1
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Ko JCK, Choi YWY, Poon ESK, Wyre N, Sin SYW. Prevalence, genotypes, and infection risk factors of psittacine beak and feather disease virus and budgerigar fledgling disease virus in captive birds in Hong Kong. Arch Virol 2024; 169:91. [PMID: 38578455 PMCID: PMC10997714 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) and budgerigar fledgling disease virus (BFDV) are significant avian pathogens that threaten both captive and wild birds, particularly parrots, which are common hosts. This study involved sampling and testing of 516 captive birds from households, pet shops, and an animal clinic in Hong Kong for PBFDV and BFDV. The results showed that PBFDV and BFDV were present in 7.17% and 0.58% of the samples, respectively. These rates were lower than those reported in most parts of Asia. Notably, the infection rates of PBFDV in pet shops were significantly higher compared to other sources, while no BFDV-positive samples were found in pet shops. Most of the positive samples came from parrots, but PBFDV was also detected in two non-parrot species, including Swinhoe's white-eyes (Zosterops simplex), which had not been reported previously. The ability of PBFDV to infect both psittacine and passerine birds is concerning, especially in densely populated urban areas such as Hong Kong, where captive flocks come into close contact with wildlife. Phylogenetic analysis of the Cap and Rep genes of PBFDV revealed that the strains found in Hong Kong were closely related to those in Europe and other parts of Asia, including mainland China, Thailand, Taiwan, and Saudi Arabia. These findings indicate the presence of both viruses among captive birds in Hong Kong. We recommend implementing regular surveillance for both viruses and adopting measures to prevent contact between captive and wild birds, thereby reducing the transmission of introduced diseases to native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Cheuk Kei Ko
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yannes Wai Yan Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emily Shui Kei Poon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nicole Wyre
- Zodiac Pet & Exotic Hospital, 101A-103A Victoria Centre, 15 Watson Road, Fortress Hill, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Yung Wa Sin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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2
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Liu FL, Chang SP, Liu HJ, Liu PC, Wang CY. Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of avian polyomaviruses isolated from parrots in Taiwan. Virus Res 2022; 308:198634. [PMID: 34793873 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Avian polyomavirus (APV) is a non-enveloped virus with a circular double-stranded DNA genome approximately 5000 bp in length. APV was first reported in fledgling budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) as the causative agent of budgerigar fledgling disease, resulting in high parrot mortality rates in the 1980s. This disease has been observed worldwide, and APV has a wide host range including budgerigars, cockatoos, lorikeets, lovebirds, and macaws. Twenty APV isolates have been collected from healthy and symptomatic parrots in Taiwan from 2015 to 2019. These isolates were then amplified via polymerase chain reaction, after which the whole genomes of these isolates were sequenced. The overall APV-positive rate was 14.2%, and the full lengths of the APV Taiwan isolates varied from 4971 to 4982 bps. The APV genome contains an early region that encodes two regulatory proteins (the large tumor antigen (Large T-Ag) and the small tumor antigen (Small t-Ag)) and a late region which encodes the capsid proteins VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4. The nucleotide identities of the VP1 and VP4 genes ranged from 98.7 to 100%, whereas the nucleotide sequence of the Large T-Ag gene had the highest identity (99.2-100%) relative to other APV isolates from the GenBank database. A phylogenetic tree based on the whole genome demonstrated that the APV Taiwan isolates were closely related to Japanese and Portuguese isolates. Recombination events were analyzed using the Recombination Detection Program version 4 and APV Taiwan isolate TW-3 was identified as a minor parent of the APV recombinants. In this study, we first reported the characterization of the whole genome sequences of APV Taiwan isolates and their phylogenetic relationships with all APV isolates available in the GenBank database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Lin Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ping Chang
- Department of Laboratory, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, 6 Lugong Road, Changhua, Lugang, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Pan-Chen Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Young Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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3
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Chae HG, Lim DR, Kim HR, Park MJ, Park CK. An advanced loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the rapid detection of beak and feather disease virus in psittacine birds. J Virol Methods 2020; 277:113819. [PMID: 31923447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Swarm primer-applied loop-mediated isothermal amplification (sLAMP) assay was developed for the rapid and specific detection of the ORF V1 gene of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV). The amplification can be completed in 40 min at 62 °C, and the results can be visually detected by the naked eye. The assay specifically amplified BFDV DNA and not amplified other viral nucleic acids. The limit of detection of the assay was 5 × 102 DNA copies/reaction, which was lower than that of the previously described LAMP (preLAMP) assay and comparable to that of a previously reported real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. The detection rates of BFDV from psittacine clinical samples by the sLAMP, qPCR and preLAMP assays were 36.0 %, 36.0 % and 25.6 %, respectively, and the sLAMP results showed 100.0 % concordance with the qPCR results with a kappa value of 1.0. On the other hand, the preLAMP assay did not detect nine out of the 31 samples that were positive by sLAMP and qPCR assays, probably due to low sensitivity of the assay. These data suggest that the newly developed sLAMP assay will be a valuable tool for the rapid, sensitive, specific and reliable detection of BFDV in suspected psittacine birds, even in resource-limited laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Gyeong Chae
