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Draft Genome Sequence of a Mycobacterium chelonae subsp. bovis Strain Isolated from a Baikal Seal (Pusa sibirica) in Captivity. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0113522. [PMID: 36840582 PMCID: PMC10019254 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01135-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium chelonae is a nontuberculous mycobacterium that causes infections in various animals, including humans. In this study, we report the draft genome sequence of M. chelonae subsp. bovis strain NJB1701, which was isolated from a Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica) in captivity in Japan.
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Koyama T, Funakoshi Y, Imamura Y, Nishimura S, Fujishima Y, Toyoda M, Kiyota N, Tanino H, Minami H. Device-related Mycobacterium mageritense Infection in a Patient Treated with Nivolumab for Metastatic Breast Cancer. Intern Med 2021; 60:3485-3488. [PMID: 33994435 PMCID: PMC8627816 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.6550-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) antibodies improves the anti-cancer immune response and can provide a meaningful clinical benefit to cancer patients. However, this treatment can result in specific autoimmune toxicities, termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Although irAEs are well recognized, the development of infectious diseases due to this treatment is not often observed. Some recent reports have indicated that patients who receive anti-PD-1 antibodies are at a higher risk for tuberculosis than others. However, reports on nontuberculous mycobacterial infection during anti-PD-1 antibody treatment are still rare. We herein report the first case of Mycobacterium mageritense infection during anti-PD-1 antibody treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Koyama
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital and Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yohei Funakoshi
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital and Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Imamura
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital and Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Sho Nishimura
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Fujishima
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital and Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masanori Toyoda
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital and Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Naomi Kiyota
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital and Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Cancer Center, Kobe University Hospital and Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tanino
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Hospital and Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hironobu Minami
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital and Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Cancer Center, Kobe University Hospital and Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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3
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Du L, Xu H, Zuo J. Status quo of illegal dumping research: Way forward. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 290:112601. [PMID: 33895451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rapid social and economic development, the past decades have witnessed the improvement of human being's quality of life and the speedy development of the construction industry. Meanwhile, the illegal dumping of solid waste has presented a significant issue. By using the method of systematic review, this study critically examined the literature related to illegal dumping that were published since 1990, and analyzed the current status and future trends of related research. Results show that the current studies on illegal dumping mainly focus on four perspectives: environmental science and toxicology, economics, management, and the use of emerging technologies. This critical review revealed that although the issue of illegal dumping has been widely recognized in recent years, some questions remain unanswered. Therefore, a future research agenda is proposed. These include: (1) Identifying the migration of pollutants in the food chain during the illegal dumping; (2) Implementing targeted treatment of illegal dumping pollutants; (3) Improving the stakeholder decision analysis model; (4) Expanding the scope of research on stakeholders of illegal dumping; (5) Formulating an unified evaluation standard for the related costs of illegal dumping; (6) Strengthening the evaluation of the interaction effects of influencing factors; (7) Comparing the effects of different types of factors; (8) the exploration of other influencing factors; (9) Analyzing illegal dumping by combining big data with the amount of solid waste; (10) Combining with monitoring to analyze the illegal dumping of household waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - He Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Zuo
- School of Architecture and Built Environment, The University of Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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4
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Pereira AC, Ramos B, Reis AC, Cunha MV. Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria: Molecular and Physiological Bases of Virulence and Adaptation to Ecological Niches. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091380. [PMID: 32916931 PMCID: PMC7563442 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are paradigmatic colonizers of the total environment, circulating at the interfaces of the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere. Their striking adaptive ecology on the interconnection of multiple spheres results from the combination of several biological features related to their exclusive hydrophobic and lipid-rich impermeable cell wall, transcriptional regulation signatures, biofilm phenotype, and symbiosis with protozoa. This unique blend of traits is reviewed in this work, with highlights to the prodigious plasticity and persistence hallmarks of NTM in a wide diversity of environments, from extreme natural milieus to microniches in the human body. Knowledge on the taxonomy, evolution, and functional diversity of NTM is updated, as well as the molecular and physiological bases for environmental adaptation, tolerance to xenobiotics, and infection biology in the human and non-human host. The complex interplay between individual, species-specific and ecological niche traits contributing to NTM resilience across ecosystems are also explored. This work hinges current understandings of NTM, approaching their biology and heterogeneity from several angles and reinforcing the complexity of these microorganisms often associated with a multiplicity of diseases, including pulmonary, soft-tissue, or milliary. In addition to emphasizing the cornerstones of knowledge involving these bacteria, we identify research gaps that need to be addressed, stressing out the need for decision-makers to recognize NTM infection as a public health issue that has to be tackled, especially when considering an increasingly susceptible elderly and immunocompromised population in developed countries, as well as in low- or middle-income countries, where NTM infections are still highly misdiagnosed and neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C. Pereira
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.C.P.); (B.R.); (A.C.R.)
