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Sardari A, Zarrinfar H, Mohammadi R. Detection of ERG11 point mutations in Iranian fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolates. Curr Med Mycol 2019; 5:7-14. [PMID: 31049452 PMCID: PMC6488286 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.5.1.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Candidiasis is referred to a group of superficial and deep-tissue fungal infections often caused by Candida albicans. The superficial infections affect the oral, oropharynx, esophagus, and vaginal mucosa. The treatment of choice for these infections is the use of azoles, such as fluconazole. However, the increased use of these antifungal agents has led to the emergence of azole-resistant isolates of C. albicans. Different mechanisms have been suggested for the development of drug resistance, such as mutations in the encoding gene ERG11. Mutations in ERG11 result in changes in the ERG11p spatial construction and reduce the affinity between the protein and azole. This study aimed to determine the susceptibility profile of C. albicans clinical isolates to fluconazole using microdilution method. The present research was also targeted toward the detection of mutations that might be related to fluconazole resistance by the amplification and sequencing of ERG11 gene. Materials and Methods This study was conducted on a total of 216 clinical isolates obtained from Mashhad, Isfahan, and Tehran cities in Iran, during 2016-2018. The clinical isolates were identified using molecular techniques. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) was determined according to the clinical and laboratory standards institute M27-A3 and M27-S4 documents. The concentration range for fluconazole was obtained as 0.063-64 μg/ml. In the resistant strains, ERG11 genes were amplified by specific primers. Subsequently, cycle sequencing reactions were performed on purified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products in forward and reverse directions. Finally, the results were analyzed by MEGA (version 7) and Gene Runner software (version 6.5.30). Results Out of 216 strains, 100 (46.3%) species were identified as C. albicans. The MIC values for fluconazole had a range of 0.125-16 μg/ml with the MIC50 and MIC90 values of 0.5 and 1 μg/ml, respectively. Totally, 41 nucleotide changes were detected among 4 resistant isolates. In this regard, 4 out of 41 mutations in codons caused changes in ERG11p; however, these mutations did not lead to fluconazole resistance. Conclusion Fluconazole resistance among clinical isolates is not merely due to the changes in ERG11p. This resistance may be also related to some other mechanisms, such as the prevention of the intracellular accumulation of the antifungal agent and alteration of the target enzyme to diminish drug binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sardari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Zarrinfar
- Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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2
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Brejová B, Lichancová H, Brázdovič F, Hegedűsová E, Forgáčová Jakúbková M, Hodorová V, Džugasová V, Baláž A, Zeiselová L, Cillingová A, Neboháčová M, Raclavský V, Tomáška Ľ, Lang BF, Vinař T, Nosek J. Genome sequence of the opportunistic human pathogen Magnusiomyces capitatus. Curr Genet 2018; 65:539-560. [PMID: 30456648 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The yeast Magnusiomyces capitatus is an opportunistic human pathogen causing rare yet severe infections, especially in patients with hematological malignancies. Here, we report the 20.2 megabase genome sequence of an environmental strain of this species as well as the genome sequences of eight additional isolates from human and animal sources providing an insight into intraspecies variation. The distribution of single-nucleotide variants is indicative of genetic recombination events, supporting evidence for sexual reproduction in this heterothallic yeast. Using RNAseq-aided annotation, we identified genes for 6518 proteins including several expanded families such as kexin proteases and Hsp70 molecular chaperones. Several of these families are potentially associated with the ability of M. capitatus to infect and colonize humans. For the purpose of comparative analysis, we also determined the genome sequence of a closely related yeast, Magnusiomyces ingens. The genome sequences of M. capitatus and M. ingens exhibit many distinct features and represent a basis for further comparative and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronislava Brejová
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Hana Lichancová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Filip Brázdovič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Hegedűsová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Viktória Hodorová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Džugasová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Baláž
