1
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Hemangiosarcoma cells induce M2 polarization and PD-L1 expression in macrophages. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2124. [PMID: 35136176 PMCID: PMC8826392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06203-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a malignant tumor derived from endothelial cells. Tumor-associated macrophages are one of the major components of tumor microenvironment and crucial for cancer development. The presence and function of macrophages in HSA have not been studied because there is no syngeneic model for HSA. In this study, we evaluated two mouse HSA cell lines and one immortalized mouse endothelial cell line for their usefulness as syngeneic models for canine HSA. Our results showed that the ISOS-1 cell line developed tumors with similar morphology to canine HSA. ISOS-1 cells highly expressed KDM2B and had similar KDM2B target expression patterns with canine HSA. Moreover, we determined that in both ISOS-1 and canine HSA tumors, macrophages were present as a major constituent of the tumor microenvironment. These macrophages were positive for CD204, an M2 macrophage marker, and express PD-L1, an immune checkpoint molecule. Canine HSA with macrophages expressing PD-L1 had a smaller number of T-cells in tumor tissues than tumors with PD-L1 negative macrophages. ISOS-1-conditioned medium could induce M2 polarization and PD-L1 expression in RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line and mouse peritoneal macrophages. These results show that ISOS-1 can be used as a syngenic model for canine HSA and suggest that macrophages play an important role in immune evasion in HSA. Using the syngeneic mouse model for canine HSA, we can further study the role of immune cells in the pathology of HSA.
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2
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Gulay KCM, Aoshima K, Shibata Y, Yasui H, Yan Q, Kobayashi A, Kimura T. KDM2B promotes cell viability by enhancing DNA damage response in canine hemangiosarcoma. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:618-630. [PMID: 34023294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulators have been implicated in tumorigenesis of many types of cancer; however, their roles in endothelial cell cancers such as canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) have not been studied. In this study, we find that lysine-specific demethylase 2b (KDM2B) is highly expressed in HSA cell lines compared with normal canine endothelial cells. Silencing of KDM2B in HSA cells results in increased cell death in vitro compared with the scramble control by inducing apoptosis through the inactivation of the DNA repair pathways and accumulation of DNA damage. Similarly, doxycycline-induced KDM2B silencing in tumor xenografts results in decreased tumor sizes compared with the control. Furthermore, KDM2B is also highly expressed in clinical cases of HSA. We hypothesize that pharmacological KDM2B inhibition can also induce HSA cell death and can be used as an alternative treatment for HSA. We treat HSA cells with GSK-J4, a histone demethylase inhibitor, and find that GSK-J4 treatment also induces apoptosis and cell death. In addition, GSK-J4 treatment decreases tumor size. Therefore, we demonstrate that KDM2B acts as an oncogene in HSA by enhancing the DNA damage response. Moreover, we show that histone demethylase inhibitor GSK-J4 can be used as a therapeutic alternative to doxorubicin for HSA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Christian Montecillo Gulay
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818 Japan
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818 Japan.
| | - Yuki Shibata
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818 Japan
| | - Hironobu Yasui
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818 Japan
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818 Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818 Japan
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3
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Abstract
Control of distribution of mycoplasmal infections in cattle herds is essential in the majority of countries world-wide. Various PCR procedures are available to detect mycoplasmas in cell cultures and bovine mycoplasma in different types of samples. We reviewed some common PCR techniques and specific primers targeted to different bacterial genetic regions of mycoplasma. Several researchers used the same PCR approach and Mycoplasma spp. as a target but their results could not be compared because different primer pairs were used. These methods and primers were first developed to identify mycoplasma species that contaminate animal cell cultures, and then were used by other researchers to differentiate mycoplasmas as a cow infecting agent. Our analysis of the specificity of these primer pairs to nucleotide sequences of five Mycoplasma spp. showed that oligonucleotides have less specificity to them. Numerous commercially available PCR kits are applicable to find mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures and fewer of them can be used in veterinary diagnostics. Although serological and culture techniques are still used, it is necessary to develop a new multiplex PCR technique with a more specific primer set especially in agrarian countries.