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Ramos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.C.P.); (B.R.); (A.C.R.)
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Reis
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.C.P.); (B.R.); (A.C.R.)
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mónica V. Cunha
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.C.P.); (B.R.); (A.C.R.)
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-217-500-000 (ext. 22461)
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Association of non-tuberculous mycobacteria with Mycobacterium leprae in environment of leprosy endemic regions in India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 72:191-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ding Y, Xiong J, Zhou B, Wei J, Qian A, Zhang H, Zhu W, Zhu J. Odor removal by and microbial community in the enhanced landfill cover materials containing biochar-added sludge compost under different operating parameters. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 87:679-690. [PMID: 31109570 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Odor problem has become a growing concern for municipal solid waste (MSW) operators and communities located close to landfill sites. In this study, nine laboratory-scale landfill reactors were used to simulate in-situ odor control by a novel landfill cover material consisting of biochar-added sludge compost under various operating parameters. Characterization of odor removal and microbial community in the cover layer under various operating parameters was conducted using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry and 454 high-throughput pyrosequencing, respectively. Results showed that H2S (76.9-86.0%) and volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) (12.3-21.7%) were dominant according to their theoretical generated odor concentrations. The total odor REs calculated using the theoretical odor concentrations in the landfill reactors were different than using the measured odor values, which were ranked from high to low as: R6 > R5 > R7 > R4 > R8 > R9 > R3 > R2 > R1, showing the largest discrepancy of 25.3%. The optimum combination of operating parameters based on the theoretical odor concentration was different with that based on the measured odor concentrations. Moreover, although Firmicutes (12.21-91.48%), Proteobacteria (3.55-51.03%), and Actinobacteria (4.01-47.39%) were in general the three major bacterial phyla found in the landfill covers, the detailed bacterial communities in the cover materials of the simulated reactors varied with various operating parameters. Alicyclobacillus and Tuberibacillus showed positive correlations with the removal efficiencies (REs) of chlorinated compounds, H2S, aromatic compounds, volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs), and organic acids. The correlations of Rhodanobacter, Gemmatimonas, Flavisolibacter and Sphingomonas were strongly positive with ammonia RE and relatively positive with REs of organic acids, VOSCs, and aromatic compounds. These findings are instrumental in understanding the relationship between the structure of microbial communities and odor removal performances, and in developing techniques for in-situ odor control at landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ding
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310016, PR China.
| | - Junsheng Xiong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310016, PR China; Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Bowei Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310016, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Wei
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310016, PR China
| | - Aiai Qian
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310016, PR China
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310016, PR China
| | - Weiqin Zhu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310016, PR China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, AR 72701, USA.
