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Monogenic susceptibility to live viral vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:167-175. [PMID: 34107321 PMCID: PMC9586878 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Live attenuated viral vaccines (LAV) have saved millions of lives globally through their capacity to elicit strong, cross-reactive and enduring adaptive immune responses. However, LAV can also act as a Trojan horse to reveal inborn errors of immunity, thereby highlighting important protective elements of the healthy antiviral immune response. In the following article, we draw out these lessons by reviewing the spectrum of LAV-associated disease reported in a variety of inborn errors of immunity. We note the contrast between adaptive disorders, which predispose to both LAV and their wild type counterparts, and defects of innate immunity in which parenterally delivered LAV behave in a particularly threatening manner. Recognition of the underlying pathomechanisms can inform our approach to disease management and vaccination in a wider group of individuals, including those receiving immunomodulators that impact the relevant pathways.
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2
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Shi Z, Zou J, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Noriega J, Zhang B, Zhao C, Ingle H, Bittinger K, Mattei LM, Pruijssers AJ, Plemper RK, Nice TJ, Baldridge MT, Dermody TS, Chassaing B, Gewirtz AT. Segmented Filamentous Bacteria Prevent and Cure Rotavirus Infection. Cell 2019; 179:644-658.e13. [PMID: 31607511 PMCID: PMC7525827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) encounters intestinal epithelial cells amidst diverse microbiota, opening possibilities of microbes influencing RV infection. Although RV clearance typically requires adaptive immunity, we unintentionally generated RV-resistant immunodeficient mice, which, we hypothesized, reflected select microbes protecting against RV. Accordingly, such RV resistance was transferred by co-housing and fecal transplant. RV-protecting microbiota were interrogated by heat, filtration, and antimicrobial agents, followed by limiting dilution transplant to germ-free mice and microbiome analysis. This approach revealed that segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) were sufficient to protect mice against RV infection and associated diarrhea. Such protection was independent of previously defined RV-impeding factors, including interferon, IL-17, and IL-22. Colonization of the ileum by SFB induced changes in host gene expression and accelerated epithelial cell turnover. Incubation of RV with SFB-containing feces reduced infectivity in vitro, suggesting direct neutralization of RV. Thus, independent of immune cells, SFB confer protection against certain enteric viral infections and associated diarrheal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenda Shi
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jun Zou
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xu Zhao
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Noriega
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benyue Zhang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harshad Ingle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa M Mattei
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrea J Pruijssers
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Neuroscience Institute, GSU, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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3
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Pöyhönen L, Bustamante J, Casanova JL, Jouanguy E, Zhang Q. Life-Threatening Infections Due to Live-Attenuated Vaccines: Early Manifestations of Inborn Errors of Immunity. J Clin Immunol 2019; 39:376-390. [PMID: 31123910 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00642-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) can protect humans against 12 viral and three bacterial diseases. By definition, any clinical infection caused by a LAV that is sufficiently severe to require medical intervention attests to an inherited or acquired immunodeficiency that must be diagnosed or identified. Self-healing infections can also result from milder forms of immunodeficiency. We review here the inherited forms of immunodeficiency underlying severe infections of LAVs. Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) underlying bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), oral poliovirus (OPV), vaccine measles virus (vMeV), and oral rotavirus vaccine (ORV) disease have been described from 1951, 1963, 1966, and 2009 onward, respectively. For each of these four LAVs, the underlying IEIs show immunological homogeneity despite genetic heterogeneity. Specifically, BCG disease is due to inborn errors of IFN-γ immunity, OPV disease to inborn errors of B cell immunity, vMeV disease to inborn errors of IFN-α/β and IFN-λ immunity, and ORV disease to adaptive immunity. Severe reactions to the other 11 LAVs have been described yet remain "idiopathic," in the absence of known underlying inherited or acquired immunodeficiencies, and are warranted to be the focus of research efforts. The study of IEIs underlying life-threatening LAV infections is clinically important for the affected patients and their families, as well as immunologically, for the study of the molecular and cellular basis of host defense against both attenuated and parental pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pöyhönen
