1
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Gamarra MD, Dieterle ME, Ortigosa J, Lannot JO, Blanco Capurro JI, Di Paola M, Radusky L, Duette G, Piuri M, Modenutti CP. Unveiling crucial amino acids in the carbohydrate recognition domain of a viral protein through a structural bioinformatic approach. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae068. [PMID: 39214076 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) are protein domains that typically reside near catalytic domains, increasing substrate-protein proximity by constraining the conformational space of carbohydrates. Due to the flexibility and variability of glycans, the molecular details of how these protein regions recognize their target molecules are not always fully understood. Computational methods, including molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, have been employed to investigate lectin-carbohydrate interactions. In this study, we introduce a novel approach that integrates multiple computational techniques to identify the critical amino acids involved in the interaction between a CBM located at the tip of bacteriophage J-1's tail and its carbohydrate counterparts. Our results highlight three amino acids that play a significant role in binding, a finding we confirmed through in vitro experiments. By presenting this approach, we offer an intriguing alternative for pinpointing amino acids that contribute to protein-sugar interactions, leading to a more thorough comprehension of the molecular determinants of protein-carbohydrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo D Gamarra
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEyN-UBA) e Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Pabellón 2 de Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Maria Eugenia Dieterle
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEyN-UBA) e Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Pabellón 2 de Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, United States
| | - Juan Ortigosa
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEyN-UBA) e Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Pabellón 2 de Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Jorge O Lannot
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEyN-UBA) e Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Pabellón 2 de Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Juan I Blanco Capurro
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEyN-UBA) e Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Pabellón 2 de Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Matias Di Paola
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEyN-UBA) e Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Pabellón 2 de Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Leandro Radusky
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEyN-UBA) e Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Pabellón 2 de Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Duette
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Mariana Piuri
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEyN-UBA) e Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Pabellón 2 de Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Carlos P Modenutti
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEyN-UBA) e Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Pabellón 2 de Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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2
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Dieterle ME, Spinelli S, Sadovskaya I, Piuri M, Cambillau C. Evolved distal tail carbohydrate binding modules of L
actobacillus
phage J-1: a novel type of anti-receptor widespread among lactic acid bacteria phages. Mol Microbiol 2017; 104:608-620. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Eugenia Dieterle
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus de Luminy; Case 932 Marseille Cedex 09 13288 France
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques; Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Campus de Luminy; Case 932 Marseille Cedex 09 13288 France
| | - Silvia Spinelli
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus de Luminy; Case 932 Marseille Cedex 09 13288 France
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques; Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Campus de Luminy; Case 932 Marseille Cedex 09 13288 France
| | - Irina Sadovskaya
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France, Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, LR2B/UMT 08, Bassin Napoléon; Boulogne-sur-Mer Cedex BP 120, F-62327 France
| | - Mariana Piuri
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Christian Cambillau
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus de Luminy; Case 932 Marseille Cedex 09 13288 France
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques; Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Campus de Luminy; Case 932 Marseille Cedex 09 13288 France
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3
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Hand S, Gill J, Chu KH. Phage-based extraction of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) produced from synthetic crude glycerol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:317-321. [PMID: 27016679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biodegradable plastic, is an attractive alternative to traditional petrochemical-derived plastics. However, its production is expensive due to high feedstock and extraction costs. As bacteriophages are natural predators to bacteria and specific to their hosts, bacteriophages offer a new and unique means to release PHB from bacteria via cell lysis. This study examined the feasibility of using bacteriophages as an effective bioextractant to release PHB produced by Pseudomonas oleovorans cultured with glycerol containing common impurities which are generated from biodiesel production. While bacteria in stationary growth are known to be immune to bacteriophages, a bacteriophage Ke14 - isolated from soil - could lyse the PHB-filled cells effectively when excess nutrients were provided to trigger cell regrowth. The short-term nutrient treatment facilitated cell lysis with a little expense of PHB depolymerization, offering a new way to release PHB from cells without energy/solvent input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hand
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
| | - Jason Gill
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
| | - Kung-Hui Chu
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA.