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Rae Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Gibson DJ, Nemeth NM, Beaufrère H, Varga C, Ojkic D, Marom A, Susta L. Development and use of a triplex real-time PCR assay for detection of three DNA viruses in psittacine birds. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:719-725. [PMID: 31423916 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719870218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aves polyomavirus 1, psittacine beak and feather disease virus, and psittacid herpesvirus 1 are important pathogens of psittacine birds with the potential to cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Using publically available nucleotide sequences, we developed and validated a triplex real-time PCR (rtPCR) assay to rapidly detect these 3 viruses. The assay had high analytical sensitivity, detecting <6 copies of viral DNA per reaction, and 100% analytical specificity, showing no cross-reactivity with 59 other animal pathogens. Archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from psittacine birds diagnosed at postmortem as infected with each of the viruses as well as virus-negative birds were used to validate the utility of the assay. Birds were selected for the positive cohort if they showed histologic evidence of infection (i.e., characteristic inclusion bodies in tissues); birds in the negative cohort had final diagnoses unrelated to the pathogens of interest. The triplex rtPCR assay confirmed 98% of histopathology-positive cases, and also identified subclinical infections that were not observed by histologic examination, including coinfections. Birds that tested positive only by rtPCR had significantly higher cycle threshold values compared to those with histologic evidence of infection. Positive, negative, and overall percentage agreements as well as the kappa statistic between the results of the assay and histopathology were high, demonstrating the usefulness of the assay as a tool to confirm disease diagnoses, and to improve detection of subclinical infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gibson
- Departments of Pathobiology (Gibson, Susta), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Clinical Studies (Beaufrère), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic, Marom), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada (Varga).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Nemeth)
| | - Nicole M Nemeth
- Departments of Pathobiology (Gibson, Susta), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Clinical Studies (Beaufrère), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic, Marom), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada (Varga).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Nemeth)
| | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Departments of Pathobiology (Gibson, Susta), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Clinical Studies (Beaufrère), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic, Marom), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada (Varga).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Nemeth)
| | - Csaba Varga
- Departments of Pathobiology (Gibson, Susta), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Clinical Studies (Beaufrère), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic, Marom), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada (Varga).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Nemeth)
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Departments of Pathobiology (Gibson, Susta), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Clinical Studies (Beaufrère), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic, Marom), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada (Varga).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Nemeth)
| | - Anna Marom
- Departments of Pathobiology (Gibson, Susta), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Clinical Studies (Beaufrère), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic, Marom), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada (Varga).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Nemeth)
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Departments of Pathobiology (Gibson, Susta), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Clinical Studies (Beaufrère), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic, Marom), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada (Varga).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Nemeth)
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5
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Riaz A, Yousaf A, Moaeen-Ud-Din M, Shah MAA, Zainab T, Masood S, Akhter N, Ali A. First detection and molecular characterization of avian polyomavirus in young parrots in Pakistan. Vet Res Commun 2019; 43:197-202. [PMID: 31297735 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-019-09759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Avian polyomavirus (APV) infection, also called as budgerigar fledgling disease (BFD) causes various health problems in many psittacine species which may cause untimely death. The aims of this study were to investigate, for the first time, the detection, molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of avian polyomavirus (APV) in Pakistani psittacine birds. In an aviary a disease similar to APV was found and 90% of the nestlings died within a few weeks. Seven to ten-day-old parrot nestlings (n = 3) from the aviary were presented with feather abnormalities, plumage defect and were clinically depressed. Birds died at 11th, 14th and 16th day of age. Samples of hearts, livers, spleen, feathers and kidneys were collected from the dead birds. Samples were analyzed for the presence of APV DNA by using PCR. APV VP1 gene was partially sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. The APV strain was similar to those previously reported in other areas of the world. The results of this investigation indicate presence of a high frequency of APV infections in psittacine birds in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayesha Riaz
