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Braun VZ, Karbon G, Schuler F, Schapfl MA, Weiss JG, Petermann PY, Spierings DC, Tijhuis AE, Foijer F, Labi V, Villunger A. Extra centrosomes delay DNA damage-driven tumorigenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk0564. [PMID: 38552015 PMCID: PMC10980279 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Deregulated centrosome numbers are frequently found in human cancer and can promote malignancies in model organisms. Current research aims to clarify if extra centrosomes are cause or consequence of malignant transformation, and if their biogenesis can be targeted for therapy. Here, we show that oncogene-driven blood cancer is inert to genetic manipulation of centrosome numbers, whereas the formation of DNA damage-induced malignancies is delayed. We provide first evidence that this unexpected phenomenon is connected to extra centrosomes eliciting a pro-death signal engaging the apoptotic machinery. Apoptosis induction requires the PIDDosome multi-protein complex, as it can be abrogated by loss of any of its three components, Caspase-2, Raidd/Cradd, or Pidd1. BCL2 overexpression equally blocks cell death, documenting for the first time induction of mitochondrial apoptosis downstream of extra centrosomes. Our findings demonstrate context-dependent effects of centrosome amplification during transformation and ask to adjust current belief that extra centrosomes are intrinsically pro-tumorigenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Z. Braun
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Karbon
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabian Schuler
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marina A. Schapfl
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes G. Weiss
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Y. Petermann
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Diana C.J. Spierings
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Andrea E. Tijhuis
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Verena Labi
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- The CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Lauder SN, Milutinovic S, Pires A, Smart K, Godkin A, Gallimore A. Using methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas to study tumor immunology. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 163:59-75. [PMID: 33785169 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of cancer are essential in furthering our understanding both of the mechanisms that drive tumor development and the immune response that develops in parallel, and also in providing a platform for testing novel anti-cancer therapies. The majority of solid tumor models available rely on the injection of existing cancer cell lines into naïve hosts which, while providing quick and reproducible model systems, typically lack the development of a tumor microenvironment that recapitulates those seen in human cancers. Administration of the carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), allows tumors to develop in situ, forming a tumor microenvironment with an established stroma and vasculature. This article provides a detailed set of protocols for the administration of MCA into mice and the subsequent monitoring of tumors. Protocols are also provided for some of the routinely used downstream applications that can be used for MCA tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Lauder
- Division of Infection Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - S Milutinovic
- Division of Infection Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - A Pires
- Division of Infection Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - K Smart
- Division of Infection Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - A Godkin
- Division of Infection Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - A Gallimore
- Division of Infection Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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3
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Lee CL, Mowery YM, Daniel AR, Zhang D, Sibley AB, Delaney JR, Wisdom AJ, Qin X, Wang X, Caraballo I, Gresham J, Luo L, Van Mater D, Owzar K, Kirsch DG. Mutational landscape in genetically engineered, carcinogen-induced, and radiation-induced mouse sarcoma. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128698. [PMID: 31112524 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer development is influenced by hereditary mutations, somatic mutations due to random errors in DNA replication, or external factors. It remains unclear how distinct cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors impact oncogenesis within the same tissue type. We investigated murine soft tissue sarcomas generated by oncogenic alterations (KrasG12D activation and p53 deletion), carcinogens (3-methylcholanthrene [MCA] or ionizing radiation), and in a novel model combining both factors (MCA plus p53 deletion). Whole-exome sequencing demonstrated distinct mutational signatures in individual sarcoma cohorts. MCA-induced sarcomas exhibited high mutational burden and predominantly G-to-T transversions, while radiation-induced sarcomas exhibited low mutational burden and a distinct genetic signature characterized by C-to-T transitions. The indel to substitution ratio and amount of gene copy number variations were high for radiation-induced sarcomas. MCA-induced tumors generated on a p53-deficient background showed the highest genomic instability. MCA-induced sarcomas harbored mutations in putative cancer-driver genes that regulate MAPK signaling (Kras and Nf1) and the Hippo pathway (Fat1 and Fat4). In contrast, radiation-induced sarcomas and KrasG12Dp53-/- sarcomas did not harbor recurrent oncogenic mutations, rather they exhibited amplifications of specific oncogenes: Kras and Myc in KrasG12Dp53-/- sarcomas, and Met and Yap1 for radiation-induced sarcomas. These results reveal that different initiating events drive oncogenesis through distinct mechanisms.