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4
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Mahony J, McDonnell B, Casey E, van Sinderen D. Phage-Host Interactions of Cheese-Making Lactic Acid Bacteria. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2016; 7:267-85. [PMID: 26735798 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cheese production is a global biotechnological practice that is reliant on robust and technologically appropriate starter and adjunct starter cultures to acidify the milk and impart particular flavor and textural properties to specific cheeses. To this end, lactic acid bacteria, including Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc spp., are routinely employed. However, these bacteria are susceptible to infection by (bacterio)phages. Over the past decade in particular, significant advances have been achieved in defining the receptor molecules presented by lactococcal host bacteria and in the structural analysis of corresponding phage-encoded receptor-binding proteins. These lactococcal model systems are expanding toward understanding phage-host interactions of other LAB species. Ultimately, such scientific efforts will uncover the mechanistic (dis)similarities among these phages and define how these phages recognize and infect their hosts. This review presents the current status of the LAB-phage interactome, highlighting the most recent and significant developments in this active research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology;,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland;
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5
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Exposing the secrets of two well-known Lactobacillus casei phages, J-1 and PL-1, by genomic and structural analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7107-21. [PMID: 25217012 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02771-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage J-1 was isolated in 1965 from an abnormal fermentation of Yakult using Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota, and a related phage, PL-1, was subsequently recovered from a strain resistant to J-1. Complete genome sequencing shows that J-1 and PL-1 are almost identical, but PL-1 has a deletion of 1.9 kbp relative to J-1, resulting in the loss of four predicted gene products involved in immunity regulation. The structural proteins were identified by mass spectrometry analysis. Similarly to phage A2, two capsid proteins are generated by a translational frameshift and undergo proteolytic processing. The structure of gene product 16 (gp16), a putative tail protein, was modeled based on the crystal structure of baseplate distal tail proteins (Dit) that form the baseplate hub in other Siphoviridae. However, two regions of the C terminus of gp16 could not be modeled using this template. The first region accounts for the differences between J-1 and PL-1 gp16 and showed sequence similarity to carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). J-1 and PL-1 GFP-gp16 fusions bind specifically to Lactobacillus casei/paracasei cells, and the addition of l-rhamnose inhibits binding. J-1 gp16 exhibited a higher affinity than PL-1 gp16 for cell walls of L. casei ATCC 27139 in phage adsorption inhibition assays, in agreement with differential adsorption kinetics observed for both phages in this strain. The data presented here provide insights into how Lactobacillus phages interact with their hosts at the first steps of infection.
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6
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Sijtsma L, Sterkenburg A, Wouters JT. Properties of the Cell Walls of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SK110 and SK112 and Their Relation to Bacteriophage Resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 54:2808-11. [PMID: 16347779 PMCID: PMC204377 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.11.2808-2811.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SK110 to bacteriophage sk11G, encoded on the plasmid pSK112, is due to poor phage adsorption. Its phage-sensitive variant SK112, cured of pSK112, adsorbs phages effectively. Incubation of SK112 with concanavalin A remarkably reduced phage adsorption to this strain. This treatment also caused agglutination of SK112 that was not found with SK110, indicating different concanavalin A adsorption characteristics of cell walls of both strains. The differences between the two strains were reduced by a mild alkali treatment of cells. This resulted in a positive agglutination with concanavalin A for both strains and in parallel adsorption of phage sk11G to both. Moreover, isolated cell walls of the two strains were investigated, and both bound phage sk11G. These observations suggest the presence of phage receptor material in SK112 as well as in SK110. SK110 contained a relatively high level of bound galactose when compared with the phage-sensitive SK112. After the mild alkali treatment, however, the galactose content of SK110 was diminished such that it became comparable with that of SK112. It is hypothesized that the alkali treatment liberates a galactose-containing component from the cell wall and causes phage sensitivity in L. lactis subsp. cremoris SK110.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sijtsma