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Qian Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Duponchel S, Troupin C, Vu LT, Schnuriger A, Trugnan G, Garbarg-Chenon A. Transfection of exogenous rotavirus rearranged RNA segments in cells infected with a WT rotavirus results in subsequent gene rearrangements. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2089-2098. [PMID: 24906979 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.065573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses, members of the family Reoviridae, are a major cause of infantile acute gastroenteritis. The rotavirus genome consists of 11 dsRNA segments. In some cases, an RNA segment is replaced by a rearranged RNA segment, which is derived from its standard counterpart by partial sequence duplication. It has been shown that some rearranged segments are preferentially encapsidated into viral progenies after serial passages in cell culture. Based on this characteristic, a reverse genetics system was used previously to introduce exogenous segment 7 rearrangements into an infectious rotavirus. This study extends this reverse genetics system to RNA segments 5 and 11. Transfection of exogenous rotavirus rearranged RNA segment 5 or 11 into cells infected with a WT helper rotavirus (bovine strain RF) resulted in subsequent gene rearrangements in the viral progeny. Whilst recombinant viruses were rescued with an exogenous rearranged segment 11, the exogenous segment was modified by a secondary rearrangement. The occurrence of spontaneous rearrangements of WT or exogenous segments is a major hindrance to the use of this reverse genetics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Duponchel
- ERL U1157/UMR 7203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Troupin
- ERL U1157/UMR 7203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Lan Trang Vu
- ERL U1157/UMR 7203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Schnuriger
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,ERL U1157/UMR 7203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Germain Trugnan
- ERL U1157/UMR 7203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Garbarg-Chenon
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,ERL U1157/UMR 7203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
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5
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Glass RI, Parashar U, Patel M, Gentsch J, Jiang B. Rotavirus vaccines: successes and challenges. J Infect 2013; 68 Suppl 1:S9-18. [PMID: 24156947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Since 2006, the availability of two new rotavirus vaccines has raised enthusiasm to consider the eventual control and elimination of severe rotavirus diarrhea through the global use of vaccines. Rotavirus remains the most severe cause of acute diarrhea in children worldwide responsible for several hundred thousands of deaths in low income countries and up to half of hospital admissions for diarrhea around the world. The new vaccines have been recommended by WHO for all infants and in more than 47 countries, their introduction into routine childhood immunization programs has led to a remarkable decline in hospital admissions and even deaths within 3 years of introduction. Challenges remain with issues of vaccine finance globally and the problem that these live oral vaccines perform less well in low income settings where they are needed most. Ongoing research that will accompany vaccine introduction might help address these issues of efficacy and new vaccines and novel financing schemes may both help make these vaccines universally available and affordable in the decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger I Glass
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Mailstop 2220, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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6
