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Mondal K, Posa MK, Shenoy RP, Roychoudhury S. KRAS Mutation Subtypes and Their Association with Other Driver Mutations in Oncogenic Pathways. Cells 2024; 13:1221. [PMID: 39056802 PMCID: PMC11274496 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The KRAS mutation stands out as one of the most influential oncogenic mutations, which directly regulates the hallmark features of cancer and interacts with other cancer-causing driver mutations. However, there remains a lack of precise information on their cooccurrence with mutated variants of KRAS and any correlations between KRAS and other driver mutations. To enquire about this issue, we delved into cBioPortal, TCGA, UALCAN, and Uniport studies. We aimed to unravel the complexity of KRAS and its relationships with other driver mutations. We noticed that G12D and G12V are the prevalent mutated variants of KRAS and coexist with the TP53 mutation in PAAD and CRAD, while G12C and G12V coexist with LUAD. We also noticed similar observations in the case of PIK3CA and APC mutations in CRAD. At the transcript level, a positive correlation exists between KRAS and PIK3CA and between APC and KRAS in CRAD. The existence of the co-mutation of KRAS and other driver mutations could influence the signaling pathway in the neoplastic transformation. Moreover, it has immense prognostic and predictive implications, which could help in better therapeutic management to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Mondal
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Saroj Gupta Cancer Centre & Research Institute, MG Road, Kolkata 700063, West Bengal, India
- Department of Cancer Immunology, SwasthyaNiketan Integrated Healthcare & Research Foundation, Koramangala, Bengaluru 560034, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar Posa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Revathi P. Shenoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India;
| | - Susanta Roychoudhury
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Saroj Gupta Cancer Centre & Research Institute, MG Road, Kolkata 700063, West Bengal, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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2
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Yin Y, Shu Y, Zhu J, Li F, Li J. A real-world pharmacovigilance study of FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) events for osimertinib. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19555. [PMID: 36380085 PMCID: PMC9664039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osimertinib was a third-generation, irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), which approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2015 for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our study was to explore the adverse events (AEs) caused by osimertinib through data mining of the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), and provide reference for clinical safety. Data of osimertinib were collected from the FAERS database covering the period from first quarter of 2016 to the fourth quarter of 2021. Disproportionality analyses was employed to quantify the associated AE signals of osimertinib and detect the risk signals from the data in the FAERS database. Reporting odds ratio (ROR) was used to detect the risk signals from the data in the FAERS database. The definition relied on system organ class (SOCs) and preferred terms (PTs) by the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA). Totally, 9,704,33 reports were collected from the FAERS database, 10,804 reports of osimertinib were identified as the 'primary suspected (PS)' AEs. Osimertinib induced AEs occurred in 27 organ systems. 68 significant disproportionality PTs satisfying with the four algorithms were retained at the same time. Unexpected significant AEs such as scrotal volvulus, hepatic function abnormal, venous thromboembolisms might also occur. The median onset time of osimertinib-associated AEs was 58 days (interquartile range [IQR] 14-212 days), and the majority of the AEs occurred within the first 30 days after osimertinib initiation. Our study found significant new AEs signals of osimertinib and might provide support for clinical monitoring and risk identification of osimertinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Yin
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Yamin Shu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Junru Zhu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Feie Li
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Juan Li
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
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Drugging KRAS: current perspectives and state-of-art review. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:152. [PMID: 36284306 PMCID: PMC9597994 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
After decades of efforts, we have recently made progress into targeting KRAS mutations in several malignancies. Known as the ‘holy grail’ of targeted cancer therapies, KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human malignancies. Under normal conditions, KRAS shuttles between the GDP-bound ‘off’ state and the GTP-bound ‘on’ state. Mutant KRAS is constitutively activated and leads to persistent downstream signaling and oncogenesis. In 2013, improved understanding of KRAS biology and newer drug designing technologies led to the crucial discovery of a cysteine drug-binding pocket in GDP-bound mutant KRAS G12C protein. Covalent inhibitors that block mutant KRAS G12C were successfully developed and sotorasib was the first KRAS G12C inhibitor to be approved, with several more in the pipeline. Simultaneously, effects of KRAS mutations on tumour microenvironment were also discovered, partly owing to the universal use of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the discovery, biology, and function of KRAS in human malignancies. We also discuss the relationship between KRAS mutations and the tumour microenvironment, and therapeutic strategies to target KRAS. Finally, we review the current clinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials of novel agents targeting KRAS and shine light on resistance pathways known so far.