- Biotechnology Centre, Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Capra M, Binetti A, Mercanti D, Quiberoni A, Reinheimer J. Diversity among Lactobacillus paracasei phages isolated from a probiotic dairy product plant. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1350-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Capra ML, Del L Quiberoni A, Ackermann HW, Moineau S, Reinheimer JA. Characterization of a new virulent phage (MLC-A) of Lactobacillus paracasei. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:2414-23. [PMID: 16772557 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A new virulent bacteriophage (MLC-A) was recently isolated in Argentina from a probiotic dairy product containing a strain of Lactobacillus paracasei. Observation of the lysate with an electron microscope revealed bacteriophage particles with an icosahedral capsid of 57 +/- 2 nm; with a collar and a noncontractile tail of 156 +/- 3 nm terminating with a baseplate to which a tail fiber was attached. Therefore, phage MLC-A belongs to the Siphoviridae family. This phage was able to survive the pasteurization process and was resistant to alcohols and sodium hypochlorite (400 mg/kg). Only peracetic acid could inactivate high-titer suspensions of phages in a short time. The maximum rates of phage adsorption to its host cells were obtained at 30 degrees C with a pH between 5 and 7, and in the presence of calcium or magnesium ions. The host range of phage MLC-A encompassed L. paracasei and Lactobacillus casei strains, but it was not able to infect Lactobacillus rhamnosus or Lactobacillus gasseri strains. One-step growth kinetics of its lytic development revealed latent and burst periods of 30 and 135 min, respectively, with a burst size of about 69 +/- 4 plaque-forming units per infected cell. Phage MLC-A had a distinctive restriction profile when compared with the 2 well-studied Lactobacillus phages, PL-1 and J-1. The genome size of the MLC-A phage was estimated to be approximately 37 kb. This study presents the description of the first phage specific for L. paracasei isolated in Argentina. The isolation of phage MLC-A indicates that, beside lactic acid bacteria starters, probiotic cultures can also be sensitive to virulent phages in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Capra
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN), Facultad de Ingeniería Química (Universidad Nacional del Litoral), Santiago del Estero 2829, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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9
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Wendlinger G, Loessner MJ, Scherer S. Bacteriophage receptors on Listeria monocytogenes cells are the N-acetylglucosamine and rhamnose substituents of teichoic acids or the peptidoglycan itself. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1996; 142 ( Pt 4):985-992. [PMID: 8936325 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-142-4-985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Different approaches were used to examine the function of teichoic acids (TA) as phage receptors among selected Listeria strains, and to identify and characterize specific receptor structures of host cells belonging to different serovars. This included successive removal of cell wall constituents, preparation and purification of TA, and GLC analysis of TA components. Adsorption of Listeria monocytogenes bacteriophages could be inhibited by polyvalent antisera, specific lectins and addition of purified TA. The results confirmed the necessity of TA in general and of rhamnose and glucosamine in particular for adsorption of Listeria phage A118, which is a temperate Siphovirus (morphotype B1), attacking predominantly serovars 1/2. Host binding of siphoviral phage A500 (predominantly lysing serovars 4b), was also dependent on cell wall TA. A phage-resistant L. monocytogenes strain was shown to lack glucosamine in its TA. These results support the view that TA substituents may play an important role not only in antigenicity of Listeria cells, but also in specificity of host recognition by two temperate Listeria phages. In contrast, the broad-host-range virulent phage A511 (Myovirus, morphotype A1) uses the listerial peptidoglycan as primary receptor. This corresponds well with the observation that A511 is capable of lysing the majority of L. monocytogenes strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Wendlinger
- Institut fur Mikrobiologie, Forschungszentrum fur Milch und Lebensmittel Weihenstephan, Technische Universitat Munchen, Vottinger Str. 45, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Martin J Loessner
- Institut fur Mikrobiologie, Forschungszentrum fur Milch und Lebensmittel Weihenstephan, Technische Universitat Munchen, Vottinger Str. 45, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Siegfried Scherer
- Institut fur Mikrobiologie, Forschungszentrum fur Milch und Lebensmittel Weihenstephan, Technische Universitat Munchen, Vottinger Str. 45, 85350 Freising, Germany
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10
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Monteville MR, Ardestani B, Geller BL. Lactococcal Bacteriophages Require a Host Cell Wall Carbohydrate and a Plasma Membrane Protein for Adsorption and Ejection of DNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:3204-11. [PMID: 16349376 PMCID: PMC201790 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.9.3204-3211.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of the initial steps of bacteriophage infection in
Lactococcus lactis
subsp.