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mahr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Arfan Yousaf
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mahr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Moaeen-Ud-Din
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mahr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Abdullah Shah
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mahr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Zainab
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pir Mahr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Masood
- Faculty of Sciences, Pir Mahr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Akhter
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mahr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Ali
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mahr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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6
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Park MJ, Kim HR, Chae HG, Lim DR, Kwon OD, Cho KH, Park CK. Development of a colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and specific detection of Aves polyomavirus 1 from psittacine birds. J Virol Methods 2019; 273:113687. [PMID: 31271791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for the rapid and specific detection of the T gene of Aves polyomavirus 1 (APyV), a causative agent of budgerigar fledgling disease (BFD) in psittacine birds. The amplification can be completed in 40 min at 60 °C, and the results can be visually detected by the naked eye using hydroxyl naphthol blue as a colorimetric indicator. The assay specifically amplified APyV DNA but not other viral and bacterial nucleic acids. The limit of detection of the assay was 5 × 102 DNA copies/reaction, which was comparable to those of previously reported conventional polymerase chain reaction assays. In the clinical evaluation, the LAMP results showed 100% concordance with those of the previously reported PCR assays with regard to specificity, sensitivity, and percentage of overall agreement, with a kappa value of 1.0. These results indicate that the developed LAMP assay will be a valuable tool for the rapid, sensitive and specific detection of APyV from BFD-suspected psittacine bird samples even in resource-limited laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Gyeong Chae
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Rae Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Deog Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Cho
- Gyeongbuk Veterinary Service Laboratory, Daegu, 41405, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Establishment of rapid detection method and surveillance of budgerigar fledgling disease virus using a TaqMan Real-Time PCR. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 43:80-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Högemann C, Richter R, Korbel R, Rinder M. Plasma protein, haematologic and blood chemistry changes in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) experimentally infected with bornavirus. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:556-570. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1325442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Högemann
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Korbel
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Rinder
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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9
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Das S, Sarker S, Ghorashi SA, Forwood JK, Raidal SR. A comparison of PCR assays for beak and feather disease virus and high resolution melt (HRM) curve analysis of replicase associated protein and capsid genes. J Virol Methods 2016; 237:47-57. [PMID: 27565820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) threatens a wide range of endangered psittacine birds worldwide. In this study, we assessed a novel PCR assay and genetic screening method using high-resolution melt (HRM) curve analysis for BFDV targeting the capsid (Cap) gene (HRM-Cap) alongside conventional PCR detection as well as a PCR method that targets a much smaller fragment of the virus genome in the replicase initiator protein (Rep) gene (HRM-Rep). Limits of detection, sensitivity, specificity and discriminatory power for differentiating BFDV sequences were compared. HRM-Cap had a high positive predictive value and could readily differentiate between a reference genotype and 17 other diverse BFDV genomes with more discriminatory power (genotype confidence percentage) than HRM-Rep. Melt curve profiles generated by HRM-Cap correlated with unique DNA sequence profiles for each individual test genome. The limit of detection of HRM-Cap was lower (2×10-5ng/reaction or 48 viral copies) than that for both HRM-Rep and conventional BFDV PCR which had similar sensitivity (2×10-6ng or 13 viral copies/reaction). However, when used in a diagnostic setting with 348 clinical samples there was strong agreement between HRM-Cap and conventional PCR (kappa=0.87, P<0.01, 98% specificity) and HRM-Cap demonstrated higher specificity (99.9%) than HRM-Rep (80.3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhagata Das
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Subir Sarker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Seyed Ali Ghorashi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
| | - Shane R Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, NSW 2678, Australia.