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Khadse A, Haakensen VD, Silwal-Pandit L, Hamfjord J, Micke P, Botling J, Brustugun OT, Lingjærde OC, Helland Å, Kure EH. Prognostic Significance of the Loss of Heterozygosity of KRAS in Early-Stage Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:873532. [PMID: 35574381 PMCID: PMC9098994 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.873532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a common disease with a poor prognosis. Genomic alterations involving the KRAS gene are common in lung carcinomas, although much is unknown about how different mutations, deletions, and expressions influence the disease course. The first approval of a KRAS-directed inhibitor was recently approved by the FDA. Mutations in the KRAS gene have been associated with poor prognosis for lung adenocarcinomas, but implications of the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of KRAS have not been investigated. In this study, we have assessed the LOH of KRAS in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma by analyzing DNA copy number profiles and have investigated the effect on patient outcome in association with mRNA expression and somatic hotspot mutations. KRAS mutation was present in 36% of cases and was associated with elevated mRNA expression. LOH in KRAS was associated with a favorable prognosis, more prominently in KRAS mutated than in wild-type patients. The presence of both LOH and mutation in KRAS conferred a better prognosis than KRAS mutation alone. For wild-type tumors, no difference in prognosis was observed between patients with and without LOH in KRAS. Our study indicates that LOH in KRAS is an independent prognostic factor that may refine the existing prognostic groups of lung adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Khadse
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø i Telemark, Norway
| | - Vilde D. Haakensen
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Vilde D. Haakensen,
| | - Laxmi Silwal-Pandit
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julian Hamfjord
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Patrick Micke
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Botling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Odd Terje Brustugun
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Oncology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lingjærde
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åslaug Helland
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin H. Kure
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø i Telemark, Norway
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a recalcitrant cancer with one of the lowest 5-year survival rates. A hallmark of pancreatic cancer is the prevalence of oncogenic mutation in the KRAS gene. The KRAS oncogene plays a critical role in the initiation and maintenance of pancreatic tumors and its signaling network represents a major target for therapeutic intervention. A number of inhibitors have been developed against kinase effectors in various Ras signaling pathways. Their clinical activity, however, has been disappointing thus far. More recently, covalent inhibitors targeting the KRASG12C oncoprotein have been developed. These inhibitors showed promising activity in KRASG12C mutant pancreatic cancer in early clinical trials. This review will present an updated summary of our understanding of mutant KRAS function in pancreatic cancer and discuss therapeutic strategies that target oncogenic KRAS signaling in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Luo
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.
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Delom F, Begiristain I, Grenier T, Begueret H, Soulet F, Siegfried G, Khatib AM, Robert J, Fessart D. Patients Lung Derived Tumoroids (PLDTs) to model therapeutic response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118808. [PMID: 32781095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical lung cancer models are essential for a basic understanding of lung cancer biology and its translation into efficient treatment options for affected patients. Lung cancer cell lines and xenografts derived directly from human lung tumors have proven highly valuable in fundamental oncology research and anticancer drug discovery. Both models inherently comprise advantages and caveats that have to be accounted for. Recently, we have enabled reliable in vitro culture techniques from lung cancer biopsies as Patients Lung Derived Tumoroids (PLDTs). This breakthrough provides the possibility of high-throughput drug screening covering the spectrum of lung cancer phenotypes seen clinically. We have adapted and optimized our in vitro three-dimensional model as a preclinical lung cancer model to recapitulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) using matrix reconstitution. Hence, we developed directly PLDTs to screen for chemotherapeutics and radiation treatment. This original model will enable precision medicine to become a reality, allowing a given patient sample to be screened for effective ex vivo therapeutics, aiming at tailoring of treatments specific to that individual. Hence, this tool can enhance clinical outcomes and avoid morbidity due to ineffective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Delom
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Inaki Begiristain