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4
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Shats I, Williams JG, Liu J, Makarov MV, Wu X, Lih FB, Deterding LJ, Lim C, Xu X, Randall TA, Lee E, Li W, Fan W, Li JL, Sokolsky M, Kabanov AV, Li L, Migaud ME, Locasale JW, Li X. Bacteria Boost Mammalian Host NAD Metabolism by Engaging the Deamidated Biosynthesis Pathway. Cell Metab 2020; 31:564-579.e7. [PMID: 32130883 PMCID: PMC7194078 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a cofactor for hundreds of metabolic reactions in all cell types, plays an essential role in metabolism, DNA repair, and aging. However, how NAD metabolism is impacted by the environment remains unclear. Here, we report an unexpected trans-kingdom cooperation between bacteria and mammalian cells wherein bacteria contribute to host NAD biosynthesis. Bacteria confer resistance to inhibitors of NAMPT, the rate-limiting enzyme in the amidated NAD salvage pathway, in cancer cells and xenograft tumors. Mechanistically, a microbial nicotinamidase (PncA) that converts nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, a precursor in the alternative deamidated NAD salvage pathway, is necessary and sufficient for this protective effect. Using stable isotope tracing and microbiota-depleted mice, we demonstrate that this bacteria-mediated deamidation contributes substantially to the NAD-boosting effect of oral nicotinamide and nicotinamide riboside supplementation in several tissues. Collectively, our findings reveal an important role of bacteria-enabled deamidated pathway in host NAD metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shats
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Jason G Williams
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mikhail V Makarov
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36606, USA
| | - Xiaoyue Wu
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Fred B Lih
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Leesa J Deterding
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Chaemin Lim
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Xu
- Integrative Bioinformatics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Thomas A Randall
- Integrative Bioinformatics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ethan Lee
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Wenling Li
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Wei Fan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Integrative Bioinformatics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Marina Sokolsky
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Leping Li
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Marie E Migaud
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36606, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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5
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Boonyarattanasoonthorn T, Elewa YHA, Tag-El-Din-Hassan HT, Morimatsu M, Agui T. Profiling of cellular immune responses to Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 73:55-65. [PMID: 31026602 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma infections cause respiratory tract damages and atypical pneumonia, resulting in serious problems in humans and animals worldwide. It is well known that laboratory inbred mouse strains show various susceptibility to Mycoplasma pulmonis (M. pulmonis) infection, which causes murine respiratory mycoplasmosis. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the difference in cellular immune responses between resistant strain, C57BL/6NCrSlc (B6) and susceptible strain, DBA/2CrSlc (D2) after challenging M. pulmonis infection. D2 mice showed higher amount of bacterial proliferation in lung, higher pulmonary infiltration of immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, and higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and tumor necrosis factor-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid than did B6 mice. The results of this study suggest that D2 mice are more susceptible than B6 mice to M. pulmonis infection due to a hyper-immune inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tussapon Boonyarattanasoonthorn
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Hassan T Tag-El-Din-Hassan
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Poultry Production Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Masami Morimatsu
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takashi Agui
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
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6
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Molla Kazemiha V, Bonakdar S, Amanzadeh A, Azari S, Memarnejadian A, Shahbazi S, Shokrgozar MA, Mahdian R. Real-time PCR assay is superior to other methods for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in the cell lines of the National Cell Bank of Iran. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:1063-80. [PMID: 25742733 PMCID: PMC4960155 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are the most important contaminants of cell cultures throughout the world. They are considered as a major problem in biological studies and biopharmaceutical economic issues. In this study, our aim was to find the best standard technique as a rapid method with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in the cell lines of the National Cell Bank of Iran. Thirty cell lines suspected to mycoplasma contamination were evaluated by five different techniques including microbial culture, indirect DNA DAPI staining, enzymatic mycoalert(®) assay, conventional PCR and real-time PCR. Five mycoplasma-contaminated cell lines were assigned as positive controls and five mycoplasma-free cell lines as negative controls. The enzymatic method was performed using the mycoalert(®) mycoplasma detection kit. Real-time PCR technique was conducted by PromoKine diagnostic kits. In the conventional PCR method, mycoplasma genus-specific primers were designed to analyze the sequences based on a fixed and common region on 16S ribosomal RNA with PCR product size of 425 bp. Mycoplasma contamination was observed in 60, 56.66, 53.33, 46.66 and 33.33 % of 30 different cell cultures by real-time PCR, PCR, enzymatic mycoalert(®), indirect DNA DAPI staining and microbial culture methods, respectively. The analysis of the results of the different methods showed that the real-time PCR assay was superior the other methods with the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, predictive value of positive and negative results of 100 %. These values were 94.44, 100, 96.77, 100 and 92.85 % for the conventional PCR method, respectively. Therefore, this study showed that real-time PCR and PCR assays based on the common sequences in the 16S ribosomal RNA are reliable methods with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures and other biological products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Amanzadeh