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Zeiselová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Cillingová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Neboháčová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladislav Raclavský
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubomír Tomáška
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - B Franz Lang
- Robert Cedergren Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomáš Vinař
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Nosek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Matowane RG, Wieteska L, Bamal HD, Kgosiemang IKR, Van Wyk M, Manume NA, Abdalla SMH, Mashele SS, Gront D, Syed K. In silico analysis of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in chronic granulomatous infectious fungus Sporothrix schenckii: Special focus on CYP51. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1866:166-177. [PMID: 28989052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an emerging chronic, granulomatous, subcutaneous, mycotic infection caused by Sporothrix species. Sporotrichosis is treated with the azole drug itraconazole as ketoconazole is ineffective. It is a well-known fact that azole drugs act by inhibiting cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), heme-thiolate proteins. To date, nothing is known about P450s in Sporothrix schenckii and the molecular basis of its resistance to ketoconazole. Here we present genome-wide identification, annotation, phylogenetic analysis and comprehensive P450 family-level comparative analysis of S. schenckii P450s with pathogenic fungi P450s, along with a rationale for ketoconazole resistance by S. schenckii based on in silico structural analysis of CYP51. Genome data-mining of S. schenckii revealed 40 P450s in its genome that can be grouped into 32 P450 families and 39 P450 subfamilies. Comprehensive comparative analysis of P450s revealed that S. schenckii shares 11 P450 families with plant pathogenic fungi and has three unique P450 families: CYP5077, CYP5386 and CYP5696 (novel family). Among P450s, CYP51, the main target of azole drugs was also found in S. schenckii. 3D modeling of S. schenckii CYP51 revealed the presence of characteristic P450 motifs with exceptionally large reductase interaction site 2. In silico analysis revealed number of mutations that can be associated with ketoconazole resistance, especially at the channel entrance to the active site. One of possible reason for better stabilization of itraconazole, compared to ketoconazole, is that the more extended molecule of itraconazole may form a hydrogen bond with ASN-230. This in turn may explain its effectiveness against S. schenckii vis-a-vis resistant to ketoconazole. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retshedisitswe Godfrey Matowane
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa
| | - Lukasz Wieteska
- Laboratory of Theory of Biopolymers, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hans Denis Bamal
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa
| | - Ipeleng Kopano Rosinah Kgosiemang
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa
| | - Mari Van Wyk
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa
| | - Nessie Agnes Manume
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa
| | - Sara Mohamed Hasaan Abdalla
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa
| | - Samson Sitheni Mashele
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa
| | - Dominik Gront
- Laboratory of Theory of Biopolymers, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Khajamohiddin Syed
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa.
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Principles of a New Protocol for Prediction of Azole Resistance in Candida albicans Infections on the Basis of ERG11 Polymorphisms. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:172-82. [PMID: 27107760 PMCID: PMC4923106 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, Candida albicans infections treatment has become a growing problem because, among others, pathogenic strains are capable to develop resistance to the administered drugs. The elaboration of rapid and accurate method of resistance assessment is an important goal of many studies. They aim to avoid inappropriate dosage or drug choice, which may be life threatening in case of severe candidiasis. Here we propose a new protocol to predict C. albicans infections. The resistance prediction is based on high-resolution melt (HRM) analysis of ERG11 gene, especially, at the particularly unstable regions. Two statistically significant nucleotide polymorphisms were detected among twenty-seven strains isolated from saliva, one of which was silent mutation (Glu266Asp, Leu480Leu). We propose also HRM analysis as a convenient, simple and inexpensive method of preliminary selection of C. albicans DNA samples that vary in ERG11 nucleotide sequence within presumed region. Taken together, our study provides firm basis for the development of fast, simple and reliable methodology for diagnosis of C. albicans infections.
