leads to persisting visual disabilities and affects the quality of life. Hence, the endocrinologists and ophthalmologists need to be aware of various ophthalmic features in the pituitary disorders. In this review, we highlight the eye signs in pituitary disorders, along with a brief description of uncommon ocular-pituitary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiiated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiiated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhihui Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiiated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaozhe Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiiated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Gorman S, Lucas RM, Allen-Hall A, Fleury N, Feelisch M. Ultraviolet radiation, vitamin D and the development of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 16:362-373. [PMID: 28009891 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00274a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is increasing in prevalence in many countries around the world. Its causes have been traditionally ascribed to a model where energy intake exceeds energy consumption. Reduced energy output in the form of exercise is associated with less sun exposure as many of these activities occur outdoors. This review explores the potential for ultraviolet radiation (UVR), derived from sun exposure, to affect the development of obesity and two of its metabolic co-morbidities, type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. We here discuss the potential benefits (or otherwise) of exposure to UVR based on evidence from pre-clinical, human epidemiological and clinical studies and explore and compare the potential role of UVR-induced mediators, including vitamin D and nitric oxide. Overall, emerging findings suggest a protective role for UVR and sun exposure in reducing the development of obesity and cardiometabolic dysfunction, but more epidemiological and clinical research is required that focuses on measuring the direct associations and effects of exposure to UVR in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia. and National Centre of Epidemiology and Public Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Aidan Allen-Hall
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
| | - Naomi Fleury
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Plonka PM, Szaflarski JP, Paus R. How UV Light Touches the Brain and Endocrine System Through Skin, and Why. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1992-2007. [PMID: 29546369 PMCID: PMC5905393 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The skin, a self-regulating protective barrier organ, is empowered with sensory and computing capabilities to counteract the environmental stressors to maintain and restore disrupted cutaneous homeostasis. These complex functions are coordinated by a cutaneous neuro-endocrine system that also communicates in a bidirectional fashion with the central nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, all acting in concert to control body homeostasis. Although UV energy has played an important role in the origin and evolution of life, UV absorption by the skin not only triggers mechanisms that defend skin integrity and regulate global homeostasis but also induces skin pathology (e.g., cancer, aging, autoimmune responses). These effects are secondary to the transduction of UV electromagnetic energy into chemical, hormonal, and neural signals, defined by the nature of the chromophores and tissue compartments receiving specific UV wavelength. UV radiation can upregulate local neuroendocrine axes, with UVB being markedly more efficient than UVA. The locally induced cytokines, corticotropin-releasing hormone, urocortins, proopiomelanocortin-peptides, enkephalins, or others can be released into circulation to exert systemic effects, including activation of the central hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, opioidogenic effects, and immunosuppression, independent of vitamin D synthesis. Similar effects are seen after exposure of the eyes and skin to UV, through which UVB activates hypothalamic paraventricular and arcuate nuclei and exerts very rapid stimulatory effects on the brain. Thus, UV touches the brain and central neuroendocrine system to reset body homeostasis. This invites multiple therapeutic applications of UV radiation, for example, in the management of autoimmune and mood disorders, addiction, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
- Correspondence: Andrzej T. Slominski, MD, PhD, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294. E-mail:
| | | | - Przemyslaw M Plonka
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jerzy P Szaflarski
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology and the UAB Epilepsy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Jorde R. RCTS are the only appropriate way to demonstrate the role of vitamin D in health. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 177:10-14. [PMID: 28483601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite thousands of vitamin D studies published, including hundreds of reviews and meta-analyses, it is still uncertain if supplementation with vitamin D will have positive health effects, except for the skeleton. This cannot be answered by doing more observational studies as it is impossible to control for confounding factors and reverse causality. The only way to firmly prove positive vitamin D effects is by doing the properly designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, it has been difficult to show the expected positive effects by vitamin D supplementation in RCTs, which may indicate that the effects, if present must be small. On the other hand, results from Mendelian randomization studies have shown promising results at least for mortality and multiple sclerosis. In the near future, results from several large RCTs with hard endpoints will be available. If these show positive results, the main question on vitamin D and health is answered. If they turn out negative, they will be criticized for having included subjects without vitamin D deficiency, and some studies might not have used an optimal dosing regimen. New and better-designed RCTs will then be needed, but will be very hard to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Jorde
- Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; Division of Internal Medicine, The University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway.