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Azari
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shirin Shahbazi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Mahdian
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Molla Kazemiha V, Amanzadeh A, Memarnejadian A, Azari S, Shokrgozar MA, Mahdian R, Bonakdar S. Sensitivity of biochemical test in comparison with other methods for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in human and animal cell lines stored in the National Cell Bank of Iran. Cytotechnology 2014; 66:861-73. [PMID: 24493067 PMCID: PMC4158010 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma contamination in cell culture is considered as serious problem in the manufacturing of biological products. Our goal in this research is to find the best standard and rapid method with high sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and predictive values of positive and negative results for detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures of the National Cell Bank of Iran. In this study, 40 cell lines suspected to mycoplasma contamination were evaluated by three different methods: microbial culture, enzymatic mycoalert(®) and molecular. Enzymatic evaluation was performed using the mycoalert(®) kit while in the molecular technique, a universal primer pair was designed based on the common and fixed 16SrRNA ribosomal sequences used. Mycoplasma contaminations in cell cultures with molecular, enzymatic and microbial culture methods were determined as 57.5, 52.5 and 40 %, respectively. These results confirmed the higher rate of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the molecular method in comparison with enzymatic and microbial methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay based on fixed and common sequences in the 16SrRNA, is a useful valuable and reliable technique with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures and other biological products. The enzymatic mycoalert(®) method can be considered as a substitution for conventional microbial culture and DNA staining fluorochrome methods due to its higher sensitivity, specificity and speed of detection (<20 min).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Amanzadeh
- />National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahram Azari
- />National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Mahdian
- />Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- />National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Pestechian N, Hosseini Safa A, Tajedini M, Rostami-Nejad M, Mousavi M, Yousofi H, Haghjooy Javanmard S. Genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus in center of Iran. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:413-8. [PMID: 25246720 PMCID: PMC4170037 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydatid cyst caused by Echinococcus granulosus is one of the most important parasitic diseases around the world and many countries in Asia, including Iran, are involved with this infection. This disease can cause high mortality in humans as well as economic losses in livestock. To date, several molecular methods have been used to determine the genetic diversity of E. granulosus. So far, identification of E. granulosus using real-time PCR fluorescence-based quantitative assays has not been studied worldwide, also in Iran. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of E. granulosus from center of Iran using real-time PCR method. A total of 71 hydatid cysts were collected from infected sheep, goat, and cattle slaughtered in Isfahan, Iran during 2013. DNA was extracted from protoscolices and/or germinal layers from each individual cyst and used as template to amplify the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) (420 bp). Five cattle isolates out of 71 isolates were sterile and excluded from further investigation. Overall, of 66 isolates, partial sequences of the cox1 gene of E. granulosus indicated the presence of genotypes G1 in 49 isolates (74.2%), G3 in 15 isolates (22.7%), and G6 in 2 isolates (3.0%) in infected intermediate hosts. Sixteen sequences of G1 genotype had microgenetic variants, and they were compared to the original sequence of cox1. However, isolates identified as G3 and G6 genotypes were completely consistent with original sequences. G1 genotype in livestock was the dominant genotype in Isfahan region, Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Pestechian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hosseini Safa
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammadhasan Tajedini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. ; Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mousavi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hosseinali Yousofi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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9
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Sashida H, Suzuki Y, Rokuhara S, Nagai K, Harasawa R. Molecular demonstration of hemotropic mycoplasmas in wild Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:97-101. [PMID: 23978941 PMCID: PMC3979950 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of hemotropic mycoplasmas in wild monkeys is largely unknown.