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Okabe T, Sasahara T, Suzuki J, Onishi T, Komura M, Hagiwara S, Suzuki H, Morisawa Y. Mycobacterium mageritense Parotitis in an Immunocompetent Adult. Indian J Microbiol 2017; 58:28-32. [PMID: 29434394 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium mageritense, a rapidly growing mycobacterium, is a rare clinical pathogen. Furthermore, parotitis due to non-tuberculosis mycobacterium is very rare in adults. Herein, we report the first case of M. mageritense parotitis in an immunocompetent adult. A 40-year-old man presented with swelling in a left parotid lesion. He was diagnosed with parotitis. The culture from the parotid abscess grew M. mageritense. He was unsuccessfully treated with levofloxacin monotherapy. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was added, leading to some clinical response; however, the erythema persisted despite 14 months of antibiotic therapy. Subsequently, the skin lesion was surgically removed. The antibiotic treatment was ceased a week after surgery as the postoperative course was uneventful and the lesion had improved. No recurrence was noted at 7 months after surgery. Although extremely rare, M. mageritense can cause parotitis in immunocompetent adults, and may not be sufficiently treated with antibiotics alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Okabe
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi Japan
| | - Teppei Sasahara
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi Japan.,2Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
| | - Jun Suzuki
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi Japan
| | - Tsubasa Onishi
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi Japan
| | - Masayoshi Komura
- 3Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Utsunomiya, Tochigi Japan
| | - Shigehiro Hagiwara
- 4Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Utsunomiya, Tochigi Japan
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- 5Clinical Laboratory Center, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, Mibu, Tochigi Japan
| | - Yuji Morisawa
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi Japan
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8
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Das G, Patra JK, Baek KH. Antibacterial Properties of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from a Fern Species Equisetum arvense L. Against Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 14:50-58. [PMID: 27754712 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria (EB) are a rich source of secondary metabolites with medicinal importance. In this study, EB were isolated from the bottle brush herb Equisetum arvense and identified based on 16S rRNA sequencing. Evaluation of its antibacterial potential was conducted using two common foodborne pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43890. Out of 103 identified EB, three species, Streptomyces albolongus, Dermacoccus sp., and Mycobacterium sp., showed significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus with inhibition zones of 45.34 ± 0.15, 43.28 ± 0.19, and 22.98 ± 0.18 mm, respectively, whereas only two species, Streptomyces griseoaurantiacus (EAL196) and Paenibacillus sp. (EAS116), showed moderate antibacterial activity against E. coli O157:H7 with inhibition zones of 9.41 ± 0.29 and 10.44 ± 0.31 mm, respectively. Furthermore, ethyl acetate extract of S. albolongus, Mycobacterium sp., and Dermacoccus sp. showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus, with inhibition zones of 23.43 ± 0.21, 21.18 ± 0.22, and 19.72 ± 0.10 mm, respectively. The methanol extract of Dermacoccus sp. and Paenibacillus sp. showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli O157:H7, with inhibition zones of 11.30 ± 0.17 and 10.01 ± 0.21 mm, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy indicated swollen and lysed cell membranes of pathogens treated with ethyl acetate extract. A possible reason might be, likely due to EB metabolites penetrating the bacterial cell membranes and affecting various metabolic functions resulting in lysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report that EB from E. arvense can be used as a source of natural antibacterial compounds against foodborne pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitishree Das
- 1 Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul , Ilsandong-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- 1 Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul , Ilsandong-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- 2 Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Tran PM, Dahl JL. Mycobacterium sarraceniae sp. nov. and Mycobacterium helvum sp. nov., isolated from the pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:4480-4485. [PMID: 27498537 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several fast- to intermediate-growing, acid-fast, scotochromogenic bacteria were isolated from Sarracenia purpurea pitcher waters in Minnesota sphagnum peat bogs. Two strains (DL734T and DL739T) were among these isolates. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, the phylogenetic positions of both strains is in the genus Mycobacterium with no obvious relation to any characterized type strains of mycobacteria. Phenotypic characterization revealed that neither strain was similar to the type strains of known species of the genus Mycobacterium in the collective properties of growth, pigmentation or fatty acid composition. Strain DL734T grew at temperatures between 28 and 32 °C, was positive for 3-day arylsulfatase production, and was negative for Tween 80 hydrolysis, urease and nitrate reduction. Strain DL739T grew at temperatures between 28 and 37 °C, and was positive for Tween 80 hydrolysis, urea, nitrate reduction and 3-day arylsulfatase production. Both strains were catalase-negative while only DL739T grew with 5 % NaCl. Fatty acid methyl ester profiles were unique for each strain. DL739T showed an ability to survive at 8 °C with little to no cellular replication and is thus considered to be psychrotolerant. Therefore, strains DL734T and DL739T represent two novel species of the genus Mycobacterium with the proposed names Mycobacterium sarraceniae sp. nov. and Mycobacterium helvum sp. nov., respectively. The type strains are DL734T (=JCM 30395T=NCCB 100519T) and DL739T (=JCM 30396T=NCCB 100520T), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong M Tran
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - John L Dahl