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Grenier
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Hugues Begueret
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, CHU de Bordeaux, avenue de Magellan, 33604 Pessac cedex, France
| | - Fabienne Soulet
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; INSERM UMR1029, 33400, Pessac, France
| | - Geraldine Siegfried
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; INSERM UMR1029, 33400, Pessac, France
| | - Abdel-Majid Khatib
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; INSERM UMR1029, 33400, Pessac, France
| | - Jacques Robert
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Delphine Fessart
- INSERM U1242, "Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling", Univ. Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, F-35000 Rennes, France; ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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Nairuz T, Rahman M, Bushra MU, Kabir Y. TP53 Arg72Pro and XPD Lys751Gln Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Lung Cancer in Bangladeshi Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:2091-2098. [PMID: 32711437 PMCID: PMC7573406 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.7.2091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor suppressor gene (TP53) is considered as the most frequently mutated gene in almost all forms of human cancer. Moreover, genetic variations in the XPD gene affect the DNA repair capacity increasing cancer susceptibility. Polymorphisms within these genes can play a major role in determining individual lung cancer susceptibility. However, several studies have investigated this possibility; but reported conflicting results. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the role of TP53 Arg72Pro and XPD Lys751Gln gene polymorphisms on lung cancer susceptibility in the Bangladeshi population. Materials and Methods: Study subjects comprised of 180 lung cancer patients and 200 healthy volunteers. Genetic polymorphism of TP53 was determined by multiplex PCR-based method, while XPD genotypes were analyzed using Polymerase Chain Reaction-based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Lung cancer risk was estimated as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: From the results, no significant association between TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism and lung cancer risk was observed. Whereas, patients with homozygous mutant variants (Gln/Gln) of XPD at codon 751 were found significantly associated with lung cancer risk when compared to the control (OR=3.58; 95% CI=1.58-8.09; p=0.002). Lung cancer risk was found significantly higher with Gln/Gln variants of XPD among smokers (OR=4.03; 95% CI=1.11-14.63; p=0.026). Significant increased risk of lung cancer was found with Arg/Pro genotypes of TP53, Lys/Gln and Gln/Gln variants of XPD in individuals with family history of cancer (OR=3.44; 95% CI=1.36-8.72; p=0.011; OR=3.17; 95% CI=1.20-8.39; p=0.024; OR=16.35; 95% CI=0.92-289.5; p=0.007, respectively). Conclusion: The findings indicated that homozygous mutant variants (Gln/Gln) of XPD were associated with increased lung cancer risk, whereas TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism was not associated with risk of lung cancer among Bangladeshi patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin Nairuz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh
| | - Mostafijur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | - Most Umme Bushra
- Department of Pharmacy, Manarat International University, Bangladesh
| | - Yearul Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka. Bangladesh
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Xue GL, Zhang C, Zheng GL, Zhang LJ, Bi JW. Annexin A13 predicts poor prognosis for lung adenocarcinoma patients and accelerates the proliferation and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells by modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 34:687-696. [PMID: 32145097 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of ANXA13 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) growth, migration, and the underlying mechanisms. Firstly, in the TCGA dataset for LUAD, ANXA13 is found to be highly expressed in patients with LUAD and high expression of ANXA13 predicted poor outcomes in LUAD patients. Consistently, the data of qRT-PCR showed that the expression of ANXA13 was higher in LUAD cell lines (Calu-3, LTEP-a-2, and NCI-H1395) than that in normal lung cell line BEAS2B. Then, we performed gain- and loss of function of ANXA13 in NCI-H1395 and Calu-3 cells, respectively. The results displayed that deficiency of ANXA13 suppresses cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in Calu-3 cells and overexpression of ANXA13 augments cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in NCI-H1395 cells. Finally, it was found that silencing of ANXA13 obviously raised the protein expression levels of E-cadherin and reduced the protein levels of N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Snail in Calu-3 cells whereas overexpression of ANXA13 obviously receded the protein expression levels of E-cadherin and enhanced the protein levels of N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Snail in NCI-H1395 cells. This study analyzed the biological effects of ANXA13 in LUAD cells, indicating that ANXA13 could regard as a therapeutic target for LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Xue