Here, we report the presence of hemoplasmas in blood specimens collected from wild
Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) tentatively captured for ecological
survey in Mie prefecture, Japan. We examined 9 monkeys using hemoplasma-specific real-time
PCR and found all of them positive for a hemoplasma infection. The 16S rRNA gene and 16S
to 23S rRNA intergenic spacer region of the hemoplasma detected in wild monkeys were
amplified using end-point PCR. The nucleotide sequences of the PCR products were further
determined and compared to those of other hemoplasmas. Our examinations revealed a wide
prevalence of a hemoplasma strain in Japanese monkeys, which was similar to
‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomacaque’ reported in cynomolgus monkeys
(Macaca fascicularis). Pathogenic traits of this hemoplasma strain
remain unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinako Sashida
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
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10
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Sashida H, Sasaoka F, Suzuki J, Watanabe Y, Fujihara M, Nagai K, Kobayashi S, Furuhama K, Harasawa R. Detection of hemotropic mycoplasmas in free-living brown sewer rats (Rattus norvegicus). J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:979-83. [PMID: 23428775 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of hemotropic mycoplasmas in wild rodents is largely unknown. Here, we report the presence of hemoplasmas in blood samples collected from brown sewer rats (Rattus norvegicus) trapped during rodent control around an animal hospital in Morioka, Japan. We examined nine rats using real-time PCR and end-point PCR, and found one rat (11.1%) that was positive for a hemoplasma infection. The 16S rRNA gene and 16S to 23S rRNA intergenic spacer region of the hemoplasma detected in a wild-caught rat were amplified using PCR. The nucleotide sequences of the PCR products were further determined and compared to those of other hemoplasmas. Our examinations revealed the presence of a hemoplasma that has not previously been described in rodents. The pathogenic traits of this hemoplasma remain unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinako Sashida
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
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11
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Iso T, Suzuki J, Sasaoka F, Sashida H, Watanabe Y, Fujihara M, Nagai K, Harasawa R. Hemotropic mycoplasma infection in wild black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus). Vet Microbiol 2012; 163:184-9. [PMID: 23313325 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report on Mycoplasma infection in wild bears. We report a novel hemotropic Mycoplasma (also called hemoplasma) detected in a free-ranging black bear (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) in Japan. We then used real-time PCR to look for hemoplasma DNA in blood samples collected from 15 bears and found that eight (53%) were positive. Among these eight PCR samples, seven showed a melting temperature of around 85.5°C, while the remaining one showed a single peak at 82.26°C. Almost the entire region of the 16S rRNA gene as well as the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region from the sample that showed a melting temperature of 82.26°C was successfully amplified by means of end-point PCR. The nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA gene and the ITS region were then determined and compared with those of authentic Mycoplasma species. Our examinations revealed the presence of a novel hemoplasma in Japanese black bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Iso
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
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12
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Sasaoka F, Suzuki J, Watanabe Y, Fujihara M, Nagai K, Hirata TI, Harasawa R. Two genotypes among 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' strains based on the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer sequences. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 75:361-4. [PMID: 23064449 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos', sometimes causative of bovine infectious anemia at various extents, has been demonstrated throughout the world. Here, we show two distinct types of 'Ca. M. haemobos' are distributed among cattle in Japan, by examining the primary and secondary structures of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region that has been shown to be a stable genetic marker for mycoplasma species. Our results may explain differences in severity of anemic condition as well as provide a genetic marker for an epidemiological study of bovine hemoplasma infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumina Sasaoka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
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13