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Tokuhara D, Álvarez B, Mejima M, Hiroiwa T, Takahashi Y, Kurokawa S, Kuroda M, Oyama M, Kozuka-Hata H, Nochi T, Sagara H, Aladin F, Marcotte H, Frenken LGJ, Iturriza-Gómara M, Kiyono H, Hammarström L, Yuki Y. Rice-based oral antibody fragment prophylaxis and therapy against rotavirus infection. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3829-38. [PMID: 23925294 DOI: 10.1172/jci70266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus-induced diarrhea is a life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals and in children in developing countries. We have developed a system for prophylaxis and therapy against rotavirus disease using transgenic rice expressing the neutralizing variable domain of a rotavirus-specific llama heavy-chain antibody fragment (MucoRice-ARP1). MucoRice-ARP1 was produced at high levels in rice seeds using an overexpression system and RNAi technology to suppress the production of major rice endogenous storage proteins. Orally administered MucoRice-ARP1 markedly decreased the viral load in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice. The antibody retained in vitro neutralizing activity after long-term storage (>1 yr) and boiling and conferred protection in mice even after heat treatment at 94°C for 30 minutes. High-yield, water-soluble, and purification-free MucoRice-ARP1 thus forms the basis for orally administered prophylaxis and therapy against rotavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tokuhara
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Troupin C, Schnuriger A, Duponchel S, Deback C, Schnepf N, Dehee A, Garbarg-Chenon A. Rotavirus rearranged genomic RNA segments are preferentially packaged into viruses despite not conferring selective growth advantage to viruses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20080. [PMID: 21611152 PMCID: PMC3096661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The rotavirus (RV) genome consists of 11 double-stranded RNA segments. Sometimes, partial sequence duplication of an RNA segment leads to a rearranged RNA segment. To specify the impact of rearrangement, the replication efficiencies of human RV with rearranged segments 7, 11 or both were compared to these of the homologous human wild-type RV (wt-RV) and of the bovine wt-RV strain RF. As judged by viral growth curves, rotaviruses with a rearranged genome (r-RV) had no selective growth advantage over the homologous wt-RV. In contrast, r-RV were selected over wt-RV during competitive experiments (i.e mixed infections between r-RV and wt-RV followed by serial passages in cell culture). Moreover, when competitive experiments were performed between a human r-RV and the bovine wt-RV strain RF, which had a clear growth advantage, rearranged segments 7, 11 or both always segregated in viral progenies even when performing mixed infections at an MOI ratio of 1 r-RV to 100 wt-RV. Lastly, bovine reassortant viruses that had inherited a rearranged segment 7 from human r-RV were generated. Although substitution of wt by rearranged segment 7 did not result in any growth advantage, the rearranged segment was selected in the viral progenies resulting from mixed infections by bovine reassortant r-RV and wt-RV, even for an MOI ratio of 1 r-RV to 107 wt-RV. Lack of selective growth advantage of r-RV over wt-RV in cell culture suggests a mechanism of preferential packaging of the rearranged segments over their standard counterparts in the viral progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Troupin
- Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Schnuriger
- Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
- ERL U1057/UMR 7203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Duponchel
- Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
- ERL U1057/UMR 7203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Claire Deback
- Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Schnepf
- Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Axelle Dehee
- Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Garbarg-Chenon
- Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
- ERL U1057/UMR 7203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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8
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Kiulia NM, Nyaundi JK, Peenze I, Nyachieo A, Musoke RN, Steele AD, Mwenda JM. Rotavirus infections among HIV-infected children in Nairobi, Kenya. J Trop Pediatr 2009; 55:318-23. [PMID: 19276145 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmp016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human rotaviruses have emerged as a leading cause of acute diarrhea in children <5 years of age worldwide. Although there are previous reports relating to various aspects of rotaviruses, there is limited data on the involvement of rotavirus infection in HIV-infected children. We therefore evaluated the importance of rotavirus infections in HIV-related diarrhea in Kenyan children. Fecal samples were collected from a total of 207 children during the period February 1999 to June 2000 and screened for HRV antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive samples were analyzed by VP6 subgroup specificity assay, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Fourteen percent (29/207) of the samples were positive. HIV-seropositive children with diarrhea were more likely than their counterparts without diarrhea to have rotaviruses [23.3% (10/43) versus 2.9% (2/70); p = 0.0001]. Rotavirus strain G3P[6] was predominant. These results indicate that rotavirus is an important viral etiological agent causing diarrhea in HIV-seropositive children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Kiulia
- Enteric Viruses Research Group, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya.