- Department of Oncology, The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistice Support Force, Jinan, 250031, Shandong, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistice Support Force, Jinan, 250031, Shandong, China
| | - Gui-Li Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistice Support Force, Jinan, 250031, Shandong, China
| | - Lian-Jun Zhang
- Jinan Xunzheng Medicine Technology Development Center, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Jing-Wang Bi
- Department of Oncology, The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistice Support Force, Jinan, 250031, Shandong, China
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Wang Y, Dong L, Zhong H, Yang L, Li Q, Su C, Gu W, Qian Y. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) from Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells Promote Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) Angiogenesis through Yes Kinase-associated Protein (YAP) Transport. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2110-2118. [PMID: 31592232 PMCID: PMC6775294 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.31605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Yes kinase-associated protein (YAP) plays an important role in angiogenesis and can promote the occurrence and development of many tumor types. However, whether YAP affects tumor angiogenesis in lung cancer, and its potential mechanism in lung cancer, are unknown. In this study, we explored the role of YAP in the angiogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma, and further illustrated its possible mechanism. The expression levels of YAP and the vascular endothelial marker protein CD31 were examined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence in human lung adenocarcinoma tissues, revealing a possible positive correlation between YAP and CD31 in lung adenocarcinoma. The results of the western blotting (WB) of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) after coculture with lung adenocarcinoma H1975 cells, H1975 cell-supernatants and H1975-derived EVs showed that YAP derived from H1975 cells can enter HUVECs via EVs. These results were confirmed by immunofluorescence. Finally, we generated H1975 low-YAP expression cells by transfecting the cells with a shYAP lentivirus, and confirmed that the low expression of YAP in H1975 cells inhibits HUVEC angiogenesis by reducing the amount of YAP that enters HUVECs. We found, for the first time, that YAP promotes angiogenesis in lung adenocarcinoma via EVs, at least partially. Our work may provide a promising method for lung cancer treatment by targeting angiogenesis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Respiration, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, People' s Republic of China
| | - Liyang Dong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212002, People' s Republic of China
| | - Hai Zhong
- Department of Respiration, Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 168 Gushan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211101, People' s Republic of China
| | - Linfei Yang
- Department of Respiration, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, People' s Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Respiration, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, People' s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Respiration, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, People' s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Qian
- Department of Respiration, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, People' s Republic of China
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Miyake N, Chikumi H, Yamaguchi K, Takata M, Takata M, Okada K, Kitaura T, Nakamoto M, Yamasaki A. Effect of Cetuximab and EGFR Small Interfering RNA Combination Treatment in NSCLC Cell Lines with Wild Type EGFR and Use of KRAS as a Possible Biomarker for Treatment Responsiveness. Yonago Acta Med 2019. [PMID: 30962749 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a therapeutic target for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cetuximab is an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody that inhibits EGFR signaling and proliferation of colorectal cancer and head and neck cancers. Since only few NSCLC patients benefit from cetuximab therapy, we evaluated a novel combination treatment using cetuximab and EGFR small interfering RNA (siRNA) to strongly suppress EGFR signaling and searched for a biomarker in NSCLC cell lines harboring wild-type EGFR. Methods Alterations in EGFR and its downstream genes in five NSCLC cell lines (A549, Lu99, 86-2, Sq19 and Ma10) were assessed through sequencing. The protein expression levels of these molecules were assessed through western blotting. The effect of combination treatment was determined through cell proliferation assay, caspase-3/7 assay, invasion assay, and migration assay. Results All cell lines were harboring wild-type EGFR, whereas KRAS, PTEN, TP53 and TP53 were mutated in A549 and Lu99; Lu99 and Sq19; Lu99, 86-2, Sq19 and Ma10; and A549, 86-2, and Sq19 cell lines, respectively. PTEN was not expressed in Sq19, and LKB1 was not expressed in both A549 and Sq19. TP53 was not expressed in both A549 and Lu99. The combination of cetuximab and EGFR siRNA significantly suppressed cell proliferation in 86-2, Sq19 and Ma10, which express wild-type KRAS. It induced apoptosis in A549, 86-2 and Ma10 cells, which express wild type PTEN. The combination treatment had no effect either on cell invasion nor migration in all cell lines. Conclusion EGFR targeted therapy using the combination of cetuximab and EGFR siRNA is effective in NSCLC cell lines harboring wild-type EGFR. Wild-type KRAS may act as a potential biomarker for response to combination treatment by the induction of apoptosis in cells with wild-type PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Miyake