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
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Fukunaga M, Goya M, Ogawa M, Fukuda K, Taniguchi H, Ando K, Iwabuchi M, Miyazaki H. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator infection due to Mycobacterium mageritense. J Infect Chemother 2016; 22:180-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Santos R, de Carvalho CCCR, Stevenson A, Grant IR, Hallsworth JE. Extraordinary solute-stress tolerance contributes to the environmental tenacity of mycobacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 7:746-764. [PMID: 26059202 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteria are associated with a number of well-characterized diseases, yet we know little about their stress biology in natural ecosystems. This study focuses on the isolation and characterization of strains from Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and Glacier National Park (GNP; USA), the majority of those identified were Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum, Mycobacterium avium (YNP) or Mycobacterium gordonae (GNP). Generally, their windows for growth spanned a temperature range of > 60 °C; selected isolates grew at super-saturated concentrations of hydrophobic stressors and at levels of osmotic stress and chaotropic activity (up to 13.4 kJ kg(-1) ) similar to, or exceeding, those for the xerophilic fungus Aspergillus wentii and solvent-tolerant bacterium Pseudomonas putida. For example, mycobacteria grew down to 0.800 water activity indicating that they are, with the sole exception of halophiles, more xerotolerant than other bacteria (or any Archaea). Furthermore, the fatty-acid composition of Mycobacterium cells grown over a range of salt concentrations changed less than that of other bacteria, indicating a high level of resilience, regardless of the stress load. Cells of M. parascrofulaceum, M. smegmatis and M. avium resisted the acute, potentially lethal challenges from extremes of pH (< 1; > 13), and saturated MgCl2 solutions (5 M; 212 kJ kg(-1) chaotropicity). Collectively, these findings challenge the paradigm that bacteria have solute tolerances inferior to those of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Santos
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
- Instituto Superior Técnico, Laboratório de Análises, Lisbon, 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Carla C C R de Carvalho
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisbon, 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Andrew Stevenson
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Irene R Grant
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
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Delafont V, Mougari F, Cambau E, Joyeux M, Bouchon D, Héchard Y, Moulin L. First evidence of amoebae-mycobacteria association in drinking water network. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11872-82. [PMID: 25247827 DOI: 10.1021/es5036255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Free-living amoebae are protozoa ubiquitously found in water systems. They mainly feed on bacteria by phagocytosis, but some bacterial species are able to resist or even escape this lethal process. Among these amoeba resistant bacteria are numerous members of the genus Mycobacterium. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are opportunistic pathogens that share the same ecological niches as amoebae. While several studies have demonstrated the ability of these bacteria to colonise and persist within drinking water networks, there is also strong suspicion that mycobacteria could use amoebae as a vehicle for protection and even replication. We investigated here the presence of NTM and FLA on a drinking water network during an all year round sampling campaign. We observed that 87.6% of recovered amoebal cultures carried high numbers of NTM. Identification of these amoeba and mycobacteria strains indicated that the main genera found in drinking water networks, that is, Acanthamoeba, Vermamoeba, Echinamoeba, and Protacanthamoeba are able to carry and likely to allow replication of several environmental and potentially pathogenic mycobacteria including M. llatzerense and M. chelonae. Direct Sanger sequencing as well as pyrosequencing of environmental isolates demonstrated the frequent association of mycobacteria and FLA, as they are part of the most represented genera composing amoebae's microbiome. This is the first time that an association between FLA and NTM is observed in water networks, highlighting the importance of FLA in the ecology of NTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Delafont
- Université de Poitiers , Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Equipes Microbiologie de l'Eau & Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose, Poitiers 86000, France
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13
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Drancourt M. Looking in amoebae as a source of mycobacteria. Microb Pathog 2014; 77:119-24. [PMID: 25017516 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria exhibit various relationships with amoebae, ranging from the killing of one partner by the other one, to amoebae hosting mycobacteria in trophozoites and cysts. This observation indicates that poorly described biological factors affect the relationships, including mycobacterial cell-wall glycolipids and the size of the mycobacteria. Experimental observations indicate that a majority of environmental, opportunistic mycobacteria but also obligate pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium ulcerans are inter-amoebal organisms. Amoebae may give opportunities for genetic exchanges between mycobacteria, sympatric intra-amoebal organisms and the amoebae themselves. Amoebae clearly protect opportunistic mycobacterial pathogens during their environmental life but their role for obligate mycobacterial infection remains to be established. Accordingly, water was the source for emerging, community-acquired and health care-associated infection with amoeba-resisting mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium fortuitum groups, among others. Amoebae are organisms where mycobacteria can be found and, accordingly, amoeba co-culture can be used for the isolation of mycobacteria from environmental and clinical specimens. Looking in amoebae may help recovering new species of mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Drancourt
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM 63 UMR_S1095 UMR 7278, Méditerranée Infection, 13385, Marseille, France.