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Watanabe Y, Fujihara M, Suzuki J, Sasaoka F, Nagai K, Harasawa R. Prevalence of swine hemoplasmas revealed by real-time PCR using 16S rRNA gene primers. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1315-8. [PMID: 22673723 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoplasma is a tribal name for epierythrocytic mycoplasmas including Mycoplasma suis and M. parvum which are currently recognized in pigs as causative of porcine hemoplasmosis. Here, we report a real-time PCR assay for differential detection of these swine hemoplasma species by using allelic primers in the16S rRNA gene, and its application to survey for hemoplasma infections in pigs. Universal primers and species-specific primers were designed and evaluated by using swine blood samples positive in hemoplasmas. Mycoplasma suis and M. parvum infections were both confirmed by universal primers, and mixed infections were clearly distinguished by species-specific primers. Further, we applied this real-time PCR assay to 120 swine blood specimens from clinically healthy pigs in eleven farms in Japan, and found six (5.0%) were positive for M. suis and 18 (15.0%) were positive for M. parvum, and three (2.5%) were mixed infection by both hemoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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14
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Rebelo AR, Parker L, Cai HY. Use of high-resolution melting curve analysis to identify Mycoplasma species commonly isolated from ruminant, avian, and canine samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:932-6. [PMID: 21908349 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711416846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay coupled with high resolution melting curve analysis (PCR-HRM) was developed for identifying and distinguishing Mycoplasma species commonly isolated from ruminant, avian, and canine samples. The real-time PCR used 1 set of universal primers specific for the spacer region between the 16S ribosomal RNA and the 23S ribosomal RNA genes; the melting curve analysis of the PCR product used a high-resolution melt fluorescent dye. The real-time PCR-HRM assay was able to distinguish M. arginini, M. bovigenitalium, M. bovis, M. bovirhinis, M. canadense, M. cynos, M. spumans, M. iowae, M. meleagridis, and M. agalactiae reference strains. The real-time PCR-HRM assay developed was evaluated by testing field isolates of M. bovis, M. arginini, M. bovirhinis, M. bovigenitalium, M. iowae, and M. spumans with results consistent with those of the fluorescent antibody test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Rebelo
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Box 3612, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Fujihara Y, Sasaoka F, Suzuki J, Watanabe Y, Fujihara M, Ooshita K, Ano H, Harasawa R. Prevalence of hemoplasma infection among cattle in the western part of Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1653-5. [PMID: 21799295 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined for hemoplasma infection among cattle in the Hiroshima and Miyazaki prefectures by using a sensitive real-time PCR, with SYBR Green I and with melting curve analysis, which allow to distinguish the two bovine hemoplasma species, Mycoplasma wenyonii and 'Candidatus M. haemobos'. We found 69.4% of 36 cattle in Hiroshima and 93.8% of 32 cattle in Miyazaki infected with either of these two hemoplasma species. High morbidity in western part of Japan may reflect the activity of arthropod vectors for hemoplasma transmission. We also demonstrated neonatal calves less than three months old affected with hemoplasmas without grazing in summer, suggesting a possibility of vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fujihara
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020–8550, Japan
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Volokhov DV, Graham LJ, Brorson KA, Chizhikov VE. Mycoplasma testing of cell substrates and biologics: Review of alternative non-microbiological techniques. Mol Cell Probes 2011; 25:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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OHTAKE Y, NISHIZAWA I, SATO M, WATANABE Y, NISHIMURA T, MATSUBARA K, NAGAI K, HARASAWA R. Mycoplasma ovis Detected in Free-Living Japanese Serows, Capricornis crispus. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:371-3. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro OHTAKE
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Ikuo NISHIZAWA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Makoto SATO
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Yusaku WATANABE
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Takashi NISHIMURA
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Kazuei MATSUBARA
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Kazuya NAGAI
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Ryô HARASAWA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
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WATANABE Y, FUJIHARA M, OBARA H, NAGAI K, HARASAWA R. Two Genetic Clusters in Swine Hemoplasmas Revealed by Analyses of the 16S rRNA and RNase P RNA Genes. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1657-61. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku WATANABE
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
- Bremen Vet Center
| | - Masatoshi FUJIHARA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Hisato OBARA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Kazuya NAGAI
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Ryô HARASAWA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
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19
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SUZUKI J, SASAOKA F, FUJIHARA M, WATANABE Y, TASAKI T, ODA S, KOBAYASHI S, SATO R, NAGAI K, HARASAWA R. Molecular Identification of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemovis' in Sheep with Hemolytic Anemia. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1113-5. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jin SUZUKI