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroki Chikumi
- †Division of Infectious Diseases, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yamaguchi
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Miyako Takata
- ‡Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Miki Takata
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kensaku Okada
- †Division of Infectious Diseases, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kitaura
- †Division of Infectious Diseases, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Masaki Nakamoto
- †Division of Infectious Diseases, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Akira Yamasaki
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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11
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Álvarez-Garcia V, Tawil Y, Wise HM, Leslie NR. Mechanisms of PTEN loss in cancer: It's all about diversity. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:66-79. [PMID: 30738865 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PTEN is a phosphatase which metabolises PIP3, the lipid product of PI 3-Kinase, directly opposing the activation of the oncogenic PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling network. Accordingly, loss of function of the PTEN tumour suppressor is one of the most common events observed in many types of cancer. Although the mechanisms by which PTEN function is disrupted are diverse, the most frequently observed events are deletion of a single gene copy of PTEN and gene silencing, usually observed in tumours with little or no PTEN protein detectable by immunohistochemistry. Accordingly, with the exceptions of glioblastoma and endometrial cancer, mutations of the PTEN coding sequence are uncommon (<10%) in most types of cancer. Here we review the data relating to PTEN loss in seven common tumour types and discuss mechanisms of PTEN regulation, some of which appear to contribute to reduced PTEN protein levels in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Álvarez-Garcia
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Yasmine Tawil
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Helen M Wise
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Nicholas R Leslie
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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12
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Nishihira M, Nakazato Y, Tsuchida S, Kuroda H, Imai Y, Chida M. Nuclear Morphometry of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Cytologic Study. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 24:303-307. [PMID: 30089760 PMCID: PMC6300421 DOI: 10.5761/atcs.oa.18-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclei of most cancer cells in histopathologic preparations differ from normal nuclei and vary individually in size, shape, and chromatin pattern. Although the cytologic characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung have been described, quantification of the cytologic features has not been established. METHODS Cytologic investigations were performed on bronchial brushings or washings, or fine-needle aspirates. We analyzed the nuclear area (NA) of 50 tumor cells in 32 patients with SCC of the lung and 50 bronchial epithelial cells in 20 patients with no evidence of malignancy including inflammatory lesions. RESULTS The NA of tumor cells (102.4 ± 26.2 μm2) was significantly larger than that of bronchial epithelial cells (64.1 ± 16.9 μm2) (P = 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that an NA cutoff level of 86 μm2 had a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 88% to detect malignant components. CONCLUSION We conducted quantitative analyses of NA in SCC using cytologic specimen, NA was a useful parameter for evaluation of differential diagnosis between SCC and non-malignancies even in cytologic specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morimichi Nishihira
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakazato
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tsuchida
- Division of Clinical Laboratory, Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center, Gunma, Ota, Japan
| | - Hajime Kuroda
- Division of Clinical Laboratory, Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center, Gunma, Ota, Japan
| | - Yasuo Imai
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Chida
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
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13