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Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium mageritense DSM 44476
T. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/2/e00354-14. [PMID: 24786954 PMCID: PMC4007989 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00354-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
We report the draft genome sequence of
Mycobacterium mageritense
strain DSM 44476
T
(CIP 104973), a nontuberculosis species responsible for various infections. The genome described here is composed of 7,966,608 bp, with a G+C content of 66.95%, and contains 7,675 protein-coding genes and 120 predicted RNA genes.
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Abstract
We announce the draft genome sequence of Mycobacterium austroafricanum DSM 44191(T) (= E9789-SA12441(T)), a non-tuberculosis species responsible for opportunistic infection. The genome described here has a size of 6,772,357 bp with a G+C content of 66.79% and contains 6,419 protein-coding genes and 112 RNA genes.
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Jacquier N, Aeby S, Lienard J, Greub G. Discovery of new intracellular pathogens by amoebal coculture and amoebal enrichment approaches. J Vis Exp 2013:e51055. [PMID: 24192667 DOI: 10.3791/51055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens such as legionella, mycobacteria and Chlamydia-like organisms are difficult to isolate because they often grow poorly or not at all on selective media that are usually used to cultivate bacteria. For this reason, many of these pathogens were discovered only recently or following important outbreaks. These pathogens are often associated with amoebae, which serve as host-cell and allow the survival and growth of the bacteria. We intend here to provide a demonstration of two techniques that allow isolation and characterization of intracellular pathogens present in clinical or environmental samples: the amoebal coculture and the amoebal enrichment. Amoebal coculture allows recovery of intracellular bacteria by inoculating the investigated sample onto an amoebal lawn that can be infected and lysed by the intracellular bacteria present in the sample. Amoebal enrichment allows recovery of amoebae present in a clinical or environmental sample. This can lead to discovery of new amoebal species but also of new intracellular bacteria growing specifically in these amoebae. Together, these two techniques help to discover new intracellular bacteria able to grow in amoebae. Because of their ability to infect amoebae and resist phagocytosis, these intracellular bacteria might also escape phagocytosis by macrophages and thus, be pathogenic for higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jacquier
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne
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Mardare C, Delahay RJ, Dale JW. Environmental amoebae do not support the long-term survival of virulent mycobacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1388-94. [PMID: 23398391 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To test the hypothesis that Mycobacterium bovis can persist in the environment within protozoa. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we used a novel approach to detect internalized mycobacteria in environmental protozoa from badger latrines. Acid-fast micro-organisms were visualized in isolated amoebae, although we were unable to identify them to species level as no mycobacteria were grown from these samples nor was M. bovis detected by IS6110 PCR. Co-incubation of Acanthamoeba castellanii with virulent M. bovis substantially reduced levels of bacilli, indicating that the amoebae have a negative effect on the persistence of M. bovis. CONCLUSIONS The internalization of mycobacteria in protozoa might be a rare event under environmental conditions. The results suggest that amoebae might contribute to the inactivation of M. bovis rather than representing a potential environmental reservoir. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Protozoa have been suggested to act as an environmental reservoir for M. bovis. The current study suggests that environmental amoebae play at most a minor role as potential reservoirs of M. bovis and that protozoa might inhibit persistence of M. bovis in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mardare
- Microbial Sciences Group, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK.
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18
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Characterization and phylogenetic diversity of carboxymethyl cellulase producing bacillus species from a landfill ecosystem. Indian J Microbiol 2011; 51:531-5. [PMID: 23024419 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-011-0153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Total population of cellulose degrading bacteria was studied in a landfill ecosystem as a part of microbial diversity study. Samples were obtained from 3 and 5 feet depth of a local landfill being operated for past 10 years. Among many isolates, 22 bacterial strains were selected based on their capability to decompose carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). These isolates were cultivated on agar medium with CMC as the carbon source. All isolates were Gram positive, endospore forming and alkalophilic bacteria with optimum growth pH 9-10. They were grouped based on the phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characters and representative strains of different groups along with high carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) producing strains were included for further characterization. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene indicated that these strains belong to different species of the genus Bacillus. Maximum CMCase activity of 4.8 U/ml at 50°C was obtained by strain LFC15. Results in the present study indicated the potential of waste land ecosystems such as landfill are potential source for isolation of industrially important microorganisms.
