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The Vibriolysin-Like Protease VnpA and the Collagenase ColA Are Required for Full Virulence of the Bivalve Mollusks Pathogen Vibrio neptunius. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040391. [PMID: 33917401 PMCID: PMC8067407 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio neptunius is an important pathogen of bivalve mollusks worldwide. Several metalloproteases have been described as virulence factors in species of Vibrio that are pathogenic to bivalves, but little is known about the contribution of these potential virulence factors to Vibrio neptunius pathogenesis. In silico analysis of the genome of V. neptunius strain PP-145.98 led to the identification of two hitherto uncharacterized chromosomal loci encoding a probable vibriolysin-like metalloprotease and a putative collagenase, which were designated VnpA and ColA, respectively. Single defective mutants of each gene were obtained in V. neptunius PP-145.98, and the phospholipase, esterase and collagenase activities were studied and compared with those of the wild-type strain. The results showed that the single inactivation of vnpA resulted in a 3-fold reduction in phospholipase/esterase activity. Inactivation of colA reduced the collagenase activity by 50%. Finally, infection challenges performed in oyster larvae showed that ΔvnpA and ΔcolA—single mutant strains of V. neptunius—are between 2–3-fold less virulent than the wild-type strain. Thus, the present work demonstrates that the production of both VnpA and ColA is required for the full virulence of the bivalve pathogen V. neptunius.
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Abdel-Sattar ES, Miyoshi SI, Elgaml A. Regulation ofVibrio mimicusmetalloprotease (VMP) production by the quorum-sensing master regulatory protein, LuxR. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:1051-1058. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- El-Shaymaa Abdel-Sattar
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku Okayama Japan
- Chemical Industries Development Company; Assiut Egypt
| | - Shin-ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku Okayama Japan
| | - Abdelaziz Elgaml
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku Okayama Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Mansoura University; Elgomhouria Street Mansoura Egypt
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Miyoshi SI. Extracellular proteolytic enzymes produced by human pathogenic vibrio species. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:339. [PMID: 24302921 PMCID: PMC3831164 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in the genus Vibrio produce extracellular proteolytic enzymes to obtain nutrients via digestion of various protein substrates. However, the enzymes secreted by human pathogenic species have been documented to modulate the bacterial virulence. Several species including Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus are known to produce thermolysin-like metalloproteases termed vibriolysin. The vibriolysin from V. vulnificus, a causative agent of serious systemic infection, is a major toxic factor eliciting the secondary skin damage characterized by formation of the hemorrhagic brae. The vibriolysin from intestinal pathogens may play indirect roles in pathogenicity because it can activate protein toxins and hemagglutinin by the limited proteolysis and can affect the bacterial attachment to or detachment from the intestinal surface by degradation of the mucus layer. Two species causing wound infections, V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus, produce another metalloproteases so-called collagenases. Although the detailed pathological roles have not been studied, the collagenase is potent to accelerate the bacterial dissemination through digestion of the protein components of the extracellular matrix. Some species produce cymotrypsin-like serine proteases, which may also affect the bacterial virulence potential. The intestinal pathogens produce sufficient amounts of the metalloprotease at the small intestinal temperature; however, the metalloprotease production by extra-intestinal pathogens is much higher around the body surface temperature. On the other hand, the serine protease is expressed only in the absence of the metalloprotease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Okayama, Japan