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Zhang Z, Zhu J, Huang Y, Li W, Cheng H. MYO18B promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Diagn Pathol 2018; 13:85. [PMID: 30390677 PMCID: PMC6215340 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-018-0763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MYO18B has been identified as a novel tumor suppressor gene in several cancers. However, its specific roles in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been well defined. METHODS We firstly identified the expression and prognostic values of MYO18B in HCC using TCGA cohort and our clinical data. Then, MYO18B knockdown by RNA inference was implemented to investigate the effects of MYO18B on HCC cells. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot were used to determine gene and protein expression levels. CCK-8 and colony formation assays were performed to examine cell proliferation capacity. Wound healing and transwell assays were used to evaluate the migration and invasion of HepG2 cells. RESULTS MYO18B was overexpressed and correlated with poor prognosis in HCC. MYO18B expression was an independent risk factor for overall survival. Knockdown of MYO18B significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, MYO18B knockdown could effectively suppress the phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, mTOR and P70S6K, suggesting that MYO18B might promote HCC progression by targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS MYO18B promoted tumor growth and migration via the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. MYO18B might be a promising target for clinical intervention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Pingshan District People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Yansong Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, NO. 69 Dongxia North Road, Shantou, 515041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weibing Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, NO. 69 Dongxia North Road, Shantou, 515041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongqiu Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, NO. 69 Dongxia North Road, Shantou, 515041 People’s Republic of China
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14
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YAP and TAZ in Lung Cancer: Oncogenic Role and Clinical Targeting. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10050137. [PMID: 29734788 PMCID: PMC5977110 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world and there is no current treatment able to efficiently treat the disease as the tumor is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Moreover, cancer cells are often resistant or acquire resistance to the treatment. Further knowledge of the mechanisms driving lung tumorigenesis, aggressiveness, metastasization, and resistance to treatments could provide new tools for detecting the disease at an earlier stage and for a better response to therapy. In this scenario, Yes Associated Protein (YAP) and Trascriptional Coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), the final effectors of the Hippo signaling transduction pathway, are emerging as promising therapeutic targets. Here, we will discuss the most recent advances made in YAP and TAZ biology in lung cancer and, more importantly, on the newly discovered mechanisms of YAP and TAZ inhibition in lung cancer as well as their clinical implications.
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15
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Krasnov GS, Puzanov GA, Kudryavtseva AV, Dmitriev AA, Beniaminov AD, Kondratieva TT, Senchenko VN. Differential expression of an ensemble of the key genes involved in cell-cycle regulation in lung cancer. Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317050107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Kang M, Li Y, Zhao Y, He S, Shi J. miR-33a inhibits cell proliferation and invasion by targeting CAND1 in lung cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 20:457-466. [PMID: 28871425 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer continues to be one of the top five causes of cancer-related mortality. This study aims to identify down- and upregulated miRNAs and mRNA which can be used as potential biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for lung cancer. METHODS Integrated analysis of differential expression profiles of miRNA and mRNA in lung cancer was performed by searching Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. Based on miRNA expression profiles, direct mRNA targets of miRNAs with experimental support were identified through miRTarBase. The levels of representative miRNAs and mRNAs were confirmed through qualitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS The miR-33a was decreased in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues compared with the para-carcinoma tissues, whereas its target mRNA of cullin-associated NEDD8-dissociated protein 1 (CAND1) was increased in NSCLC tissues. Further research has shown that miR-33a can inhibit lung cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and migration by targeting CAND1. Moreover, the CAND1 knockout lung cancer cells showed similar results as cells transfected with miR-33a mimic. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that the data mining based on online databases was an effective method in finding novel target in cancer research, and the miR-33a and CAND1 played an important role in lung cancer proliferation and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Y Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - S He
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541001, China.
| | - J Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, No. 15 Lequn Road, Guilin, 541001, China.