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Hu L, Du X, Li T, Song Y, Zai S, Hu X, Zhang X, Li M. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of Candida albicans strains isolated from infectious disease patients in Shanghai. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:74-83. [PMID: 25351710 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.080200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lvyin Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, No. 2901 Cao Lang Rd, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tianming Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shubei Zai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, No. 2901 Cao Lang Rd, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiangnan Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, No. 2901 Cao Lang Rd, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Research Unit, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, No. 2901 Cao Lang Rd, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, PR China
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Reduced susceptibility of Candida albicans clinical isolates to azoles and detection of mutations in the ERG11 gene. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 77:327-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang J, Liu W, Tan J, Sun Y, Wan Z, Li R. Antifungal Activity of Geldanamycin Alone or in Combination with Fluconazole Against Candida species. Mycopathologia 2013; 175:273-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-012-9612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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8
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Manastır L, Ergon MC, Yücesoy M. Investigation of mutations in Erg11 gene of fluconazole resistant Candida albicans isolates from Turkish hospitals. Mycoses 2011; 54:99-104. [PMID: 19732347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Widespread use of fluconazole has resulted in resistance in strains of Candida. The aim of our study was to investigate Y132H and other mutations in the ERG11 gene in conferring fluconazole resistance to C. albicans isolates. Seven fluconazole-resistant (R)/susceptible dose-dependent (SDD)/trailing and 10 fluconazole-susceptible (S) isolates were included. Restriction enzyme analysis was performed on all isolates for Y132H mutation and sequence analysis was performed for other mutations in the ERG11 gene. None of our strains had Y132H mutation. One single mutation (D153E, E266D, D116E, V437I) was detected in isolates 348, 533, 644, 1453, 2157, while the others had more than one nucleotide change. D116E and E266D, which were two mutations found in fluconazole R/SDD/trailing isolates with the highest frequency, were also detected in azole S strains. K143R, G464S, G465S and V488I mutations were determined in three of the R/SDD isolates. S412T and R469K mutations were detected only in this group of strains by sequence analysis. Mutations such as K143R, G464S, G465S, V488I, S412T and R469K in the ERG11 gene were determined to be effective mechanisms in our fluconazole R/SDD C. albicans isolates. Other mechanisms of resistance, such as overexpression of ERG11 and efflux pumps and mutations in the ERG3 gene should also be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerzan Manastır
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey
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9
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Morio F, Loge C, Besse B, Hennequin C, Le Pape P. Screening for amino acid substitutions in the Candida albicans Erg11 protein of azole-susceptible and azole-resistant clinical isolates: new substitutions and a review of the literature. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 66:373-84. [PMID: 20226328 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Revised: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For several years, azole antifungal drugs have been a treatment option for potentially life-threatening Candida infections. However, azole resistance can occur through various mechanisms such as alterations in ERG11, encoding lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51). In this study, we investigated the antifungal susceptibility to fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole of 73 clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Screening for amino acid substitutions in Erg11 was performed on each of the 73 isolates. Twenty isolates displayed a marked decrease in azole susceptibility. Amino acid substitutions were detected in more than two-thirds of the strains. In all, 23 distinct substitutions were identified. Four have not been described previously, among which N136Y and Y447H are suspected to be involved in azole resistance. We suggest that the high genetic polymorphism of ERG11 must be considered in the rationale design of new azole compounds targeting lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase. A review of all Erg11 amino acid polymorphisms described to date is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Morio
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, EA 1155-IICiMed, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes, France
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Cernicka J, Subik J. Resistance mechanisms in fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolates from vaginal candidiasis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 27:403-8. [PMID: 16621465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most frequently identified yeast species causing mycotic vaginitis. A significant number of vaginal yeast isolates are resistant to azole antifungal agents in vitro. Here we investigated the molecular mechanisms of resistance in 22 randomly selected fluconazole-resistant vaginal C. albicans isolates. Twelve isolates in this collection were found to be cross-resistant to itraconazole and 15 to voriconazole. Most of them also displayed decreased susceptibility to terbinafine. Northern blot analyses revealed overexpression of the MDR1 gene in all isolates, which in some isolates was accompanied by elevated levels of CDR1/CDR2 and ERG11 expression. Sequence analysis of the polymerase chain reaction-amplified ERG11 gene of selected azole-resistant isolates identified D116E and V488I amino acid alterations in Erg11p that are known to be conserved in fluconazole-resistant strains. The results demonstrate that decreased susceptibilities of vaginal yeast isolates to clinically used azole derivatives are the result of a combination of several molecular mechanisms involving drug efflux and alterations in the structure or cellular amount of 14-alpha-lanosterol demethylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Cernicka
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Mlynska dolina B-2, 842 15 Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2003; 20:837-44. [PMID: 12886942 DOI: 10.1002/yea.946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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