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Rainard P, Gilbert FB, Germon P, Foucras G. Invited review: A critical appraisal of mastitis vaccines for dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10427-10448. [PMID: 34218921 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the mammary gland remain a frequent disease of dairy ruminants that negatively affect animal welfare, milk quality, farmer serenity, and farming profitability and cause an increase in use of antimicrobials. There is a need for efficacious vaccines to alleviate the burden of mastitis in dairy farming, but this need has not been satisfactorily fulfilled despite decades of research. A careful appraisal of past and current research on mastitis vaccines reveals the peculiarities but also the commonalities among mammary gland infections associated with the major mastitis pathogens Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae, or Streptococcus dysgalactiae. A major pitfall is that the immune mechanisms of effective protection have not been fully identified. Until now, vaccine development has been directed toward the generation of antibodies. In this review, we drew up an inventory of the main approaches used to design vaccines that aim at the major pathogens for the mammary gland, and we critically appraised the current and tentative vaccines. In particular, we sought to relate efficacy to vaccine-induced defense mechanisms to shed light on some possible reasons for current vaccine shortcomings. Based on the lessons learned from past attempts and the recent results of current research, the design of effective vaccines may take a new turn in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Rainard
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Florence B Gilbert
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Pierre Germon
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Gilles Foucras
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Toulouse, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, 31076 Toulouse, France
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2
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Staphylococcus aureus in veterinary medicine. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:602-15. [PMID: 23974078 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic pathogen in humans and one of the most important pathogenic Staphylococcus species in veterinary medicine. S. aureus is dangerous because of its deleterious effects on animal health and its potential for transmission from animals to humans and vice-versa. It thus has a huge impact on animal health and welfare and causes major economic losses in livestock production. Increasing attention is therefore being paid to both livestock and companion animals in terms of this pathogen. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the animal host adaptation of S. aureus. Different types of S. aureus infections in animals are also presented, with particular emphasis on mastitis in dairy herds, which is probably the costliest and therefore the best documented S. aureus infection seen in animals.
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Holmes C, Wrobel JS, MacEachern MP, Boles BR. Collagen-based wound dressings for the treatment of diabetes-related foot ulcers: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2013; 6:17-29. [PMID: 23357897 PMCID: PMC3555551 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s36024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers are a major source of morbidity, limb loss, and mortality. A prolonged inflammatory response, extracellular matrix degradation irregularities, and increased bacteria presence have all been hypothesized as major contributing factors in the delayed healing of diabetic wounds. Collagen components such as fibroblast and keratinocytes are fundamental to the process of wound healing and skin formation. Wound dressings that contain collagen products create a biological scaffold matrix that supports the regulation of extracellular components and promotes wound healing. METHODS A systematic review of studies reporting collagen wound dressings used in the treatment of Diabetic foot ulcers was conducted. Comprehensive searches were run in Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and ISI Web of Science to capture citations pertaining to the use of collagen wound dressings in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. The searches were limited to human studies reported in English. RESULTS Using our search strategy, 26 papers were discussed, and included 13 randomized designs, twelve prospective cohorts, and one retrospective cohort, representing 2386 patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Our design was not a formal meta-analysis. In those studies where complete epithelialization, 58% of collagen-treated wounds completely healed (weighted mean 67%). Only 23% of studies reported control group healing with 29% healing (weighted mean 11%) described for controls. CONCLUSION Collagen-based wound dressings can be an effective tool in the healing of diabetic foot wounds. The current studies show an overall increase in healing rates despite limitations in study designs. This study suggests that future works focus on biofilms and extracellular regulation, and include high risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Holmes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Correspondence: Crystal Holmes, The University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Dominos Farms (Lobby C, Suite 1300), 24 Frank Lloyd, Wright Drive, PO Box 451, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-0451, USA, Tel +1 734 647 5400, Fax +1 734 647 2145, Email
| | - James S Wrobel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark P MacEachern
- A Alfred Taubman Health Sciences Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Blaise R Boles
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Ross CL, Liang X, Liu Q, Murray BE, Höök M, Ganesh VK. Targeted protein engineering provides insights into binding mechanism and affinities of bacterial collagen adhesins. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34856-65. [PMID: 22865854 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.371054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The collagen-binding bacterial proteins, Ace and Cna, are well characterized on the biochemical and structural level. Despite overall structural similarity, recombinant forms of the Ace and Cna ligand-binding domains exhibit significantly different affinities and binding kinetics for collagen type I (CI) in vitro. In this study, we sought to understand, in submolecular detail, the bases for these differences. Using a structure-based approach, we engineered Cna and Ace variants by altering specific structural elements within the ligand-binding domains. Surface plasmon resonance-based binding analysis demonstrated that mutations that are predicted to alter the orientation of the Ace and Cna N(1) and N(2) subdomains significantly affect the interaction between the MSCRAMM (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecule) and CI in vitro, including affinity, association/dissociation rates and binding ratio. Moreover, we utilized this information to engineer an Ace variant with an 11,000-fold higher CI affinity than the parent protein. Finally, we noted that several engineered proteins that exhibited a weak interaction with CI recognized more sites on CI, suggesting an inverse correlation between affinity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caná L Ross