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17
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Yerukala Sathipati S, Ho SY. Identifying the miRNA signature associated with survival time in patients with lung adenocarcinoma using miRNA expression profiles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7507. [PMID: 28790336 PMCID: PMC5548864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma is a multifactorial disease. MicroRNA (miRNA) expression profiles are extensively used for discovering potential theranostic biomarkers of lung cancer. This work proposes an optimized support vector regression (SVR) method called SVR-LUAD to simultaneously identify a set of miRNAs referred to the miRNA signature for estimating the survival time of lung adenocarcinoma patients using their miRNA expression profiles. SVR-LUAD uses an inheritable bi-objective combinatorial genetic algorithm to identify a small set of informative miRNAs cooperating with SVR by maximizing estimation accuracy. SVR-LUAD identified 18 out of 332 miRNAs using 10-fold cross-validation and achieved a correlation coefficient of 0.88 ± 0.01 and mean absolute error of 0.56 ± 0.03 year between real and estimated survival time. SVR-LUAD performs well compared to some well-recognized regression methods. The miRNA signature consists of the 18 miRNAs which strongly correlates with lung adenocarcinoma: hsa-let-7f-1, hsa-miR-16-1, hsa-miR-152, hsa-miR-217, hsa-miR-18a, hsa-miR-193b, hsa-miR-3136, hsa-let-7g, hsa-miR-155, hsa-miR-3199-1, hsa-miR-219-2, hsa-miR-1254, hsa-miR-1291, hsa-miR-192, hsa-miR-3653, hsa-miR-3934, hsa-miR-342, and hsa-miR-141. Gene ontology annotation and pathway analysis of the miRNA signature revealed its biological significance in cancer and cellular pathways. This miRNA signature could aid in the development of novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shinn-Ying Ho
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. .,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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18
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Borzi C, Calzolari L, Centonze G, Milione M, Sozzi G, Fortunato O. mir-660-p53-mir-486 Network: A New Key Regulatory Pathway in Lung Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010222. [PMID: 28124991 PMCID: PMC5297851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with limited therapeutic options and rapid development of drug resistance. MicroRNAs, a class of small non-coding RNAs that control different physiological processes, have been associated with cancer development, as either oncomiRNAs or tumor-suppressor miRNAs. In the present study we investigated the interaction between mir-486-5p and mir-660-5p, two independent tumor-suppressor miRNAs, to assess their possible role and synergistic effect in lung cancer treatment. Our data show that mir-660-5p over-expression in A549 lung cancer cells induced a remarkable increase in mir-486-5p expression level and activity, detected as a reduction of its target gene, p85. mir-486-5p expression was confirmed by microRNA in situ hybridization. mir-660-5p modulated mir-486-5p through the silencing of Mouse Double Minute 2 (MDM2), one of its direct target, and then through p53 stimulation. This regulatory pathway was effective in A549, but not in H1299; therefore, only in the context of a functional p53 protein. Our findings support the conclusion that mir-486-5p is positively regulated by mir-660-5p in lung cancer cell lines, through the mir-660-MDM2-p53 pathway, making mir-660-5p even more interesting for its potential successful use in lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Borzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Unit of Tumor Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Linda Calzolari
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Unit of Tumor Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Centonze
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Unit of Tumor Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Massimo Milione
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Sozzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Unit of Tumor Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Orazio Fortunato
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Unit of Tumor Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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19
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Zhu J, Zhang B, Song W, Zhang X, Wang L, Yin B, Zhu F, Yu C, Li H. A literature review on the role of miR-370 in disease. GENE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Kim KT, Lee HW, Lee HO, Song HJ, Jeong DE, Shin S, Kim H, Shin Y, Nam DH, Jeong BC, Kirsch DG, Joo KM, Park WY. Application of single-cell RNA sequencing in optimizing a combinatorial therapeutic strategy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Genome Biol 2016; 17:80. [PMID: 27139883 PMCID: PMC4852434 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-0945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intratumoral heterogeneity hampers the success of marker-based anticancer treatment because the targeted therapy may eliminate a specific subpopulation of tumor cells while leaving others unharmed. Accordingly, a rational strategy minimizing survival of the drug-resistant subpopulation is essential to achieve long-term therapeutic efficacy. RESULTS Using single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we examine the intratumoral heterogeneity of a pair of primary renal cell carcinoma and its lung metastasis. Activation of drug target pathways demonstrates considerable variability between the primary and metastatic sites, as well as among individual cancer cells within each site. Based on the prediction of multiple drug target pathway activation, we derive a combinatorial regimen co-targeting two mutually exclusive pathways for the metastatic cancer cells. This combinatorial strategy shows significant increase in the treatment efficacy over monotherapy in the experimental validation using patient-derived xenograft platforms in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the investigational application of single-cell RNA-seq in the design of an anticancer regimen. The approach may overcome intratumoral heterogeneity which hampers the success of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Tae Kim
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae-Ock Lee