lactis
C2 was investigated by using phages c2, ml3, kh, l, h, 5, and 13. All seven phages adsorbed to the same sites on the host cell wall that are composed, in part, of rhamnose. This was suggested by rhamnose inhibition of phage adsorption to cells, competition between phage c2 and the other phages for adsorption to cells, and rhamnose inhibition of lysis of phage-inoculated cultures. The adsorption to the cell wall was found to be reversible upon dilution of the cell wall-adsorbed phage. In a reaction step that apparently follows adsorption to the cell wall, all seven phages adsorbed to a host membrane protein named PIP. This was indicated by the inability of all seven phages to infect a strain selected for resistance to phage c2 and known to have a defective PIP protein. All seven phages were inactivated in vitro by membranes from wild-type cells but not by membranes from the PIP-defective, phage c2-resistant strain. The mechanism of membrane inactivation was an irreversible adsorption of the phage to PIP, as indicated by adsorption of [
35
S] methionine-labeled phage c2 to purified membranes from phage-sensitive cells but not to membranes from the resistant strain, elimination of adsorption by pretreatment of the membranes with proteinase K, and lack of dissociation of
35
S from the membranes upon dilution. Following membrane adsorption, ejection of phage DNA occurred rapidly at 30°C but not at 4°C. These results suggest that many lactococcal phages adsorb initially to the cell wall and subsequently to host cell membrane protein PIP, which leads to ejection of the phage genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Monteville
- Department of Microbiology, The Center for Gene Research and Biotechnology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3804
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11
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Schäfer A, Geis A, Neve H, Teuber M. Bacteriophage receptors of Lactococcus lactissubsp. âdiacetylactisâ F7/2 and Lactococcus lactissubsp. cremorisWg2â1. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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12
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Valyasevi R, Sandine WE, Geller BL. The bacteriophage kh receptor of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris KH is the rhamnose of the extracellular wall polysaccharide. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:1882-9. [PMID: 2116761 PMCID: PMC184526 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.6.1882-1889.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A receptor for bacteriophages of lactic acid bacteria, including Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris KH, was found on the cell wall and not on the cell membrane, as determined by a phage-binding assay of sodium dodecyl sulfate- and mutanolysin-treated cell walls. The cell wall carbohydrates of L. lactis subsp. cremoris KH were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and found to contain rhamnose, galactose, glucose and N-acetylglucosamine. Similar analysis of mutants that were reduced in the ability to bind phages kh, 643, c2, ml3, and 1 indicated that galactose was essential for binding all phages. In addition, rhamnose was required for binding phages kh and ml3. Inhibition studies of phage binding by using two different lectins with a specificity for galactose indicated that phage kh may not bind directly to galactose. Rather, galactose may be an essential structural component located in the vicinity of the receptor. Incubation of any of the five phages with rhamnose or of phage kh with purified cell walls inactivated the phages. Inactivation required divalent cations and was irreversible. Inactivation of phages was stereospecific for rhamnose, as neither L-(+)- nor D-(-)-fucose (the stereoisomers of rhamnose) inhibited the phage. Furthermore, phage infection of a culture was completely inhibited by the addition of rhamnose to the medium. Therefore, the receptor for phage kh appears to be a rhamnose component of the extracellular wall polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Valyasevi
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-3804
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13
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Sato K, Saito H, Tomioka H, Yokokura T. Enhancement of host resistance against Listeria infection by Lactobacillus casei: efficacy of cell wall preparation of Lactobacillus casei. Microbiol Immunol 1988; 32:1189-200. [PMID: 2853287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1988.tb01483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall, cytoplasm, polysaccharide, and peptidoglycan fractions prepared from Lactobacillus casei, L. plantarum, and L. acidophilus were examined for their efficacies to enhance resistance of host mice against Listeria monocytogenes infection. Intraperitoneal injections of those cellular fractions of L. casei led to elicitation of inflammatory cells in the peritoneal cavity and the efficacy was highest in the case of peptidoglycan. Macrophage ratio in the resultant peritoneal exudate cells was also highest in mice given peptidoglycan. Macrophages induced with cell wall fraction of L. casei showed the most potent phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-triggered respiratory burst (chemiluminescence and O2- production determined on the basis of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction) followed by those elicited with peptidoglycan. All the macrophages induced with cell wall of L. casei (two strains) and L. acidophilus enhanced O2- production in response to PMA but L. plantarum did not enhance O2(-)-producing ability in such a manner. The L. casei-cell wall also enhanced in vitro listericidal activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages, but such an activity was not noted in the case of L. acidophilus-cell wall. When mice were intravenously given the cellular fractions 7 or 13 days before L. monocytogenes infection, cell wall fractions of L. casei caused the most potent protective activity. A weak protective activity was also found in peptidoglycan of L. casei. Therefore, the protective action of L. casei against L. monocytogenes infection in host mice may be attributed to cell wall compounds and partially to the peptidoglycan moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shimane Medical University