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10
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Fogell DJ, Martin RO, Groombridge JJ. Beak and feather disease virus in wild and captive parrots: an analysis of geographic and taxonomic distribution and methodological trends. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2059-74. [PMID: 27151279 PMCID: PMC4947100 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) has emerged in recent years as a major threat to wild parrot populations and is an increasing concern to aviculturists and managers of captive populations. Pathological and serological tests for screening for the presence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) are a critical component of efforts to manage the disease and of epidemiological studies. Since the disease was first reported in the mid-1970s, screening for BFDV has been conducted in numerous wild and captive populations. However, at present, there is no current and readily accessible synthesis of screening efforts and their results. Here, we consolidate information collected from 83 PBFD- and BFDV-based publications on the primary screening methods being used and identify important knowledge gaps regarding potential global disease hotspots. We present trends in research intensity in this field and critically discuss advances in screening techniques and their applications to both aviculture and to the management of threatened wild populations. Finally, we provide an overview of estimates of BFDV prevalence in captive and wild flocks alongside a complete list of all psittacine species in which the virus has been confirmed. Our evaluation highlights the need for standardised diagnostic tests and more emphasis on studies of wild populations, particularly in view of the intrinsic connection between global trade in companion birds and the spread of novel BFDV strains into wild populations. Increased emphasis should be placed on the screening of captive and wild parrot populations within their countries of origin across the Americas, Africa and Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Fogell
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, UK.
| | - Rowan O Martin
- World Parrot Trust, Glanmor House, Hayle, Cornwall, TR27 4HB, UK.,Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jim J Groombridge
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, UK
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11
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Hulbert CL, Chamings A, Hewson KA, Steer PA, Gosbell M, Noormohammadi AH. Survey of captive parrot populations around Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia, for psittacine beak and feather disease virus, avian polyomavirus and psittacine adenovirus. Aust Vet J 2015. [PMID: 26220322 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the prevalence of psittacine beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), avian polyomavirus (APV) and psittacine adenovirus (PsAdV) in captive psittacine birds around Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. METHODS Samples of fresh droppings were collected from 118 psittacine birds (109 clinically normal and 9 with feather abnormalities) from 11 avaries in different locations and were used for detection of BFDV, APV and PsAdV using PCR. RESULTS BFDV, APV and PsAdV were detected in 31%, 13% and 4%, respectively, of the specimens tested. One budgerigar was found to be co-infected with BFDV and PsAdV. At least one sample tested positive for BFDV at each location. CONCLUSION This is the first report of the prevalence of BFDV, APV and PsAdV in Victoria and provides a foundation for future studies examining the influence of these viruses on the health of aviary birds in Victoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Hulbert
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia. .,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
| | - A Chamings
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - K A Hewson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - P A Steer
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - M Gosbell
- Greencross Springvale Animal Hospital, Springvale South, VIC, Australia
| | - A H Noormohammadi
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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12
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Hakimuddin F, Abidi F, Jafer O, Li C, Wernery U, Hebel C, Khazanehdari K. Incidence and detection of beak and feather disease virus in psittacine birds in the UAE. BIOMOLECULAR DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION 2015; 6:27-32. [PMID: 27077045 PMCID: PMC4822206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bdq.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Beak and feather disease is caused by Circovirus, which affects actively growing beak and feather cells of avian species. The disease affects mainly young birds while older birds may overcome the disease with few lasting effects. Due to lack of treatment, the only way to control the disease is through hygiene and early diagnosis. As a diagnostic tool, we have established a Taqman probe based real-time PCR assay to detect the presence of the viral genome in psittacine birds in UAE and reported the incidence of circovirus in different species of psittacine birds. The sensitivity of our assay was found to be very high with detection limit of up to 3.5 fg of DNA in the sample. The mean prevalence of circovirus was found to be 58.33% in African Grey Parrots, 34.42% in Cockatoos, 31.8% in amazon parrots and 25.53% in Macaws. The Taqman assay is a quick, reliable and sensitive detection method that has been instrumental in identifying this disease that was not previously reported in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hakimuddin
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - F Abidi
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - O Jafer
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - C Li
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - U Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ch Hebel
- German Veterinary Clinic, P.O. Box 34867, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - K Khazanehdari
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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13
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Rapid genotyping of beak and feather disease virus using high-resolution DNA melt curve analysis. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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OGAWA H, CHAHOTA R, OHYA K, YAMAGUCHI T, FUKUSHI H. Relatedness between Host Species and Genotype of Beak and Feather Disease Virus Suggesting Possible Interspecies Cross Infection during Bird Trade. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:503-7. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito OGAWA
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501–1193, Japan
| | - Rajesh CHAHOTA
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501–1193, Japan
| | - Kenji OHYA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501–1193, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi YAMAGUCHI
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Yanagido, Koyama Minami, Tottori 680–8550, Japan
| | - Hideto FUKUSHI
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501–1193, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501–1193, Japan
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15
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Zhuang Q, Chen J, Mushtaq MH, Chen J, Liu S, Hou G, Li J, Huang B, Jiang W. Prevalence and genetic characterization of avian polyomavirus and psittacine beak and feather disease virus isolated from budgerigars in Mainland China. Arch Virol 2011; 157:53-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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A novel genotype of beak and feather disease virus in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Virus Genes 2010; 41:231-5. [PMID: 20658313 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a causative agent for psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), which shows a characteristic feather disorder in psittacine birds. Nineteen budgerigars, which were clinically suspected to have PBFD, were examined by two polymerase chain reactions (PCR), which target each of open reading frames (ORFs) V1 and C1. All of the 19 samples were detected BFDV by the PCR targeting ORF C1, whereas only two of them were detected by the PCR targeting ORF V1. It was assumed that BFDV derived from budgerigar (budgerigar BFDV) has two genotypes, which are tentatively classified as budgerigar BFDV genotype 1 and genotype 2 by the PCR amplification patterns. Whole genome sequences of six budgerigar BFDVs were determined to reveal the existence of two genotypes. In the phylogenic analysis, six budgerigar BFDV sequences formed a unique group branched from the other 23 published BFDV sequences. The budgerigar BFDV genotype 1 and genotype 2 were also segregated each other, and budgerigar BFDV genotype 2 was particularly distantly related with the other BFDVs. These results suggest budgerigar BFDV is a unique in the known BFDVs and is divided into two genotypes.