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Fleury N, Geldenhuys S, Gorman S. Sun Exposure and Its Effects on Human Health: Mechanisms through Which Sun Exposure Could Reduce the Risk of Developing Obesity and Cardiometabolic Dysfunction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E999. [PMID: 27727191 PMCID: PMC5086738 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a significant burden on global healthcare due to its high prevalence and associations with chronic health conditions. In our animal studies, ongoing exposure to low dose ultraviolet radiation (UVR, found in sunlight) reduced weight gain and the development of signs of cardiometabolic dysfunction in mice fed a high fat diet. These observations suggest that regular exposure to safe levels of sunlight could be an effective means of reducing the burden of obesity. However, there is limited knowledge around the nature of associations between sun exposure and the development of obesity and cardiometabolic dysfunction, and we do not know if sun exposure (independent of outdoor activity) affects the metabolic processes that determine obesity in humans. In addition, excessive sun exposure has strong associations with a number of negative health consequences such as skin cancer. This means it is very important to "get the balance right" to ensure that we receive benefits without increasing harm. In this review, we detail the evidence around the cardiometabolic protective effects of UVR and suggest mechanistic pathways through which UVR could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Fleury
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, Perth 6872, Australia.
| | - Sian Geldenhuys
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, Perth 6872, Australia.
| | - Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, Perth 6872, Australia.
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Hiramoto K, Yamate Y, Sato EF. The Effects of Ultraviolet Eye Irradiation on Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 92:728-34. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hiramoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science; Suzuka University of Medical Science; Suzuka Mie Japan
| | - Yurika Yamate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science; Suzuka University of Medical Science; Suzuka Mie Japan
| | - Eisuke F. Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science; Suzuka University of Medical Science; Suzuka Mie Japan
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Hiramoto K, Kasahara E. Long-term UVA eye irradiation causes decreased learning ability in mice. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2015; 32:129-35. [PMID: 26662865 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term eye radiation with ultraviolet A (UVA) denatures the cells of the cerebral hippocampus. However, the influence on memory and learning ability in mice is not known. METHODS HR-1 mice were used. We irradiated the eyes or dorsal skin of the mice with UVA at a dose of 110 kJ/m(2) using an FL20SBLB-A lamp for 6, 12, and 24 months. RESULTS The mean escape latency in the water maze was significantly increased in the UVA-irradiated mice in comparison with that seen in the controls. In the mice in which UVA eye irradiation was performed for 24 months, the depression of memory and learning ability was remarkable. The acetylcholinesterase activity, choline acetyltransferase activity, and acetylcholine content in the brain in the UVA eye-irradiated mice were significantly less than those observed in the control mice. Furthermore, during UVA eye irradiation, the levels of β-amyloid (Aβ), γ-secretase, which produces Aβ peptide, and advanced glycation end products increased. Moreover, the effects of UVA eye irradiation increased with the duration of irradiation (or aging), and the introduction of glucose into the brain also decreased with UVA eye irradiation. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that UVA eye irradiation induces a decreased memory and learning ability in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hiramoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
| | - Emiko Kasahara
- Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Slominski AT, Manna PR, Tuckey RC. On the role of skin in the regulation of local and systemic steroidogenic activities. Steroids 2015; 103:72-88. [PMID: 25988614 PMCID: PMC4631694 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian skin is a heterogeneous organ/tissue covering our body, showing regional variations and endowed with neuroendocrine activities. The latter is represented by its ability to produce and respond to neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, hormones and neurohormones, of which expression and phenotypic activities can be modified by ultraviolet radiation, chemical and physical factors, as well as by cytokines. The neuroendocrine contribution to the responses of skin to stress is served, in part, by local synthesis of all elements of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Skin with subcutis can also be classified as a steroidogenic tissue because it expresses the enzyme, CYP11A1, which initiates steroid synthesis by converting cholesterol to pregnenolone, as in other steroidogenic tissues. Pregnenolone, or steroidal precursors from the circulation, are further transformed in the skin to corticosteroids or sex hormones. Furthermore, in the skin CYP11A1 acts on 7-dehydrocholesterol with production of 7-dehydropregnolone, which can be further metabolized to other Δ7steroids, which after exposure to UVB undergo photochemical transformation to vitamin D like compounds with a short side chain. Vitamin D and lumisterol, produced in the skin after exposure to UVB, are also metabolized by CYP11A1 to several hydroxyderivatives. Vitamin D hydroxyderivatives generated by action of CYP11A1 are biologically active and are subject to further hydroxylations by CYP27B1, CYP27A1 and CP24A. Establishment of which intermediates are produced in the epidermis in vivo and whether they circulate on the systemic level represent a future research challenge. In summary, skin is a neuroendocrine organ endowed with steroid/secosteroidogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Pulak R Manna