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14
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Abstract
Lactobacilli are members of the bacterial flora of lactic starter cultures used to generate lactic acid fermentation in a number of animal or plant products used as human or animals foods. They can be affected by phage outbreaks, which can result in faulty and depreciated products. Two groups of phages specific of Lactobacillus casei have been thoroughly studied. 1. The first group is represented by phage PL-1. This phage behaves as lytic in its usual host L. casei ATCC 27092, but can lysogenize another strain, L. casei ATCC 334. Bacterial receptors of this phage are located in a cell-wall polysaccharide and rhamnose is the main component of the receptors. Ca2+ and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are indispensable to ensure the injection of the phage DNA into the bacterial cell. The phage DNA is double-stranded, mostly linear, but with cohesive ends which enables it to be circularized. The vegetative growth of PL-1 proceeds according to the classical mode. Cell lysis is produced by an N-acetyl-muramidase at the end of vegetative growth. 2. The second group is represented by the temperate phage phi FSW of L. casei ATCC27139. It has been shown how virulent phages originate from this temperate phage in Japanese dairy plants. The lysogenic state of phi FSW can be altered either by point mutations or by the insertion of a mobile genetic element called ISL 1, which comes from the bacterial chromosome. This is the first transposable element that has been described in lactobacilli. Lysogeny appears to be widespread among lactobacilli since one study showed that 27% of 148 strains studied, representing 15 species, produced phage particles after induction by mitomycin C. Similarly, 23 out of 30 strains of Lactobacillus salivarius are lysogenic and produce, after induction by mitomycin C, temperate phages, killer particles, or defective phages. Temperate phages have also been found in 10 out of 105 strains of Lactobacillus bulgaricus or Lactobacillus lactis after induction by mitomycin C. Phages so far studied of the latter 2 and closely related lactobacilli, either temperate or isolated as lytic, may be divided into 4 unrelated groups called a, b, c and d. Most of these phages are found in group a and an unquestionable relationship has already been shown between lytic phages and temperate phages that belong to this group. Lytic phage LL-H of L. lactis LL 23, isolated in Finland, is one of the most representative of those of group a and has been extensively studied on the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sechaud
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Laitière, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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SAITO H. Enhancement of Host Resistance to Bacterial and Viral Infections by Lactobacillus casei. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.12938/bifidus1982.7.1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Watanabe T, Shiomi T. Effect of plant lectins on gamma phage receptor sites of Bacillus anthracis. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1976; 20:147-9. [PMID: 820896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1976.tb00921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sarimo SS, Hartiala M, Aaltonen L. Preparation and partial characterization of a Lactobacillus lactis bacteriophage. Arch Microbiol 1976; 107:UNKNOWN. [PMID: 1259512 DOI: 10.1007/bf00446839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High-titer lysates of a bacteriophage active against Lactobacillus lactis were prepared from liquid cultures as well as from areas of confluent lysis in soft-agar overlayers. Phage concentration and purification were accomplished by means of polyethylene glycol precipitation, differential centrifugation. The buoyant density of this phage in cesium chloride was 1.4795 g/ml. Characterization of phage growth cycle by one-step growth experiments under optimal conditions showed that the latent period was about 120 min, that the rise period lasted approx. 130 min, and that the average burst-size was about 80.
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Watanabe T, Shiomi T. Inhibiting materials for gamma phage adsorption to the cell wall of Bacillus anthracis, strain Pasteur No. 2-H. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1975; 19:115-21. [PMID: 807761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1975.tb00857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell wall preparations of Bacillus anthracis, strain Pasteur No. 2-H, were treated with heat or with acetone and ether. Both of the treated cell walls preparations inactivated gamma phage. The centrifuged supernatant of the heat-treated cell walls was fractionated on Sephadex G-200, and four fractions containing reducing sugars were obtained. The first fraction had the phage-inactivating activity. On the other hand, the fourth fraction had no phage-inactivating activity, but strongly inhibited phage adsorption to the cell walls. In the fourth fraction, glutamic acid, alanine, 2,6-diaminopimelic acid and glucosamine were detected by paper chromatography after acid hydrolysis. Authentic D, L-2, 6-diaminopimelic acid and D-glucosamine markedly inhibited phage adsorption to the cell walls. D-Galactosamine, D-mannosamine and L-lysine also showed similar activities. Results suggest the possibility that one or a combination of these substances defines the characteristics of phage adsorption to the cell walls of B. anthracis, strain Pasteur No. 2-H.
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