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Falkinham JO. Impact of human activities on the ecology of nontuberculous mycobacteria. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:951-60. [PMID: 20521938 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. They are found in a wide variety of habitats to which humans are exposed, including drinking water distribution systems and household water and plumbing. In that regard, they are distinct from their obligate pathogenic relatives, the members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Owing to the presence of NTM in the human environment, human activities have had direct impacts on their ecology and thereby their epidemiology. NTM are oligotrophic, able to grow at low organic matter concentrations and over a wide range of temperatures, and even at low oxygen concentrations. Thus, NTM are normal inhabitants of natural waters and drinking waters. Discovery of the presence of NTM-polluted soils is not surprising in light of the ability of NTM to degrade a variety of hydrocarbon pollutants. A major human activity selecting for the growth and predominance of mycobacteria in habitats is disinfection. In comparison to other bacteria, NTM are disinfectant, heavy metal and antibiotic resistant. Therefore, the use of any antimicrobial agent selects for mycobacteria. Use of disinfectant in drinking water treatment selects for mycobacteria that can grow and come to proliferate in drinking water distribution systems in the absence of disinfectant-sensitive competing microorganisms. NTM selection may also occur as a consequence of antibiotics in drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Falkinham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0406, USA.
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Thomas V, McDonnell G, Denyer SP, Maillard JY. Free-living amoebae and their intracellular pathogenic microorganisms: risks for water quality. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2010; 34:231-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Corsaro D, Pages GS, Catalan V, Loret JF, Greub G. Biodiversity of amoebae and amoeba-associated bacteria in water treatment plants. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2010; 213:158-66. [PMID: 20403728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we enlarged our previous investigation focusing on the biodiversity of chlamydiae and amoebae in a drinking water treatment plant, by the inclusion of two additional plants and by searching also for the presence of legionellae and mycobacteria. Autochthonous amoebae were recovered onto non-nutritive agar, identified by 18S rRNA gene sequencing, and screened for the presence of bacterial endosymbionts. Bacteria were also searched for by Acanthamoeba co-culture. From a total of 125 samples, we recovered 38 amoebae, among which six harboured endosymbionts (three chlamydiae and three legionellae). In addition, we recovered by amoebal co-culture 11 chlamydiae, 36 legionellae (no L. pneumophila), and 24 mycobacteria (all rapid-growers). Two plants presented a similar percentage of samples positive for chlamydiae (11%), mycobacteria (20%) and amoebae (27%), whereas in the third plant the number of recovered bacteria was almost twice higher. Each plant exhibited a relatively high specific microbiota. Amoebae were mainly represented by various Naegleria species, Acanthamoeba species and Hartmannella vermiformis. Parachlamydiaceae were the most abundant chlamydiae (8 strains in total), and in this study we recovered a new genus-level strain, along with new chlamydiae previously reported. Similarly, about 66% of the recovered legionellae and 47% of the isolated mycobacteria could represent new species. Our work highlighted a high species diversity among legionellae and mycobacteria, dominated by putative new species, and it confirmed the presence of chlamydiae in these artificial water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Corsaro
- Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medecine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Salah IB, Ghigo E, Drancourt M. Free-living amoebae, a training field for macrophage resistance of mycobacteria. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15:894-905. [PMID: 19845701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium species evolved from an environmental recent common ancestor by reductive evolution and lateral gene transfer. Strategies selected through evolution and developed by mycobacteria resulted in resistance to predation by environmental unicellular protists, including free-living amoebae. Indeed, mycobacteria are isolated from the same soil and water environments as are amoebae, and experimental models using Acanthamoeba spp. and Dictyostelium discoideum were exploited to analyse the mechanisms for intracellular survival. Most of these mechanisms have been further reproduced in macrophages for mycobacteria regarded as opportunistic and obligate pathogens. Amoebal cysts may protect intracellular mycobacteria against adverse conditions and may act as a vector for mycobacteria. The latter hypothesis warrants further environmental and clinical studies to better assess the role of free-living amoebae in the epidemiology of infections caused by mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Salah