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17
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Manarolla G, Liandris E, Pisoni G, Moroni P, Piccinini R, Rampin T. Mycobacterium genavenseand avian polyomavirus co-infection in a European Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis). Avian Pathol 2010; 36:423-6. [PMID: 17899468 DOI: 10.1080/03079450701598390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic mycobacteriosis associated with avian polyomavirus infection was diagnosed histologically in an 8-year-old, captive European goldfinch with a history of nervous signs. Severe mycobacterial lesions were observed in the central nervous system, lungs, cervical air sacs and adrenal glands, without involvement of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition to mycobacteriosis, intranuclear inclusions, typical of polyomavirus, were identified in the adrenal glands. Polymerase chain reaction assays were used to identify Mycobacterium genavense and finch polyomavirus as the causative agents. The absence of involvement of the gastrointestinal tract and the severity of the lesions in the respiratory tract suggested that inhalation may have been the primary route of infection with M. genavense.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Manarolla
- Sezione di Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria e Patologia Aviare, Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanitá Publica Veterninaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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18
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Katoh H, Ogawa H, Ohya K, Fukushi H. A review of DNA viral infections in psittacine birds. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1099-106. [PMID: 20424393 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, several DNA viral infections have been reported in psittacine birds. Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is characterized by symmetric feather dystrophy and loss and development of beak deformities. PBFD is caused by beak and feather virus, which belongs to the Circoviridae, and is the most important infection in psittacine birds worldwide. Avian polyomavirus infection causes acute death, abdominal distention, and feather abnormalities. Pacheco's disease (PD), which is caused by psittacid herpesvirus type 1, is an acute lethal disease without a prodrome. Psittacine adenovirus infections are described as having a clinical progression similar to PD. The clinical changes in psittacine poxvirus-infected birds include serious ocular discharge, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis, followed by the appearance of ulcerations on the medial canthi of the eyes. Internal papillomatosis of parrots (IPP) is a tumor disease characterized by progressive development of papillomas in the oral and cloacal mucosa. IPP has been suggested to caused by papillomavirus or herpesvirus. However, information about these diseases is limited. Here we review the etiology, clinical features, pathology, epidemiology, and diagnosis of these DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Katoh
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Katoh H, Ohya K, Ise K, Fukushi H. Genetic analysis of beak and feather disease virus derived from a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 72:631-4. [PMID: 20035119 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), which is caused by beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), has been reported in a wide range of psittacine species, except the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus), in which PBFD has rarely been reported. We detected BFDV from a case of PBFD in a cockatiel in the present study. The virus was designated CO-JA. The whole genome sequence of CO-JA had from 86 to 98% homology with BFDVs in psittacine species. CO-JA clustered with isolates derived from other cockatoos in phylogenetic analyses based on two major virus proteins. We concluded that genetic data cannot explain the reason why PBFD is rarely found in the cockatiel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Katoh
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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20
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Ogawa H, Taira O, Hirai T, Takeuchi H, Nagao A, Ishikawa Y, Tuchiya K, Nunoya T, Ueda S. Multiplex PCR and multiplex RT-PCR for inclusive detection of major swine DNA and RNA viruses in pigs with multiple infections. J Virol Methods 2009; 160:210-4. [PMID: 19467264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Katoh H, Ohya K, Une Y, Yamaguchi T, Fukushi H. Molecular characterization of avian polyomavirus isolated from psittacine birds based on the whole genome sequence analysis. Vet Microbiol 2009; 138:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Shearer PL, Sharp M, Bonne N, Clark P, Raidal SR. A quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for beak and feather disease virus. J Virol Methods 2009; 159:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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A