- Center for Inflammatory and Infectious Disease, Institute for Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Effects of an immunomodulatory feed additive on the development of mastitis in a mouse infection model using four bovine-origin isolates. Animal 2011; 5:220-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110001850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Zhu YM, Miao JF, Fan HJ, Zou SX, Chen WH. Protective effect of CpG-DNA against mastitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus infection in a rat model. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:435-43. [PMID: 17321466 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A mastitis model in rats, induced by Staphylococcus aureus infection, was established and the protective effect of CpG-DNA on this model was determined. A S. aureus suspension containing 2 x 10(3) CFU.mL(-1) (SL group), 2 x 10(5) CFU.mL(-1) (SH group) or 100 microL PBS (CON group) was inoculated into the mammary glands of rats 72 h after parturition. The rats were euthanized at 24 h post-infection. The histopathologic changes in mammary tissue from SL were mild, whereas the structural changes of the mammary gland from SH were severe and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) accumulated in mammary alveoli. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and N-acetyl-beta-d-Glucosaminidase (NAGase) in mammary tissue from SH were significantly increased, however, those from SL were not significantly changed. Therefore, 2 x 10(5) CFU.mL(-1) was selected to test the potential protective effect of CpG-DNA on mammary glands. CpG-DNA (200 microg) or PBS (100 microL) controls were intramuscularly injected right after parturition of rats. At 72 h post-partum, 2 x 10(5) CFU.mL(-1)of S. aureus (100 microL) were inoculated into the mammary gland of all rats and at pre-infection (0 h), 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h after inoculation six rats were euthanatized. CpG-DNA induced more rapid migration of PMNs from blood to mammary tissue at the initial stage of infection, stimulated the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-alpha at different time points, reduced viable S. aureus in mammary tissue and decreased the activity of NAGase. CpG-DNA also promoted the expression of its specific receptor TLR-9 mRNA in mammary tissue. In conclusion, CpG-DNA protected against S. aureus mastitis in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China.
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Abstract
Mastitis is a major infectious disease affecting high yielding cows in dairy herds. Because of its economic impact and due to the animal welfare policy, the pathogenesis of this intramammary infection was studied extensively over the past 50 years. Still, the costs associated with the use of dairy cows for mastitis research constitute a major drawback. As an alternative, a mouse model of experimentally induced mastitis was developed some decades ago. This model has been increasingly used as it appears to be very suited for studying ruminant mastitis due to similarities between mice and cows. The various techniques for inducing mastitis in mice as well as the different pathogens and initial inoculum doses used are also compared in this review. Moreover, recent findings concerning the administration of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agents are discussed. In addition, information is provided on the most novel approaches for the study of mastitis including the use of mutant pathogen strains and transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Notebaert
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Zong Y, Xu Y, Liang X, Keene DR, Höök A, Gurusiddappa S, Höök M, Narayana SVL. A 'Collagen Hug' model for Staphylococcus aureus CNA binding to collagen. EMBO J 2005; 24:4224-36. [PMID: 16362049 PMCID: PMC1356329 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural basis for the association of eukaryotic and prokaryotic protein receptors and their triple-helical collagen ligand remains poorly understood. Here, we present the crystal structures of a high affinity subsegment of the Staphylococcus aureus collagen-binding CNA as an apo-protein and in complex with a synthetic collagen-like triple helical peptide. The apo-protein structure is composed of two subdomains (N1 and N2), each adopting a variant IgG-fold, and a long linker that connects N1 and N2. The structure is stabilized by hydrophobic inter-domain interactions and by the N2 C-terminal extension that complements a beta-sheet on N1. In the ligand complex, the collagen-like peptide penetrates through a spherical hole formed by the two subdomains and the N1-N2 linker. Based on these two structures we propose a dynamic, multistep binding model, called the 'Collagen Hug' that is uniquely designed to allow multidomain collagen binding proteins to bind their extended rope-like ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinong Zong
- School of Optometry and Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaowen Liang
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Agneta Höök
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shivasankarappa Gurusiddappa
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Magnus Höök
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030-3303, USA. Tel.: +1 713 677 7552; Fax: +1 713 677 7576; E-mail:
| | - Sthanam V L Narayana
- School of Optometry and Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1025 18th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. Tel.: +1 205 934 0119; Fax: +1 205 975 0538; E-mail:
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Brouillette E, Malouin F. The pathogenesis and control of Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis: study models in the mouse. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:560-8. [PMID: 15777742 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The intramammary colonisation by Staphylococcus aureus provokes mastitis in the cow. Once established, the infection is difficult to eradicate with available therapies and may become chronic. The present article focuses on the use of the experimental mouse model of S. aureus-induced mastitis as a practical approach for the study of bovine mastitis. Results obtained regarding the pathogenesis of S. aureus and the development of new therapeutic approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Brouillette
- Centre d'étude et de valorisation de la diversité microbienne (CEVDM), Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Que., Canada, J1K 2R1.