- Department of immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Yamate Y, Hiramoto K, Kasahara E, Sato EF. UVA irradiation of the eye modulates the contact hypersensitivity of the skin and intestines by affecting mast cells in mice. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2015; 31:129-40. [PMID: 25495784 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation before allergic sensitization induces immunosuppression, but the precise mechanism remained unclear. In this study, we examined the influence of UVA irradiation of the eye on contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and the role of mast cells in CHS. METHODS We used two types of haptens, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC: a Th2 type hapten) and 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one (oxazolone: a Th1 type hapten). A 300 kJ/m(2) dose of UVA irradiation was delivered to the eyes. After UVA irradiation, we sensitized abdominal shaved skin and challenged the ear epidermis and colons of these mice with each hapten. RESULTS After UVA irradiation, the CHS of the skin and colon were not inhibited in the FITC-sensitized mice. However, in the oxazolone-sensitized mice, only the CHS of the skin was inhibited by UVA irradiation. The inflammation of the colon became more severe after UVA irradiation. In mast cell-deficient (W/Wv) mice sensitized to FITC, the CHS was weaker than that in WT mice. Moreover, the reduction of immunosuppression in ear swelling was seen for one of the two models they used. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the mast cells induced by UVA irradiation of the eye have different roles in the epidermis and colon and have different responses to different haptens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Yamate
- Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie, Japan
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The mechanisms and consequences of ultraviolet-induced immunosuppression in the skin and eye. Eye Contact Lens 2011; 37:176-84. [PMID: 21709488 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0b013e31821d7573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) of the skin results in immune suppression to antigens encountered shortly after the exposure. The pathways leading to the downregulation in immunity are complex, initiated by chromophores located at the surface of the skin and ending with the generation of immunosuppressive mediators and regulatory cells. Ultraviolet-induced immunosuppression can be considered not only as beneficial, such as in preventing chronic inflammatory responses and allergic and automimmune reactions, but it can also be detrimental, such as in the lack of control of skin tumors and infectious diseases. The eye is an immune privileged site through a wide variety of mechanisms that allow selected immune responses without causing inflammation. The role of UVR in altering immune responses in the eye is not clear and is discussed in relation to photokeratitis, herpetic stromal keratitis, and pterygium.
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Long-term ultraviolet A irradiation of the eye induces photoaging of the skin in mice. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 304:39-45. [PMID: 22033528 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation by long-term ultraviolet (UV) A initiates the induction of photoaging. However, the mechanisms responsible for the structural changes of skin induced by UVA irradiation of the eye are still unknown. Male hairless mice were used in this study. The eye or dorsal skin was locally exposed to UVA after covering the remaining body surface with aluminum foil at a dose of 110 kJ/m(2) using a FL20SBLB-A lamp for 60 days. The plasma α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), nitrogen oxides (NO(2)/NO(3)), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and the prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) content all increased after UVA irradiation. The levels of NO(2)/NO(3), TNF-α, and PGE(2) also increased more after UVA skin irradiation than after UVA eye irradiation. However, the level of α-MSH increased more by eye irradiation than skin irradiation. In addition, UVA irradiation of the eye and dorsal skin increased the number of mast cells and fibroblasts. Furthermore, the expression of the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) was increased on the fibroblast surface by UVA irradiation of the eye. These results indicate that the signal evoked by UVA irradiation of the eye, through the hypothalamo-pituitary proopiomelanocortin system, up-regulated the production of α-MSH. This hormone controls the collagen generation from fibroblasts, thus suggesting that photoaging was induced by UVA irradiation of the eye.
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Norval M, Halliday GM. The consequences of UV-induced immunosuppression for human health. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:965-77. [PMID: 21749399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to UV radiation can cause suppression of specific immune responses. The pathways leading to the down-regulation are complex, starting from the absorption of UV photons by chromophores in the skin and ending with local and systemic changes in immune mediators, the generation of T and B regulatory cells and inhibition of effector and memory T cell activation. The consequences for human health are thought to be both beneficial and adverse. The former are illustrated by protection against polymorphic light eruption, and possible protection against T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases and asthma. The latter are illustrated by skin cancer, cutaneous lupus erythematosus and infectious diseases including vaccination. Many outstanding questions remain in this rapidly developing and controversial area, not least what advice to give the general public regarding their sun exposure. While considerable advances have been made in the development of strategies that preserve the health benefits of sunlight exposure and decrease its detrimental effects, further research is required before optimal levels of protection are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Norval
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
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