novel budgerigar-adenovirus belonging to group II avian adenovirus of Siadenovirus. Virus Res 2009; 144:294-7. [PMID: 19394371 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Five budgerigars in the same breeding facility died or showed ruffled feathers. To determine the cause, five dead or euthanized budgerigars were examined. Splenomegaly was observed at necropsy in all birds examined. Histopathology of the spleen revealed a slight-to-moderate deletion of lymphocytes and increase of macrophages. Concurrent congestions in several tissues such as liver, lung, kidney, and/or brain and basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the epithelial cells of renal tubules were found in all the birds examined. Psittacine adenoviral DNA was detected in the kidney of one of the five budgerigars by PCR. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the hexon gene revealed that the adenovirus gene detected in the budgerigar was derived from an unknown adenovirus belonging to the genus Siadenovirus. Using a new pair of primers based on the obtained sequence, we confirmed the presence of the newly found adenovirus in all five birds. The newly found unknown adenovirus is designated as Budgerigar Adenovirus 1.
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Katoh H, Ohya K, Fukushi H. Development of novel real-time PCR assays for detecting DNA virus infections in psittaciform birds. J Virol Methods 2008; 154:92-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Tomasek O, Kubicek O, Tukac V. Comparison of three template preparation methods for routine detection of beak and feather disease virus and avian polyomavirus with single and nested polymerase chain reaction in clinical specimens. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:145-9. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450801902047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Tomasek O, Tukac V. Psittacine Circovirus Infection in Parakeets of the Genus Eunymphicus and Treatment with β-(1,3/1,6)-D-Glucan. Avian Dis 2007; 51:989-91. [DOI: 10.1637/7896-013007-caser.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Hsu CM, Ko CY, Tsaia HJ. Detection and sequence analysis of avian polyomavirus and psittacine beak and feather disease virus from psittacine birds in Taiwan. Avian Dis 2006; 50:348-53. [PMID: 17039833 DOI: 10.1637/7485-121105r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian polyomavirus (APV) and psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) are the most common viral diseases of psittacine birds. In Taiwan, however, the existence of these viruses in psittacine birds has not been established. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology was therefore employed to ascertain whether APV and PBFDV genomes were present in isolates from psittacine birds of Taiwan. A total of 165 psittacine birds belonging to 22 genera were examined between 2002 and 2005. Findings revealed an APV-positive rate of 15.2%, a PBFDV-positive rate of 41.2%, and an APV/PBFDV dual infection rate of 10.3%. After cloning and sequencing, sequences of the PCR products were compared with sequences obtained from GenBank. For APV, the nucleotide identity among VP1 and t/T antigen coding regions ranged from 97.5% to 100% and 97.6% to 100%, respectively. For PBFDV, the nucleotide identity of ORF V1 and ORF C1 sequences ranged from 92.2% to 100% and 83.3% to 100%, respectively. The derived amino acid sequence alignment for PBFDV ORF V1 fragments revealed the conservation of two replication motifs and of the nucleotide binding site motif. In PBFDV, six of 42 deduced positions in the ORF C1 amino acid sequence were considered hypervariable. The established phylogenetic trees based on the four genome fragments examined in this study did not allow the assignment of particular APV or PBFDV nucleotide sequences to distinct avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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28
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Ogawa H, Chahota R, Hagino T, Ohya K, Yamaguchi T, Fukushi H. A Survey of Avian Polyomavirus (APV) Infection in Imported and Domestic Bred Psittacine Birds in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:743-5. [PMID: 16891790 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although birds infected with avian polyomavirus (APV) subclinically could be a source of infection, no epidemiological studies of APV in psittacine birds have been reported in Japan. In the present study, we investigated subclinical morbidity rate of APV in imported and domestically bred psittacine birds by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of 402 live birds from which blood or feather samples were taken between April, 2003 and March, 2004, 11 (2.7%) were found to be APV positive. The DNA sequences of the APV t/T antigen region were determined for five APV-positive randomly selected samples and were found to be conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Ogawa
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Japan
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