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9
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Feng N, Kim B, Fenaux M, Nguyen H, Vo P, Omary MB, Greenberg HB. Role of interferon in homologous and heterologous rotavirus infection in the intestines and extraintestinal organs of suckling mice. J Virol 2008; 82:7578-90. [PMID: 18495762 PMCID: PMC2493311 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00391-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that viremia and extraintestinal rotavirus infection are common in acutely infected humans and animals, while systemic diseases appear to be rare. Intraperitoneal infection of newborn mice with rhesus rotavirus (RRV) results in biliary atresia (BA), and this condition is influenced by the host interferon response. We studied orally inoculated 5-day-old suckling mice that were deficient in interferon (IFN) signaling to evaluate the role of interferon on the outcome of local and systemic infection after enteric inoculation. We found that systemic replication of RRV, but not murine rotavirus strain EC, was greatly enhanced in IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma receptor double-knockout (KO) or STAT1 KO mice but not in mice deficient in B- or T-cell immunity. The enhanced replication of RRV was associated with a lethal hepatitis, pancreatitis, and BA, while no systemic disease was observed in strain EC-infected interferon-deficient mice. In IFN-alpha/beta receptor KO mice the extraintestinal infection and systemic disease were only moderately increased, while RRV infection was not augmented and systemic disease was not present in IFN-gamma receptor KO mice. The increase of systemic infection in IFN-deficient mice was also observed during simian strain SA11 infection but not following bovine NCDV, porcine OSU, or murine strain EW infection. Our data indicate that the requirements for the interferon system to inhibit intestinal and extraintestinal viral replication in suckling mice vary among different heterologous and homologous rotavirus strains, and this variation is associated with lethal systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Feng
- Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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10
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Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L. 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings. Am J Infect Control 2007; 35:S65-164. [PMID: 18068815 PMCID: PMC7119119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1633] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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van der Donck I, van Hoovels L, de Leener K, Goegebuer T, Vanderwegen L, Frans J, Rahman M, van Ranst M. [Severe diarrhea due to rotavirus infection in a Belgian hospital 1981-2002]. Acta Clin Belg 2003; 58:12-8. [PMID: 12723257 DOI: 10.1179/acb.2003.58.1.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus infections are a major cause of severe diarrhea in children younger than 2 years. In Belgium they cause many hospitalizations because of dehydration. A study of the laboratory diagnosis of rotavirus infections in 28.251 stool samples at a university teaching hospital in Belgium during a twenty-year period (1981-2002) showed a marked seasonality. The virus was most often diagnosed during the winter months: 54% of the rotavirus isolates were found in the first three months of the year, with 21% of the positive samples occurring in February. Recently, rotaviruses can be genotyped based on differences in the viral outer capsid protein VP7. Vaccines are currently being developed against the four most prevalent genotypes G1, G2, G3 and G4. During the last three epidemic seasons (1999-2002) in Belgium, G1 was the most prevalent genotype and accounted for 62% of the rotavirus isolates recovered. G2, G3 and G4 were also isolated, and other emerging types need to be carefully monitored too, since G9 (45%) was co-dominant with G1 (42%) in the 2000-2001 rotavirus season in Belgium. The future development of an efficient rotavirus vaccine will need to take the diversity of the rotavirus genotypes into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- I van der Donck
- Laboratorium Klinische en Epidemiologische Virologie, Rega Instituut, Leuven, België
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12
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Mori I, Matsumoto K, Sugimoto K, Kimura M, Daimon N, Yokochi T, Kimura Y. Prolonged shedding of rotavirus in a geriatric inpatient. J Med Virol 2002; 67:613-5. [PMID: 12116013 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study concerns a nosocomial rotaviral infection of a geriatric patient with clinical symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. The virological diagnosis was based on the detection of rotaviral antigens using a Rota kit, viral genome RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method, and viral particles by electron microscopy in the stool samples. Prolonged rotaviral shedding was suggested to be due to impaired natural killer cell activity, possibly together with deficiency of specific local immune response of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Mori
- Pediatrics Department, Koyo Hospital, Fukui, Japan
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13
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Abstract
Human rotaviruses, discovered nearly 20 years ago, have been proven to be major cause of paediatric diarrhoeal disease morbidity and mortality. The clinical significance of these viruses stimulated basic studies on their biology, molecular and antigenic properties and epidemiology. General features, clinical relevance, epidemiologic pattern and laboratory diagnosis of human rotavirus infections are here reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Donelli
- Laboratorio di Ultrastrutture, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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