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Fumina SASAOKA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Masatoshi FUJIHARA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Yusaku WATANABE
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Tomoko TASAKI
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Shinichi ODA
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Saori KOBAYASHI
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Reeko SATO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Kazuya NAGAI
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Ryô HARASAWA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
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Watanabe Y, Fujihara M, Obara H, Matsubara K, Yamauchi K, Harasawa R. Novel hemoplasma species detected in free-ranging sika deer (Cervus nippon). J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1527-30. [PMID: 20644338 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoplasma infections in wild ungulates have not been reported yet in Japan. We examined presence of hemoplasmas in blood samples collected from 147 sika deer (Cervus nippon) in the Iwate prefecture by real-time PCR, and found 13 (9%) were positive. Almost entire region of the 16S rRNA gene of the representative strains from positive samples was amplified by conventional PCR. The nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA gene were further determined and compared with those of other hemoplasmas. Our examinations 1st revealed the presence of 2 distinct hemoplasma species in sika deer, which are previously not described. One of them was closely related to M. ovis by the 16S rRNA sequence analysis, but was found distinct by comparison of the RNase P RNA gene sequences. Pathogenicity of these two hemoplasma species in sika deer is currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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Nishizawa I, Sato M, Fujihara M, Sato S, Harasawa R. Differential detection of hemotropic Mycoplasma species in cattle by melting curve analysis of PCR products. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 72:77-9. [PMID: 19893280 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a real-time PCR procedure followed by melting curve analysis using the green fluorescence dye SYBR Green I for rapid detection and differentiation of hemplasmas in cattle. Analysis of the melting temperature (Tm) of the PCR products allowed for differentiation of the 2 bovine hemoplasmas, Mycoplasma wenyonii and a provisional species, ;Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' (a synonym of ;Candidatus M. haemobovis'). The Tm (mean +/- S.E.) of the PCR products from the bovine hemoplasmas were 86.98 +/- 0.12 degrees C for M. wenyonii and 82.04 +/- 0.27 degrees C and 86.98 +/- 0.12 degrees C, respectively; [corrected] Candidatus M. haemobos' in the melting experiments. The protocol described in the present study can decrease the time to results by simultaneous detection and differentiation of the two hemoplasmas in cattle. By using this protocol, we examined hemoplasma prevalence in 109 cattle in Miyagi Prefecture and found that 67 (61.5%) were infected with M. wenyonii, 25 (22.9%) were infected with ;Candidatus M. haemobos' and 14 (12.8%) were infected with both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Nishizawa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
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Maurelli MP, Rinaldi L, Capuano F, Perugini AG, Cringoli G. Development of a real-time PCR for the differentiation of the G1 and G2/G3 genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:255-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nellåker C, Uhrzander F, Tyrcha J, Karlsson H. Mixture models for analysis of melting temperature data. BMC Bioinformatics 2008; 9:370. [PMID: 18786251 PMCID: PMC2567994 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to their use in detecting undesired real-time PCR products, melting temperatures are useful for detecting variations in the desired target sequences. Methodological improvements in recent years allow the generation of high-resolution melting-temperature (Tm) data. However, there is currently no convention on how to statistically analyze such high-resolution Tm data. Results Mixture model analysis was applied to Tm data. Models were selected based on Akaike's information criterion. Mixture model analysis correctly identified categories in Tm data obtained for known plasmid targets. Using simulated data, we investigated the number of observations required for model construction. The precision of the reported mixing proportions from data fitted to a preconstructed model was also evaluated. Conclusion Mixture model analysis of Tm data allows the minimum number of different sequences in a set of amplicons and their relative frequencies to be determined. This approach allows Tm data to be analyzed, classified, and compared in an unbiased manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Nellåker
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius Väg, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Croxford AE, Rogers T, Caligari PDS, Wilkinson MJ. High-resolution melt analysis to identify and map sequence-tagged site anchor points onto linkage maps: a white lupin (Lupinus albus) map as an exemplar. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 180:594-607. [PMID: 18684160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