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Xu Y, Liang X, Chen Y, Koehler TM, Höök M. Identification and biochemical characterization of two novel collagen binding MSCRAMMs of Bacillus anthracis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:51760-8. [PMID: 15456768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406417200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell wall-anchored proteins play critical roles in the pathogenesis of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Through the analysis of the genome of Bacillus anthracis Ames strain, we identified two novel putative cell wall-anchored proteins, BA0871 and BA5258, which have sequence homology to CNA, a cell wall-anchored collagen adhesin of Staphylococcus aureus. The two proteins have similar domain organization to that of CNA, with typical signal peptide sequences, a non-repetitive A region followed by repeats, and a characteristic cell wall-anchoring region. They are expressed on the surface of B. anthracis. The A regions of the two proteins were predicted to adopt similar structural folds as CNA. Circular dichroism analysis of the recombinant A regions of the two proteins (rBA0871A and rBA5258A) indicate that their secondary structure compositions are similar to those of the A regions of CNA and other cell wall-anchored adhesins. We demonstrate through solid phase binding assays and surface plasmon resonance analyses that rBA0871A and rBA5258A specifically bound type I collagen in a dose-dependent and saturable manner. Their dissociation constants (KD) for collagen are 1.6-3.2 microm for rBA0871A and 0.6-0.9 microm for rBA5258A, respectively. We further demonstrate that BA0871 and BA5258 can mediate cell attachment to collagen when expressed on the surface of a heterologous host bacterium. To our knowledge these are the first two adhesins of B. anthracis described, which may have important implications for our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms explored by this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- The Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Albert B. Alkek Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Brouillette E, Grondin G, Lefebvre C, Talbot BG, Malouin F. Mouse mastitis model of infection for antimicrobial compound efficacy studies against intracellular and extracellular forms of Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Microbiol 2004; 101:253-62. [PMID: 15261998 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Revised: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the general in vitro susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolates that cause infectious bovine mastitis, the pathogen remains difficult to eradicate with the available antibiotics. The capacity to survive intracellularly has been proposed as a factor contributing to the persistence of S. aureus in the bovine mammary gland. The costs associated with the use of cows or goats to assess the in vivo efficacy of new antibacterial compounds constitute a major drawback. Therefore, in the present study, a mouse model of intramammary infection has been characterized for in vivo testing of new experimental drugs. An inoculum of 100 CFU of S. aureus per gland caused an important level of infection with minimal tissue damage as observed at 24 h post-inoculation. By microscopy, polymorphonuclear neutrophil cell infiltration of the infected mammary glands was observed to increase over time. At 12-24 h of infection, the pathogen was primarily found alive and dividing in neutrophils and occasionally within mammary epithelial cells. Intramuscular or intravenous injections of cephapirin at t = 0 and 10 h reduced the number of CFU/g of gland in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the mouse model of infectious mastitis proposed here is suitable for primary evaluation of experimental drugs after parenteral treatment of intramammary infection with a pathogen such as S. aureus that presents both intracellular and extracellular phases of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Brouillette
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Centre d'Etude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. Université, Canada J1K 2R1
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