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Mizuno T, Sultan SZ, Kaneko Y, Yoshimura T, Maehara Y, Nakao H, Tsuchiya T, Shinoda S, Miyoshi SI. Modulation of Vibrio mimicus hemolysin through limited proteolysis by an endogenous metalloprotease. FEBS J 2009; 276:825-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shinoda S, Miyoshi SI, Wakae H, Rahman M, Tomochika KI. Bacterial Proteases as Pathogenic Factors, with Special Emphasis on Vibrio Proteases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15569549609064086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Vibrio are normal habitants of the aquatic environment and play roles for biocontrole of aquatic ecosystem, but some species are believed to be human pathogens. These species can be classified into two groups according to the types of diseases they cause: the gastrointestinal infections and the extraintestinal infections. The pathogenic species produce various pathogenic factors including enterotoxin, hemolysin, cytotoxin, protease, siderophore, adhesive factor, and hemagglutinin. We studied various pathogenic factors of vibrios with special emphasis on protease and hemolysin of V. vulnificus. V. vulnificus is now recognized as being among the most rapidly fatal of human pathogens, although the infection is appeared in patients having underlying disease(s) such as liver dysfunction, alcoholic cirrhosis or haemochromatosis. V. vulnificus protease (VVP) is thought to be a major toxic factor causing skin damage in the patients having septicemia. VVP is a metalloprotease and degrades a number of biologically important proteins including elastin, fibrinogen, and plasma proteinase inhibitors of complement components. VVP causes skin damages through activation of the Factor XII-plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade and/or exocytotic histamine release from mast cells, and a haemorrhagic lesion through digestion of the vascular basement membrane. Thus, the protease is the most probable candidate for tissue damage and bacterial invasion during an infection. Pathogenic roles and functional mechanism of other factors including hemolysins of V. vulnificus and V. mimicus are also shown in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumio Shinoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Abstract
The prevalence of the two-chromosome configuration was investigated in 34 species of vibrios and closely related species. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of undigested genomic DNA suggested that vibrios commonly have two chromosomes. The size of the large chromosome is predominantly within a narrow range (3.0 to 3.3 Mb), whereas the size of the small chromosome varies considerably among the vibrios (0.8 to 2.4 Mb). This fact suggests that the structure of the small chromosome is more flexible than that of the large chromosome during the evolution of vibrios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Okada
- Department of Bacterial Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Watanabe H, Miyoshi SI, Kawase T, Tomochika KI, Shinoda S. High growing ability of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 1 is essential for production of a toxic metalloprotease causing systemic diseases in humans. Microb Pathog 2004; 36:117-23. [PMID: 14726228 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus biotype 1, a causative agent of fatal septicemia or wound infection in humans, is known to produce a toxic metalloprotease as an important virulence determinant. V. vulnificus biotype 2 (serovar E), a primary eel pathogen, was found to elaborate an extracellular metalloprotease that was indistinguishable from that of biotype 1. The potential of V. vulnificus biotype 1 for production of the metalloprotease was compared with biotype 2 and other human non-pathogenic Vibrio species (Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio proteolyticus). When cultivated at 25 degrees C in tryptone-yeast extract broth supplemented with 0.9% NaCl, all bacteria multiplied sufficiently and secreted significant amounts of the metalloprotease. However, at 37 degrees C with 0.9% NaCl, V. anguillarum neither grew nor produced the metalloprotease. In human serum, only V. vulnificus biotype 1 revealed a steady multiplication accompanied with production of the extracellular metalloprotease. This prominent ability of biotype 1 in growth and protease production may contribute to cause serious systemic diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Watanabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
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Miyoshi SI, Sonoda Y, Wakiyama H, Rahman MM, Tomochika KI, Shinoda S, Yamamoto S, Tobe K. An exocellular thermolysin-like metalloprotease produced by Vibrio fluvialis: purification, characterization, and gene cloning. Microb Pathog 2002; 33:127-34. [PMID: 12220989 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.2002.0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An exocellular metalloprotease produced by Vibrio fluvialis, an enteropathogenic vibrio, was purified and characterized. The metalloprotease (V. fluvialis protease [VFP]) was found to have very similar characteristics to V. vulnificus protease, including a molecular mass of 45kDa, sensitivity to chelating agents or competitive inhibitors for thermolysin-like metalloproteases, and the substrate specificity. The structural gene for VFP was also cloned, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence confirmed that VFP was a member of the thermolysin family. VFP, like V. vulnificus protease, showed the haemagglutinating, permeability-enhancing and haemorrhagic activities in addition to the proteolytic activity toward oligopeptide, casein or elastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Miyoshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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Guhathakurta B, Sasmal D, Ghosh AN, Kumar R, Saha P, Biswas D, Khetawat D, Datta A. Adhesion and invasion of a mutant Shigella flexneri to an eukaryotic cell line in absence of the 220-kb virulence plasmid. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 181:267-75. [PMID: 10585548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A Shigella flexneri strain, cured of the large 220-kb virulence plasmid, expresses adhering and invading ability in confluent monolayers of HeLa cells similar to its parent strain. Invasion by both the parent and the cured strains resulted in alteration of the monomeric actin (G) in the total actin pool of HeLa cells. Other indicators of invasive characteristics of virulent Shigella strains such as production of keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pig eye in vivo, Congo red binding and expression of contact hemolysin however, indicated loss of invasive properties in the plasmid cured strain. Further, pretreatment of bacterial cells with para-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB), a specific chemical inhibitor of phospholipase A, adversely affected adhesion to and invasion of HeLa cells in vitro, irrespective of the presence of the 220-kb plasmid indicating the possible involvement of the enzyme phospholipase A in the invasion process. Adherence of both the strains to guinea pig colonic epithelial cells (CECs) in vitro was reduced significantly on pretreatment of bacteria or CECs with p-BPB. Expression of exocellular enzymes viz. protease, elastase, phospholipase A and phospholipase C were not related to the large plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Guhathakurta
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Calcutta, India.
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Miyoshi S, Kawata K, Tomochika K, Shinoda S. The hemagglutinating action of Vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease. Microbiol Immunol 1999; 43:79-82. [PMID: 10100751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1999.tb02376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus protease (VVP), a 45-kDa zinc metalloprotease, consists of two functional domains: an N-terminal 35-kDa polypeptide having endoproteinase activity, and a C-terminal 10-kDa polypeptide that mediates the binding of VVP to the erythrocyte membrane. Therefore, VVP, but not its N-terminal endoproteinase domain alone, has agglutinating activity to rabbit erythrocytes. When a single zinc atom in the catalytic center was substituted by treatment with CuCl2 or NiCl2, proteolytic and hemagglutinating activities were reduced by Ni substitution but not by Cu substitution. Cu-treated 35-kDa polypeptide showed sufficient affinity of the catalytic center and weak binding ability to the erythrocyte membrane, but the Ni-treated polypeptide did not. These results suggest that the binding of endoproteinase domain to membrane is also necessary for hemagglutination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miyoshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Fukuda K, Hamaguchi N, Oda T, Ishimatsu A, Muramatsu T. Hemagglutinating activity of extracellular alkaline metalloendopeptidases from Vibrio sp. NUF-BPP1. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1998; 62:1157-60. [PMID: 9692199 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.62.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline metalloendopeptidase (metalloprotease) AP1 (48 kDa) from Vibrio sp. isolated from the intestine of a five-barred goatfish (Parupeneus trifasciatus) was reported in our previous paper to produce AP2 (36 kDa) by releasing a peptide fragment (molecular mass of about 12 kDa) from the C-terminal end of AP1 by autodigestion. AP1 strongly agglutinated fish (flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus) and rabbit erythrocytes, and weakly chicken erythrocytes. In contrast, AP2 had no significant hemagglutinating activity toward any erythrocytes tested, except for weak activity on flounder erythrocytes, suggesting that the C-terminal region of AP1 may be required for the strong hemagglutinating activity. The optimum temperature for the hemagglutinating activity of AP1 was found to be lower than that for the proteolytic activity. At acidic pHs (below pH 7.5), the hemagglutinating activity of AP1 decreased, and its pH profile resembled that of the proteolytic activity. The hemagglutinating activity of AP1 was not observed in the presence of o-phenanthroline or synthetic and proteinous substrates, but different kinds of saccharides and lipids had no effect. While the proteolytic activity of AP1 was not affected by CaCl2, the hemagglutinating activity of AP1 decreased with increases in CaCl2 concentrations. These results suggested that the hemagglutinating activity of these proteases (AP1 and AP2) was most likely caused by their proteolytic action on erythrocyte cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukuda
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Japan
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Miyoshi S, Wakae H, Tomochika K, Shinoda S. Functional domains of a zinc metalloprotease from Vibrio vulnificus. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:7606-9. [PMID: 9393733 PMCID: PMC179719 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.23.7606-7609.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic human pathogen causing wound infection and septicemia, secretes a 45-kDa metalloprotease (V. vulnificus protease; VVP). A plasmid which carries the entire vvp gene subcloned into pBluescriptIIKS+ was transformed into Escherichia coli DH5alpha for overproduction of the protease. The 45-kDa recombinant protease (rVVP) was isolated from the periplasmic fraction of the transformant by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by column chromatography on phenyl Sepharose. Biochemical characterization of the isolated rVVP showed that the recombinant protease was identical to that produced by V. vulnificus. When rVVP was incubated at 37 degrees C, a 35-kDa fragment was generated through autoproteolytic removal of the C-terminal peptide. This 35-kDa fragment (rVVP-N) was found to have sufficient proteolytic activity toward oligopeptides and soluble proteins but had markedly reduced activity toward insoluble proteins. Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis indicated increased Km values of rVVP-N for all of the protein substrates. rVVP, but not rVVP-N, was shown to agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes, bind to the erythrocyte ghosts, and digest the ghost membrane proteins. These results strongly suggest that rVVP (and VVP) consists of at least two functional domains: an N-terminal 35-kDa polypeptide mediating proteolysis and a C-terminal 10-kDa polypeptide which may be essential for efficient attachment to protein substrates and erythrocyte membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miyoshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Japan.
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Role of a protease in the adherence and enterotoxicity ofVibrio mimicus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02770805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Alam M, Miyoshi SI, Tomochika KI, Shinoda S. Purification and characterization of novel hemagglutinins from Vibrio mimicus: a 39-kilodalton major outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 1996; 64:4035-41. [PMID: 8926065 PMCID: PMC174333 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.10.4035-4041.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two hemagglutinins (HAs) mediating the agglutinability to rabbit erythrocytes were isolated from 32-h culture supernatant of enterotoxigenic strain E-33 of Vibrio mimicus by ultrafiltration followed by gel filtration and anion-exchange column chromatography. The HAs were designated R-HA and C-HA on the basis of specific hemagglutinating activity towards rabbit erythrocytes only (R-HA) and towards chicken and rabbit erythrocytes (C-HA). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequent staining with Coomassie brilliant blue revealed no detectable protein band and a single band of Mr 39,000 in the case of R-HA and C-HA, respectively. However, silver staining of the gel containing R-HA revealed the appearance of low-molecular-weight material. These two HAs differed from each other and from previously reported HA/protease in receptor specificity, molecular composition, and biochemical and immunochemical properties. No simple sugar other than glycoproteins, including mucin, inhibited hemagglutinating activities of both C-HA and R-HA. Rabbit antibody against R-HA or C-HA could agglutinate E-33 whole cells, implying a possible cell surface origin of the two HAs. The isolated E-33 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or its polysaccharide moiety conferred biochemical and immunochemical properties identical to those of R-HA, confirming that the R-HA represents polysaccharide of LPS. The LPS preparations from heterologous strains of Vibrio mimicus and Vibrio cholerae non-O1 confirmed that the hemagglutinating ability is a common function of LPS. On the other hand, the antibody against C-HA specifically recognized a major outer membrane protein (OMP) with an Mr of around 39,000 in both homologous and heterologous strains of V. mimicus, suggesting an OMP origin of C-HA. Furthermore, the antibody recognized a major OMP with an Mr of around 37,000 in V. cholerae. Although the immunogenicity of LPS and OMP is well documented for important intestinal pathogens, the hemagglutinating properties of such attractive cell surface components are hitherto unrecognized and will definitely contribute towards understanding their role in bacterial adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alam
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan
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