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, CNRS 6236 IRD 198, IFR 48 Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Falkinham Iii JO. The biology of environmental mycobacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2009; 1:477-487. [PMID: 23765925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the environmental mycobacteria are slow growing relative to other microorganisms in water and soil which would suggest that they are poor competitors, compensating factors permit survival, growth and persistence in natural and human-engineered environments. Factors such as the hydrophobic, lipid-rich impermeable envelope, biofilm formation, acid resistance, anaerobic survival and metabolism of recalcitrant carbon compounds permit survival and growth of the environmental mycobacteria in a wide range of natural and human-engineered habitats. High numbers of environmental mycobacteria are found in coastal swamps and estuaries and boreal, peat-rich forest soils and waters. The hydrophobic surface results in concentration of the environmental mycobacteria at interfaces (air-water and surface-water) and in aerosolized droplets ejected from water. The survival and growth in protozoa and amoebae permit environmental mycobacteria to persist in habitats subject to predation and likely led to survival and growth in phagocytic cells of animals. Finally, slow growth allows time for mycobacterial cells to adapt to changing conditions before loss of viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Falkinham Iii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0406, USA
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Falkinham JO. Surrounded by mycobacteria: nontuberculous mycobacteria in the human environment. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:356-67. [PMID: 19228258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A majority of the Mycobacterium species, called the nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), are natural inhabitants of natural waters, engineered water systems, and soils. As a consequence of their ubiquitous distribution, humans are surrounded by these opportunistic pathogens. A cardinal feature of mycobacterial cells is the presence of a hydrophobic, lipid-rich outer membrane. The hydrophobicity of NTM is a major determinant of aerosolization, surface adherence, biofilm-formation, and disinfectant- and antibiotic resistance. The NTM are oligotrophs, able to grow at low carbon levels [>50 microg assimilable organic carbon (AOC) l(-1)], making them effective competitors in low nutrient, and disinfected environments (drinking water). Biofilm formation and oligotrophy lead to survival, persistence, and growth in drinking water distribution systems. In addition to their role as human and animal pathogens, the widespread distribution of NTM in the environment, coupled with their ability to degrade and metabolize a variety of complex hydrocarbons including pollutants, suggests that NTM may be agents of nutrient cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Falkinham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0406, USA.
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Eddine AN, von Kries JP, Podust MV, Warrier T, Kaufmann SHE, Podust LM. X-ray structure of 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone mimicking sterol substrate in the active site of sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51). J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15152-9. [PMID: 18367444 PMCID: PMC2397474 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801145200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A universal step in the biosynthesis of membrane sterols and steroid hormones is the oxidative removal of the 14alpha-methyl group from sterol precursors by sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51). This enzyme is a primary target in treatment of fungal infections in organisms ranging from humans to plants, and development of more potent and selective CYP51 inhibitors is an important biological objective. Our continuing interest in structural aspects of substrate and inhibitor recognition in CYP51 led us to determine (to a resolution of 1.95A) the structure of CYP51 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CYP51(Mt)) co-crystallized with 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP), a small organic molecule previously identified among top type I binding hits in a library screened against CYP51(Mt). The newly determined CYP51(Mt)-DHBP structure is the most complete to date and is an improved template for three-dimensional modeling of CYP51 enzymes from fungal and prokaryotic pathogens. The structure demonstrates the induction of conformational fit of the flexible protein regions and the interactions of conserved Phe-89 essential for both fungal drug resistance and catalytic function, which were obscure in the previously characterized CYP51(Mt)-estriol complex. DHBP represents a benzophenone scaffold binding in the CYP51 active site via a type I mechanism, suggesting (i) a possible new class of CYP51 inhibitors targeting flexible regions, (ii) an alternative catalytic function for bacterial CYP51 enzymes, and (iii) a potential for hydroxybenzophenones, widely distributed in the environment, to interfere with sterol biosynthesis. Finally, we show the inhibition of M. tuberculosis growth by DHBP in a mouse macrophage model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nasser Eddine
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Jens P. von Kries
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Mikhail V. Podust
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Thulasi Warrier
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Larissa M. Podust
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
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Thomas V, McDonnell G. Relationship between mycobacteria and amoebae: ecological and epidemiological concerns. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 45:349-57. [PMID: 17897376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery that Legionella pneumophila can survive and grow within free-living amoebae, there has been an increasing number of microbial species shown to have similar relationships. These include many bacterial species, fungi, other protozoa (e.g. Cryptosporidium) and viruses. Among bacteria, mycobacteria are of particular importance because of their role in human and animal infections. This review will consider the progress made in understanding the relationships between mycobacteria and amoebae, and their consequences in terms of ecology and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Thomas
- STERIS Laboratory, CEA/DSV/IMETI/SEPIA, 18 route du Panorama, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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