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Kubinski M, Beicht J, Gerlach T, Volz A, Sutter G, Rimmelzwaan GF. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Quest for Better Vaccines against a Virus on the Rise. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E451. [PMID: 32806696 PMCID: PMC7564546 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the family Flaviviridae, is one of the most important tick-transmitted viruses in Europe and Asia. Being a neurotropic virus, TBEV causes infection of the central nervous system, leading to various (permanent) neurological disorders summarized as tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). The incidence of TBE cases has increased due to the expansion of TBEV and its vectors. Since antiviral treatment is lacking, vaccination against TBEV is the most important protective measure. However, vaccination coverage is relatively low and immunogenicity of the currently available vaccines is limited, which may account for the vaccine failures that are observed. Understanding the TBEV-specific correlates of protection is of pivotal importance for developing novel and improved TBEV vaccines. For affording robust protection against infection and development of TBE, vaccines should induce both humoral and cellular immunity. In this review, the adaptive immunity induced upon TBEV infection and vaccination as well as novel approaches to produce improved TBEV vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Kubinski
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (TiHo), Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.K.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Jana Beicht
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (TiHo), Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.K.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Thomas Gerlach
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (TiHo), Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.K.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (TiHo), Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (TiHo), Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.K.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
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Maikova GB, Chernokhaeva LL, Rogova YV, Kozlovskaya LI, Kholodilov IS, Romanenko VV, Esyunina MS, Ankudinova AA, Kilyachina AS, Vorovitch MF, Karganova GG. Ability of inactivated vaccines based on far‐eastern tick‐borne encephalitis virus strains to induce humoral immune response in originally seropositive and seronegative recipients. J Med Virol 2018; 91:190-200. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Galina B. Maikova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, FSBSI “Chumakov FSC IBP RAS,”Moscow Russia
| | - Liubov L. Chernokhaeva
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, FSBSI “Chumakov FSC IBP RAS,”Moscow Russia
| | - Yulia V. Rogova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, FSBSI “Chumakov FSC IBP RAS,”Moscow Russia
| | - Liubov I. Kozlovskaya
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, FSBSI “Chumakov FSC IBP RAS,”Moscow Russia
- Institute for Translational Medecine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscow Russia
| | - Ivan S. Kholodilov
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, FSBSI “Chumakov FSC IBP RAS,”Moscow Russia
| | - Victor V. Romanenko
- Hygienic and Epidemiological Center of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing in Sverdlovsk RegionEkaterinburg Russia
| | - Mariya S. Esyunina
- Office of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing in Sverdlovsk RegionEkaterinburg Russia
| | - Anna A. Ankudinova
- Ekaterinburg Scientific Research Institute of Virus Infections, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human WellbeingEkaterinburg Russia
| | - Anna S. Kilyachina
- Ekaterinburg Scientific Research Institute of Virus Infections, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human WellbeingEkaterinburg Russia
| | - Mikhail F. Vorovitch
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, FSBSI “Chumakov FSC IBP RAS,”Moscow Russia
- Institute for Translational Medecine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscow Russia
| | - Galina G. Karganova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, FSBSI “Chumakov FSC IBP RAS,”Moscow Russia
- Institute for Translational Medecine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscow Russia