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Rogers LM, Olivier AK, Meyerholz DK, Dupuy AJ. Adaptive immunity does not strongly suppress spontaneous tumors in a Sleeping Beauty model of cancer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4393-9. [PMID: 23475219 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The tumor immunosurveillance hypothesis describes a process by which the immune system recognizes and suppresses the growth of transformed cancer cells. A variety of epidemiological and experimental evidence supports this hypothesis. Nevertheless, there are a number of conflicting reports regarding the degree of immune protection conferred, the immune cell types responsible for protection, and the potential contributions of immunosuppressive therapies to tumor induction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the adaptive immune system actively suppresses tumorigenesis in a Sleeping Beauty (SB) mouse model of cancer. SB transposon mutagenesis was performed in either a wild-type or immunocompromised (Rag2-null) background. Tumor latency and multiplicity were remarkably similar in both immune cohorts, suggesting that the adaptive immune system is not efficiently suppressing tumor formation in our model. Exceptions included skin tumors, which displayed increased multiplicity in wild-type animals, and leukemias, which developed with shorter latency in immune-deficient mice. Overall tumor distribution was also altered such that tumors affecting the gastrointestinal tract were more frequent and hemangiosarcomas were less frequent in immune-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. Finally, genetic profiling of transposon-induced mutations identified significant differences in mutation prevalence for a number of genes, including Uba1. Taken together, these results indicate that B and T cells function to shape the genetic profile of tumors in various tumor types, despite being ineffective at clearing SB-induced tumors. To our knowledge, this study represents the first forward genetic screen designed to examine tumor immunosurveillance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Rogers
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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5
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Ahmadzai AA, Trevisan J, Pang W, Patel II, Fullwood NJ, Bruce SW, Pant K, Carmichael PL, Scott AD, Martin FL. Classification of test agent-specific effects in the Syrian hamster embryo assay (pH 6.7) using infrared spectroscopy with computational analysis. Mutagenesis 2012; 27:375-82. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ges003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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6
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Kino K, Sugasawa K, Mizuno T, Bando T, Sugiyama H, Akita M, Miyazawa H, Hanaoka F. Eukaryotic DNA polymerases alpha, beta and epsilon incorporate guanine opposite 2,2,4-triamino-5(2H)-oxazolone. Chembiochem 2010; 10:2613-6. [PMID: 19780077 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Kino
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan.
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7
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Efeyan A, Murga M, Martinez-Pastor B, Ortega-Molina A, Soria R, Collado M, Fernandez-Capetillo O, Serrano M. Limited role of murine ATM in oncogene-induced senescence and p53-dependent tumor suppression. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5475. [PMID: 19421407 PMCID: PMC2675057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in human fibroblasts have provided a new general paradigm of tumor suppression according to which oncogenic signaling produces DNA damage and this, in turn, results in ATM/p53-dependent cellular senescence. Here, we have tested this model in a variety of murine experimental systems. Overexpression of oncogenic Ras in murine fibroblasts efficiently induced senescence but this occurred in the absence of detectable DNA damage signaling, thus suggesting a fundamental difference between human and murine cells. Moreover, lung adenomas initiated by endogenous levels of oncogenic K-Ras presented abundant senescent cells, but undetectable DNA damage signaling. Accordingly, K-Ras-driven adenomas were also senescent in Atm-null mice, and the tumorigenic progression of these lesions was only modestly accelerated by Atm-deficiency. Finally, we have examined chemically-induced fibrosarcomas, which possess a persistently activated DNA damage response and are highly sensitive to the activity of p53. We found that the absence of Atm favored genomic instability in the resulting tumors, but did not affect the persistent DNA damage response and did not impair p53-dependent tumor suppression. All together, we conclude that oncogene-induced senescence in mice may occur in the absence of a detectable DNA damage response. Regarding murine Atm, our data suggest that it plays a minor role in oncogene-induced senescence or in p53-dependent tumor suppression, being its tumor suppressive activity probably limited to the maintenance of genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejo Efeyan