* The provision of sequence-tagged site (STS) anchor points allows meaningful comparisons between mapping studies but can be a time-consuming process for nonmodel species or orphan crops. * Here, the first use of high-resolution melt analysis (HRM) to generate STS markers for use in linkage mapping is described. This strategy is rapid and low-cost, and circumvents the need for labelled primers or amplicon fractionation. * Using white lupin (Lupinus albus, x = 25) as a case study, HRM analysis was applied to identify 91 polymorphic markers from expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived and genomic libraries. Of these, 77 generated STS anchor points in the first fully resolved linkage map of the species. The map also included 230 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) loci, spanned 1916 cM (84.2% coverage) and divided into the expected 25 linkage groups. * Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses performed on the population revealed genomic regions associated with several traits, including the agronomically important time to flowering (tf), alkaloid synthesis and stem height (Ph). Use of HRM-STS markers also allowed us to make direct comparisons between our map and that of the related crop, Lupinus angustifolius, based on the conversion of RFLP, microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers into HRM markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Croxford
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Tom Rogers
- KG Fruits Ltd, Tatlingbury Oast, Five Oak Green, Tonbridge, Kent TN12 6RG, UK
| | - Peter D S Caligari
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685 Talca, Chile
| | - Michael J Wilkinson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DA, UK
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Kong H, Volokhov DV, George J, Ikonomi P, Chandler D, Anderson C, Chizhikov V. Application of cell culture enrichment for improving the sensitivity of mycoplasma detection methods based on nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 77:223-32. [PMID: 17717660 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present data demonstrating that the application of initial cell culture enrichment could significantly improve mycoplasma testing methods based on the nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) including a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/microarray method. The results of the study using Vero cells demonstrated that this cell culture is able (1) to support efficient growth of mycoplasmas of primary interest, i.e., species found to be cell line contaminants, (2) to increase the sensitivity of NAT assay to the detection limits of the conventional broth/agar culture methods, and (3) to reduce the time required for mycoplasma testing fourfold in comparison with the conventional methods. Detection and identification of mycoplasmal agents were conducted using a modified PCR/microarray assay based on genetic differences among Mollicutes in the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS). The application of nano-gold/silver enhancement technology instead of previously used fluorescent dyes significantly simplified the readout of microarray results and allowed us to avoid using expensive scanning equipment. This modification has the potential to expand the implementation of microarray techniques into laboratories involved in diagnostic testing of mycoplasma contamination in cell substrates and potentially in other biological and pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesuk Kong
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 1401 Rockville Pike, HFM-470, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Nellåker C, Wållgren U, Karlsson H. Molecular Beacon–Based Temperature Control and Automated Analyses for Improved Resolution of Melting Temperature Analysis Using SYBR I Green Chemistry. Clin Chem 2007; 53:98-103. [PMID: 17110472 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.075184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Melting temperature analysis of products amplified with SYBR I Green chemistry is a cheap and effective method for identification of sequence differences. When used in conventional quantitative real-time PCR instruments (qPCR), this method is limited by temperature variations over the heating block and low numbers of fluorescence measurements during the dissociation step, which hamper the ability of most instruments to report accurate and precise melting temperatures.
Methods: We designed a molecular beacon–based temperature indicator probe (Tm-probe) to control for variations in temperatures over the heating block of the instrument. In addition, we wrote an automated curve-fit analysis algorithm of dissociation data to use multiple data points with a gaussian curve fit to extrapolate precise melting temperatures.
Results: Use of the Tm-probe in conjunction with the analysis algorithm and multiple dissociations improved SDs of melting temperatures over a 96-well plate from 0.19 to 0.06 °C
Conclusions: Melting temperature analyses with SYBR I Green chemistry on conventional qPCR instruments can be improved by the use of a Tm-probe in conjunction with curve-fit analysis of data. Resolution improvement up to 3-fold is possible and allows additional melting temperatures to be identified.
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