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Lashkevich VA, Karganova GG. ON MODERN APPROACHES TO CREATION OF A SINGLE-CYCLE VACCINE AGAINST TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS. Vopr Virusol 2018; 63:101-105. [PMID: 36494935 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-3-101-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In Russia, about 2000 people get tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) every year. Almost none of them are vaccinated. For the prevention of TBE, inactivated vaccines (IVTBE) are used. IVTBE are safe and protect from TBE not less than 95% of vaccinated. The disadvantages of IVTBE are the need for numerous intramuscular injections by medical personnel, the high cost of vaccination and the vaccination refusals. A new vaccine against TBE should not be inferior to IVTBE in its safety and efficacy, should cause long-term immunity after a single application, and, preferably, be effective after oral administration. Currently, genetic engineering methods for producing replication-defective (single-cycle) flaviviruses that can serve as the basis for creating new types of safe vaccines similar in many characteristics to classic live vaccines based on attenuated strains of viruses have been proposed. The possibility of infecting humans with TBE by the use of milk of naturally infected animals, as well as the experience of using experimental live TBE vaccines, are prerequisites for the creation of a safe oral single-dose TBE vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Lashkevich
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune and Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - G G Karganova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune and Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences
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Yoshii K, Song JY, Park SB, Yang J, Schmitt HJ. Tick-borne encephalitis in Japan, Republic of Korea and China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e82. [PMID: 28928417 PMCID: PMC5625319 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes mild or moderate febrile illness in humans that may progress to encephalitis, leading to severe long-term complications and sometimes death. TBEV is prevalent in the Eurasian continent and has been isolated in China, Japan and Republic of Korea (ROK). The TBEV isolates from Japan are of the Far-Eastern subtype; in ROK, the isolates are of the Western subtype; and all TBEV isolates in China are of the Far-Eastern subtype, except one strain that was identified most recently as the Siberian subtype. TBE is endemic to the northeast, northwest and southeast of China; only two confirmed TBE cases have been reported in Japan to date; and no TBE case has been confirmed in ROK. For TBE patients in China, the onset of disease is acute with no biphasic course for disease presentation. The clinical spectrum of disease phenotypes may be wider than currently understood, since serological evidence suggests the presence of TBEV infections in healthy people, indicating that asymptomatic or unspecific manifestations of TBEV infection may exist. The current treatment for TBE is supportive care. In China, vaccines against TBEV have been developed and are available with demonstrated immunogenicity and safety, although efficacy data are lacking. No vaccines are available in ROK or Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yoshii
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Gurodongro 148, Gurogu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Park
- Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Korea Ltd, Seoul 100-771, Republic of Korea
| | - Junfeng Yang
- Pfizer Investment Co., Ltd. The Fifth Square, Tower B, 9/F, No. 3-7, Chaoyangmen North Avenue, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Heinz-Josef Schmitt
- Scientific Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines Europe, 23-25 Avenue du Dr Lannelongue, Paris 75014, France
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Kwilas S, Kishimori JM, Josleyn M, Jerke K, Ballantyne J, Royals M, Hooper JW. A hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) DNA vaccine delivered using a spring-powered jet injector elicits a potent neutralizing antibody response in rabbits and nonhuman primates. Curr Gene Ther 2015; 14:200-10. [PMID: 24867065 PMCID: PMC4161193 DOI: 10.2174/1566523214666140522122633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sin Nombre virus (SNV) and Andes virus (ANDV) cause most of the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) cases in North and South America, respectively. The chances of a patient surviving HPS are only two in three. Previously, we demonstrated that SNV and ANDV DNA vaccines encoding the virus envelope glycoproteins elicit high-titer neutralizing antibodies in laboratory animals, and (for ANDV) in nonhuman primates (NHPs). In those studies, the vaccines were delivered by gene gun or muscle electroporation. Here, we tested whether a combined SNV/ANDV DNA vaccine (HPS DNA vaccine) could be delivered effectively using a disposable syringe jet injection (DSJI) system (PharmaJet, Inc). PharmaJet intramuscular (IM) and intradermal (ID) needle-free devices are FDA 510(k)-cleared, simple to use, and do not require electricity or pressurized gas. First, we tested the SNV DNA vaccine delivered by PharmaJet IM or ID devices in rabbits and NHPs. Both IM and ID devices produced high-titer anti-SNV neutralizing antibody responses in rabbits and NHPs. However, the ID device required at least two vaccinations in NHP to detect neutralizing antibodies in most animals, whereas all animals vaccinated once with the IM device seroconverted. Because the IM device was more effective in NHP, the Stratis® (PharmaJet IM device) was selected for follow-up studies. We evaluated the HPS DNA vaccine delivered using Stratis® and found that it produced high-titer anti-SNV and anti-ANDV neutralizing antibodies