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde Murga
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Ortega-Molina
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Soria
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Collado
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Serrano
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Ohkawara S, Furuya H, Nagashima K, Asanuma N, Hino T. Effect of Oral Administration ofButyrivibrio fibrisolvensMDT-1, a Gastrointestinal Bacterium, on 3-Methylcholanthrene-Induced Tumor in Mice. Nutr Cancer 2007; 59:92-8. [DOI: 10.1080/01635580701397608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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9
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Cicinnati VR, Dworacki G, Albers A, Beckebaum S, Tüting T, Kaczmarek E, DeLeo AB. Impact of p53-based immunization on primary chemically-induced tumors. Int J Cancer 2004; 113:961-70. [PMID: 15514940 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In mice as well as humans, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for wild-type-sequence (wt) p53 peptides have been shown to react against a wide range of tumors, but not normal cells. As such, they are attractive candidates for developing broadly applicable cancer vaccines. Of particular interest is the potential of using p53-based vaccines in high-risk individuals to prevent cancer. Methylcholanthrene, an immunosuppressive polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogen implicated as a causative agent in human cancers, has long been used to induce murine tumors with a high incidence of genetic alterations and sensitivity to wt p53-specific CTL. To analyze the potential of p53-based vaccines on primary tumors, we evaluated the efficacy of DNA and dendritic cell vaccines targeting wt p53 peptides given to methylcholanthrene-treated mice in the protection or therapy settings. The results indicate that the efficacy of these vaccines relative to reducing tumor incidence were severely compromised by vaccine-induced tumor escape. As compared to tumors induced in non-immunized mice, a higher incidence of epitope-loss tumors was detected in tumors from the immunized mice. The increase in tumor escape arose as a consequence of either increased frequencies of mutations within/flanking p53 epitope-coding regions or downregulation of expression of the major histocompatibility complex Class I molecules that present these epitopes for T cell recognition These findings are consistent with current views of immunoselection occurring in patients receiving tumor peptide-based immunotherapy, and impact on the design and implementation of p53-based vaccines, in particular, those aimed at treating individuals at high risk for developing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito R Cicinnati
- Division of Basic Research, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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10
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Malins DC, Anderson KM, Gilman NK, Green VM, Barker EA, Hellström KE. Development of a cancer DNA phenotype prior to tumor formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:10721-5. [PMID: 15249662 PMCID: PMC490001 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403888101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), we demonstrate with Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy that a cancer DNA phenotype is produced well in advance of palpable tumors. We further demonstrate that the administration of cyclophosphamide markedly inhibits the development of the cancer phenotype and concomitantly delays tumor formation. MCA, injected into the hind legs of mice, produced a variety of significant structural changes in the nucleotide bases and phosphodiester-deoxyribose backbone, as reflected in a substantial (34%) difference between the mean DNA spectra of the control and the MCA-injected mice. Strikingly, 57 days before the mean appearance of tumors, we could not distinguish the DNA structure of the histologically normal tissues of the MCA-injected mice from the DNA structure of the tumor tissues. This finding indicates the early development of a cancer phenotype. Confirmatory evidence was obtained when tissues from a group of mice injected with both MCA and cyclophosphamide did not manifest the cancer phenotype, and their mean DNA structure closely resembled that of the control mice. Accordingly, we propose that the cancer DNA phenotype, as evinced by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, is a promising early indicator of tumor formation, and we postulate that agents capable of inhibiting this phenotype may delay or prevent carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Malins
- Biochemical Oncology Program, Pacific Northwest Research Institute, 720 Broadway, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
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11
