1
|
Innate Immunity Response to BK Virus Infection in Polyomavirus-Associated Nephropathy in Kidney Transplant Recipients. TRANSPLANTOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/transplantology3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKV) mainly causes infection in uroepithelial and renal tubular epithelial cells of either immunocompetent or immunocompromised hosts. Despite asymptomatic or mild clinical features in immunocompetent hosts with BK infection, serious complications are frequently found in immunocompromised patients, especially patients with kidney transplantation. Accordingly, BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVN) demonstrates a wide range of clinical manifestations, including ureteric stenosis and hemorrhagic cystitis. In addition, BKV re-infection in post-kidney transplantation is also a main cause of kidney allograft dysfunction and graft loss. Since the direct anti-BKV is unavailable, immune response against BKV infection is the main mechanism for organism control and might be a novel strategy to treat or suppress BKV. As such, the innate immunity, consisting of immune cells and soluble molecules, does not only suppress BKV but also enhances the subsequent adaptive immunity to eradicate the virus. Furthermore, the re-activation of BKV in BKVN of kidney-transplanted recipients seems to be related to the status of innate immunity. Therefore, this review aims to collate the most recent knowledge of innate immune response against BKV and the association between the innate immunity status of kidney-transplanted recipients and BKV re-activation.
Collapse
|
2
|
Myint TM, Chong CHY, Wyld M, Nankivell B, Kable K, Wong G. Polyoma BK Virus in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Screening, Monitoring, and Management. Transplantation 2022; 106:e76-e89. [PMID: 33908382 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyomavirus BK virus (BKPyV) infection is an important complication of kidney transplantation and allograft failure. The prevalence of viremia is 10%-15%, compared with BK-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN) at 3%-5%. Given that there are no effective antiviral prophylaxis or treatment strategies for BKPyVAN, active screening to detect BKPyV viremia is recommended, particularly during the early posttransplant period. Immunosuppression reduction to allow viral clearance may avoid progression to severe and irreversible allograft damage. The frequency and duration of screening are highly variable between transplant centers because the evidence is reliant largely on observational data. While the primary treatment goals center on achieving viral clearance through immunosuppression reduction, prevention of subsequent acute rejection, premature graft loss, and return to dialysis remain as major challenges. Treatment strategies for BKPyV infection should be individualized to the recipient's underlying immunological risk and severity of the allograft infection. Efficacy data for adjuvant therapies including intravenous immunoglobulin and cidofovir are sparse. Future well-powered and high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to inform evidence-based clinical practice for the management of BKPy infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thida Maung Myint
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Newcastle Transplant Unit, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Chanel H Y Chong
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie Wyld
- Department of Renal Medicine, Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian Nankivell
- Department of Renal Medicine, Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Kathy Kable
- Department of Renal Medicine, Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Germaine Wong
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu C, Huang Y, Su J, Wang M, Zhou Q, Zhu B. The prevalence and isolated subtypes of BK polyomavirus reactivation among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 in southeastern China. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1463-1468. [PMID: 29435709 PMCID: PMC5958166 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is an opportunistic infectious pathogen that is associated with hemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy, mainly in transplant recipients and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infected patients. However, molecular characterization studies of BKPyV in China are rare. This study was designed to elucidate the prevalence and to determine the main subtypes of BKPyV among HIV-1-infected patients in southeastern China. In addition, the increased incidences for BKPyV reactivation were analyzed. The isolated BKPyV DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the specimen sequences were aligned with the reference sequences for phylogenetic analysis. In this study, BKPyV viruria was detected in 64.2% (88/137) of HIV-1-infected patients. Patients in the BKPyV-positive group were more diverse with respect to gender (P = 0.039) and age (P = 0.023) than their counterparts in the BKPyV-negative group, and they had a higher rate of co-infection with tuberculosis (TB) (P = 0.026). Viruria was more commonly found in patients with CD4 counts <200 cells/mm (72.7%) than in those with CD4 counts ≥200 cells/mm (58.5%) (not significant). All sequenced BKPyV isolates belonged to subtype I (13/32) and IV (19/32). A high prevalence of BKPyV reactivation was discovered in patients with HIV-1 infection. Females and elderly individuals, as well as those with a TB co-infection, appeared more susceptible to BKPyV reactivation in this study. BKPyV viruria was found more often and was associated with lower CD4 counts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caiqin Hu
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Huang
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juwei Su
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengyan Wang
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qihui Zhou
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Zhu
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim MH, Lee YH, Seo JW, Moon H, Kim JS, Kim YG, Jeong KH, Moon JY, Lee TW, Ihm CG, Kim CD, Park JB, Chung BH, Kim YH, Lee SH. Urinary exosomal viral microRNA as a marker of BK virus nephropathy in kidney transplant recipients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190068. [PMID: 29267352 PMCID: PMC5739476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Bkv-miR-B1-5p, one of the microRNAs encoded by BK virus, was recently reported to be elevated in the blood among the patients with BK virus nephropathy (BKVN). Urinary exosome was suggested to be a possible source of biomarker for kidney diseases, but it was unknown whether it could contain viral microRNA as well as human microRNAs. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether urinary exosomal BK viral microRNA were expressed during replication and could be used to diagnose BKVN in kidney transplant recipients. Materials and methods In a cross-sectional multicenter study, we collected and analyzed 458 graft biopsies from 385 kidney transplant recipients. Urine samples were collected at the time of graft biopsy, and microRNAs in urinary exosome were measured once. For 13 patients with BKVN and 67 age, sex-matched kidney transplant recipients, we measured BK viral microRNA B1-5p, 3p and human microRNA-16 in urinary exosomal fraction and compared the diagnostic value with BK viral load in plasma and urine. Results Pathology proven BKVN was diagnosed in 13 patients (2.8%). High levels of bkv-miR-B1-5p and bkv-miR-B1-3p were shown in all patients with BKVN. Meanwhile, plasma BK viral load assay (cut-off value of ≥ 4.0 log10 copies/mL) showed false negative in 3 cases and urinary BK viral load assay (cut-off value of ≥ 7.0 log10 copies/mL) showed false negative in 1 case among these 13 patients. The receiver operator characteristics curve analysis for bkv-miR-B1-5p and bkv-miR-B1-5p/miR-16 showed excellent discriminative power for the diagnosis of BKVN, with area under the curve values of 0.989 and 0.985, respectively. Conclusions This study suggests that urinary exosomal bkv-miR-B1-5p and bkv-miR-B1-5p/miR-16 could be surrogate markers for the diagnosis of BKVN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Hee Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Ho Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Seo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haena Moon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Sug Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang Gyun Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Jeong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Moon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Won Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun-Gyoo Ihm
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan-Duck Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Berm Park
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Ha Chung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The St. Mary’s Hospital of Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schmitt C, Raggub L, Linnenweber-Held S, Adams O, Schwarz A, Heim A. Donor origin of BKV replication after kidney transplantation. J Clin Virol 2014; 59:120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
6
|
Jeong BH, Lee JH, Cho HJ, Kim YS. Absence of association between the incidence of BK virus and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Intervirology 2013; 56:184-9. [PMID: 23363877 DOI: 10.1159/000346241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies suggest that the virus-like particles are required for the infection of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between BK polyomavirus (BKV) and sporadic CJD. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the prevalence of BKV in urine samples from 94 sporadic CJD patients and 54 other neurological disease (OND) patients using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS BKV DNA was detected in 16 (17%) and 9 (16.7%) urine samples from sporadic CJD and OND patients, respectively. There was no significant difference in the incidence of BKV infection between Korean sporadic CJD and OND patients (p = 0.9558). In order to investigate the genotypes of BKV, we analyzed 22 BKV isolates obtained from Korean patients by DNA sequencing and nucleotide sequence analysis. Three distinct subtypes, namely I, III, and IV, were found in 66.7, 22.2, and 11.1% of 9 BKV isolates from OND patients, whereas subtypes I and IV were detected in 76.9 and 23.1% of 13 BKV isolates from sporadic CJD patients. Interestingly, subtype III was not detected in sporadic CJD patients. Significant differences in the frequency of BKV genotypes were not observed between sporadic CJD and OND patients. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that BKV may not play an important role in the pathogenesis of prion diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kahila Bar-Gal G, Kim MJ, Klein A, Shin DH, Oh CS, Kim JW, Kim TH, Kim SB, Grant PR, Pappo O, Spigelman M, Shouval D. Tracing hepatitis B virus to the 16th century in a Korean mummy. Hepatology 2012; 56:1671-80. [PMID: 22610996 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A rare find of a mummified child from the 16th century AD, in Korea, with relatively preserved organs, enabled a search for ancient hepatitis B virus (aHBV) DNA sequences from laparoscopic-derived liver biopsies. Analysis of the complete aHBV genome (3,215 base pairs) revealed a unique HBV genotype C2 (HBV/C2) sequence commonly spread in Southeast Asia, which probably represents an HBV that infected the Joseon Dynasty population in Korea. Comparison of the aHBV sequences with contemporary HBV/C2 DNA sequences revealed distinctive differences along four open reading frames. Genetic diversity between contemporary and recovered aHBV/C2 DNA may be the result of immunologic, environmental, and/or pharmacologic pressures. The calculated time of most recent common ancestor suggests that the Korean HBV sequence origin dates back at least 3,000 years and possibly as long as 100,000 years. This isolate most likely represents the earliest human HBV sequence that colonized Southeast Asia by human migration. CONCLUSION This study describes the complete sequence of the oldest HBV isolate and the most ancient full viral genome known so far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gila Kahila Bar-Gal
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Drew RJ, Walsh A, Laoi BN, Crowley B. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome of 11 BKV isolates obtained from allogenic stem cell transplant recipients in Ireland. J Med Virol 2012; 84:1037-48. [PMID: 22585720 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (family Polyomaviridae) may cause hemorrhagic cystitis (BKV-HC) in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Eleven complete BKV genomes (GenBank accession numbers: JN192431-JN192441) were sequenced from urine samples of allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and compared to complete BKV genomes in the published literature. Of the 11 isolates, seven (64%) were subgroup Ib-1, three (27%) isolates belonged to subgroup Ib-2 and a single isolate belonged to subtype III. The analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in this study showed that isolates could be subclassified into subtypes I-IV and subgroups Ib-1 and Ib-2 on the basis of VP1 of the first part of the Large T-antigen (LTag). The non-coding control region (NCCR) of the 11 isolates was also sequenced. These sequences showed that there was consistent sequence homology within subgroups Ib-1 and Ib-2. Two new mutations were described in the isolates, G→C at O(84) in isolate SJH-LG-310, and a deletion at R(2-7) in isolate SJH-LG-309. No known transcription factor is thought to be present at the site of either of these mutations. There were no rearrangements seen in isolates and this may be because the patients were not followed up over time. There were five nucleotide positions at which subgroup Ib-1 isolated differed from subgroup Ib-2 isolates in the NCCR sequence, O(41) , P(18) , P(31) , R(4) , and S(18) . The mutation O(41) is present in the promoter granulocyte/macrophage stimulating factor) gene and the P(31) mutation is present in the NF-1 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard John Drew
- Sir Patrick Dun Translational Research Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|