in rabbits (n=8/group) as measured by a classic plaque reduction neutralization test and a new pseudovirion neutralization assay. We were interested in determining if the differences between DSJI delivery (e.g., high-velocity liquid penetration through tissue) and other methods of vaccine injection, such as needle/syringe, might result in a more immunogenic DNA vaccine. To accomplish this, we compared the HPS DNA vaccine delivered by DSJI versus needle/syringe in NHPs (n=8/group). We found that both the anti-SNV and anti-ANDV neutralizing antibody titers were significantly higher (p-value 0.0115) in the DSJI-vaccinated groups than the needle/syringe group. For example, the anti-SNV and anti-ANDV PRNT50 geometric mean titers (GMTs) were 1,974 and 349 in the DSJI-vaccinated group versus 87 and 42 in the needle/syringe group. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that a spring-powered DSJI device is capable of effectively delivering a DNA vaccine to NHPs. Whether this HPS DNA vaccine, or any DNA vaccine, delivered by spring-powered DSJI will elicit a strong immune response in humans, requires clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jay W Hooper
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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Pripuzova NS, Gmyl LV, Romanova LI, Tereshkina NV, Rogova YV, Terekhina LL, Kozlovskaya LI, Vorovitch MF, Grishina KG, Timofeev AV, Karganova GG. Exploring of primate models of tick-borne flaviviruses infection for evaluation of vaccines and drugs efficacy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61094. [PMID: 23585873 PMCID: PMC3621963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the most prevalent and medically important tick-borne arboviruses in Eurasia. There are overlapping foci of two flaviviruses: TBEV and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) in Russia. Inactivated vaccines exist only against TBE. There are no antiviral drugs for treatment of both diseases. Optimal animal models are necessary to study efficacy of novel vaccines and treatment preparations against TBE and relative flaviviruses. The models for TBE and OHF using subcutaneous inoculation were tested in Cercopithecus aethiops and Macaca fascicularis monkeys with or without prior immunization with inactivated TBE vaccine. No visible clinical signs or severe pathomorphological lesions were observed in any monkey infected with TBEV or OHFV. C. aethiops challenged with OHFV showed massive hemolytic syndrome and thrombocytopenia. Infectious virus or viral RNA was revealed in visceral organs and CNS of C. aethiops infected with both viruses; however, viremia was low. Inactivated TBE vaccines induced high antibody titers against both viruses and expressed booster after challenge. The protective efficacy against TBE was shown by the absence of virus in spleen, lymph nodes and CNS of immunized animals after challenge. Despite the absence of expressed hemolytic syndrome in immunized C. aethiops TBE vaccine did not prevent the reproduction of OHFV in CNS and visceral organs. Subcutaneous inoculation of M. fascicularis with two TBEV strains led to a febrile disease with well expressed viremia, fever, and virus reproduction in spleen, lymph nodes and CNS. The optimal terms for estimation of the viral titers in CNS were defined as 8-16 days post infection. We characterized two animal models similar to humans in their susceptibility to tick-borne flaviviruses and found the most optimal scheme for evaluation of efficacy of preventive and therapeutic preparations. We also identified M. fascicularis to be more susceptible to TBEV than C. aethiops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S. Pripuzova
- FSBI Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (IPVE) RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Larissa V. Gmyl
- FSBI Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (IPVE) RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidiya Iu. Romanova
- FSBI Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (IPVE) RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Tereshkina
- FSBI Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (IPVE) RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Rogova
- FSBI Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (IPVE) RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov L. Terekhina
- FSBI Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (IPVE) RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov I. Kozlovskaya
- FSBI Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (IPVE) RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail F. Vorovitch
- FSBI Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (IPVE) RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karina G. Grishina
- FSBI Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (IPVE) RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Timofeev
- FSBI Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (IPVE) RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina G. Karganova
- FSBI Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (IPVE) RAMS, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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