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Takagi A, Matsuzaki T, Sato M, Nomoto K, Morotomi M, Yokokura T. Enhancement of natural killer cytotoxicity delayed murine carcinogenesis by a probiotic microorganism. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22:599-605. [PMID: 11285195 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/22.4.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of innate immunity may be an effective means of cancer control. Delaying cancer onset is regarded as an important mode of action in cancer prevention. We have been investigating the chemopreventive mechanisms of Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS), a probiotic strain. In this study, we evaluated the effect of LcS on tumor onset and the involvement of natural killer (NK) cells using a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced carcinogenesis model. C3H/HeN mice were divided into three groups, according to treatment: vehicle-treated, treated with vehicle only; control, 3-methylcholanthrene treated; LcS, 3-methylcholanthrene and LcS treated. 3-Methylcholanthrene was injected intradermally at 7 weeks of age. LcS was mixed into the diet (0.05%, w/w), which the mice were fed from the day of 3-methylcholanthrene injection onward. Tumor incidence was observed weekly. Profiles of splenic NK cells, in vitro cytotoxicity and the proportion, in the early stage of carcinogenesis were analyzed at 5 weeks after the injection. The tumor suppressive effect of LcS was also evaluated in a beige mouse model that is genetically deficient in NK cells. LcS delayed tumor onset and reduced tumor incidence in the results with C3H/HeN mice (P< 0.05). More specifically, tumor incidence in the control group was 33% at 6 weeks after the injection and 83% at 11 weeks as opposed to 0 and 42%, respectively, in the LcS group. NK cell cytotoxicity was significantly higher than in the control group, and the number of NK cells also increased in the LcS group of C3H/HeN mice. However, LcS failed to suppress tumorigenesis in the beige mouse. These findings suggest that enhancement of the cytotoxicity of NK cells by LcS delays tumor onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Takagi
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
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12
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Khan QA, Dipple A. Diverse chemical carcinogens fail to induce G 1 arrest in MCF-7 cells. Carcinogenesis 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.8.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Khan QA, Dipple A. Diverse chemical carcinogens fail to induce G1 arrest in MCF-7 cells. Carcinogenesis 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.5.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Rihn BH, Bottin MC, Coulais C, Rouget R, Monhoven N, Baranowski W, Edorh A, Keith G. Genotoxicity of 3-methylcholanthrene in liver of transgenic big Blue mice. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2000; 36:266-273. [PMID: 11152559 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2280(2000)36:4<266::aid-em2>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice provide a unique tool for studying the tissue specificity and mutagenic potential of chemicals. Because 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) was found mutagenic in bacteria, clastogenic in bone marrow, and induces DNA adducts in animals, we were interested to determinine whether this xenobiotic provokes (1) cell proliferation, (2) transcriptional activity changes, (3) DNA adducts, and (4) hepatic mutations in transgenic Big Blue mice carrying the lambdaLIZ phage shuttle vector. Big Blue C57/Bl male mice were treated with a single intraperitoneal dose of 80 mg/kg 3MC for 1, 3, 6, 14, or 30 days. Cell proliferation was checked by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine labeling and immunohistochemical detection. The maximal increase of the mitotic index was evidenced after 3 days (2.9 times the control value; P < 0.01). The relative nucleus area, reflecting the transcriptional activity, was also the highest in the treated group after 3 days: 1.86 times the control value, on average (P < 0.01). Four major DNA adducts, determined according to the [(32)P]-postlabeling method, were evidenced in liver DNA of treated mice, 6 days after the treatment: the spot intensities increased in a time-dependent manner. The mutant frequency of liver DNA was the highest after 14 days: 20.3 +/- 2.9 x 10(-5) in the treated vs. 7.6 +/- 2.7 x 10(-5) in the control mice (P < 0.01). Sequencing of the lambda lacI mutant plaques showed mainly G:C --> T:A and C:G --> A:T transversions. In conclusion, 3MC at first induced nuclear enlargement and a slight increase of cell proliferation in liver, followed by parallel formation of DNA adducts and mutations. This study shows how transgenic models allow in vivo evaluation of mechanistically simultaneous endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Rihn
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre, France.
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15
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Hollstein M, Hergenhahn M, Yang Q, Bartsch H, Wang ZQ, Hainaut P. New approaches to understanding p53 gene tumor mutation spectra. Mutat Res 1999; 431:199-209. [PMID: 10635987 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The first p53 gene mutation arising in a human tumor was described a decade ago by Baker et al. [S.J. Baker, E.R. Fearon, J.M. Nigro, S.R. Hamilton, A.C. Preisinger, J.M. Jessup, P. van Tuinen, D.H. Ledbetter, D.F. Barker, Y. Nakamura, R. White, B. Vogelstein, Chromosome 17 deletions and p53 gene mutations in colorectal carcinomas, Science 244 (1989) 217-221]. There are now over 10,000 mutations extracted from the published literature in the IARC database of human p53 tumor mutations [P. Hainaut, T. Hernandez, A. Robinson, P. Rodriguez-Tome, T. Flores, M. Hollstein, C.C. Harris, R. Montesano, IARC database of p53 gene mutations in human tumors and cell lines: updated compilation, revised formats and new visualization tools, Nucleic Acids Res. 26 (1998) 205-213; Version R3, January 1999]. A large and diverse collection of tumor mutations in cancer patients provides important information on the nature of environmental factors or biological processes that are important causes of human gene mutation, since xenobiotic mutagens as well as endogenous mechanisms of genetic change produce characteristic types of patterns in target DNA [J.H. Miller, Mutational specificity in bacteria, Annu. Rev. Genet. 17 (1983) 215-238; T. Lindahl, Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA, Nature 362 (1993) 709-715; S.P. Hussain, C.C. Harris, Molecular epidemiology of human cancer: contribution of mutation spectra studies of tumor suppressor genes, Cancer Res. 58 (1998) 4023-4037; P. Hainaut, M. Hollstein, p53 and human cancer: the first ten thousand mutations, Adv. Cancer Res. 2000]. P53 gene mutations in cancers can be compared to point mutation spectra at the HPRT locus of human lymphocytes from patients or healthy individuals with known exposure histories, and accumulated data indicate that mutation patterns at the two loci share certain general features. Hypotheses regarding specific cancer risk factors can be tested by comparing p53 tumor mutations typical of a defined patient group against mutations generated experimentally in rodents or in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in vitro. Refinements of this approach to hypothesis testing are being explored that employ human p53 sequences introduced artificially into experimental organisms used in laboratory mutagenesis assays. P53-specific laboratory models, combined with DNA microchips designed for high through-put mutation screening promise to unmask information currently hidden in the compilation of human tumor p53 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hollstein
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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16
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Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is a genetic mechanism by which a heterozygous somatic cell becomes either homozygous or hemizygous because the corresponding wild-type allele is lost. LOH has today been recognized as a major cause of malignant growth. This article gives a comprehensive review of skin disorders in which an origin from LOH has been either documented at the molecular level or postulated on the basis of clinical evidence. LOH has been shown to cause basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma, but this mechanism can likewise be taken as an important model to explain the origin of many other skin diseases such as benign hamartomas; type 2 segmental manifestation of autosomal dominant skin disorders; a pronounced segmental manifestation of acquired skin disorders with a polygenic background, superimposed on symmetric lesions of the usual type; paired mutant patches in the form of either allelic or nonallelic twin spotting; and the exceptional familial occurrence of some nevi, reflecting paradominant transmission. completion of this learning activity, readers should be familiar with the mechanism of LOH and its general significance for the biology of plants, animals, and humans. Participants should understand that this mechanism plays a crucial role not only in cutaneous malignant growth but also in the development of benign skin disorders, and they should be able to examine such diseases with a prepared mind to gain a better understanding of their origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Happle
- Department of Dermatology, Philipp University of Marburg, Germany
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17
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Watanabe H, Shimokado K, Asahara T, Dohi K, Niwa O. Analysis of the c-myc, K-ras and p53 genes in methylcholanthrene-induced mouse sarcomas. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999; 90:40-7. [PMID: 10076563 PMCID: PMC5925987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined 63 methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced mouse sarcomas for possible correlations of mutations involving the c-myc, ras and p53 genes. The c-myc gene was found to be amplified in 18 of these sarcomas (29%). Polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis and subsequent direct sequencing identified 18 cases carrying K-ras mutation at codons 12, 13 and 61 (29%). No mutation was detected in the H-ras and N-ras genes. Mutations of the p53 gene in exons 5 to 8 were found in 45 cases (71%). Comparison of these mutations revealed that out of 18 cases with c-myc gene amplifications, 10 carried K-ras mutations (56%) and 14 carried p53 mutations (78%). In contrast, among 45 cases of sarcomas without c-myc gene amplification, 8 were found to have K-ras mutations (18%). The same 45 cases were found to have 31 p53 mutations (69%). The present study suggests a strong correlation between c-myc gene amplification and K-ras gene mutation (P < 0.01). p53 gene mutation was frequently found among MCA-induced mouse sarcomas, indicating the importance of this mutation in the etiology of these tumors. However, p53 mutations were present in sarcomas regardless of the state of c-myc amplification and K-ras mutation. Therefore, a defect in the p53 gene is independent of amplification of the c-myc gene or point mutation of the K-ras gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Watanabe
- Second Department of Surgery, Hiroshima University School of Medicine.
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