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Song
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da Eun Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Shin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunho Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoojin Shin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Departments of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byong Chang Jeong
- Departments of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - David G Kirsch
- Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Departments of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kyeung Min Joo
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea. .,Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
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21
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Peng YG, Zhang ZQ, Chen YB, Huang JA. Rap2b promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:459-64. [PMID: 26671640 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1122044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rap2b, a member of the guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins, is widely up-regulated in many types of tumors. However, the functional role of Rap2b in tumorigenesis of lung cancer remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of Rap2b on the lung cancer malignant phenotype, such as cell proliferation and metastasis. We found that Rap2b could promote the abilities of lung cancer cell wound healing, migration, and invasion via increasing matrix metalloproteinase-2 enzyme activity. Furthermore, Rap2b overexpression could increase the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2. In conclusion, our results suggested that Rap2b may be a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Gen Peng
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China and.,b Department of Emergency , Huai'an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical College and Huai'an Second People's Hospital , Huai'an , China
| | - Zheng-Qun Zhang
- b Department of Emergency , Huai'an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical College and Huai'an Second People's Hospital , Huai'an , China
| | - Yan-Bin Chen
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China and
| | - Jian-An Huang
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China and
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22
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Su L, Li N, Huo X. Mining featured micro ribonucleic acids associated with lung cancer based on bioinformatics. Thorac Cancer 2015; 6:501-7. [PMID: 26273407 PMCID: PMC4511330 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Few genetic markers useful for the screening of lung cancer risk exist. Although related research has shown that certain expression profiles of micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are different in lung cancer versus the normal lung, such as miR-29a and miR-29s, the precise molecular mechanism of lung cancer remains obscure. In order to get a better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanism of lung cancer, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and identified featured miRNAs in lung cancer tissues. Methods We used the gene expression profile GSE10072, including 49 gene chips of non-tumor tissues and 58 gene chips of lung tumor specimens. The DEGs between these two groups were identified by Limma package in R language. The TarBase database was used to construct the networks of miRNA regulating DEGs related to lung cancer. After ordering miRNAs regulating DEGs, we further screened featured miRNAs combined with the miR2Disease database. Results A total of 5572 DEGs were obtained between lung cancer and control specimens. After constructing a miRNA regulatory network, a total of 398 regulations between 57 miRNAs and 321 target genes existed. By intergrating the miR2Disease database and using a sorting algorithm, a total of six featured miRNAs related to lung cancer were identified, including miR-520h, miR-133a, miR-34, miR-103, miR-370, and miR-148. They might be involved in lung cancer progression by regulating ABCG2, PKM2, VAMP2, GPD1, MAP3K8, and DNMT3B, respectively. Conclusion The top 10 significant miRNAs, such as miR-520h, miR-133a, miR-34, and miR-103 may be potential therapeutic targets for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Su
- Department of Respiratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan Clinical School of Taishan Medical College Jinan, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan Clinical School of Taishan Medical College Jinan, China
| | - Xueyun Huo
- Department of Respiratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan Clinical School of Taishan Medical College Jinan, China
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23
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Hasan AN, Ahmad MW, Madar IH, Grace BL, Hasan TN. An in silico analytical study of lung cancer and smokers datasets from gene expression omnibus (GEO) for prediction of differentially expressed genes. Bioinformation 2015; 11:229-35. [PMID: 26124566 PMCID: PMC4464538 DOI: 10.6026/97320630011229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer development and several genes have been identified as potential biomarker for lungs cancer. Contributing to the present scientific knowledge of biomarkers for lung cancer two different data sets, i.e. GDS3257 and GDS3054 were downloaded from NCBI׳s GEO database and normalized by RMA and GRMA packages (Bioconductor). Diffrentially expressed genes were extracted by using and were R (3.1.2); DAVID online tool was used for gene annotation and GENE MANIA tool was used for construction of gene regulatory network. Nine smoking independent gene were found whereas average expressions of those genes were almost similar in both the datasets. Five genes among them were found to be associated with cancer subtypes. Thirty smoking specific genes were identified; among those genes eight were associated with cancer sub types. GPR110, IL1RN and HSP90AA1 were found directly associated with lung cancer. SEMA6A differentially expresses in only non-smoking lung cancer samples. FLG is differentially expressed smoking specific gene and is related to onset of various cancer subtypes. Functional annotation and network analysis revealed that FLG participates in various epidermal tissue developmental processes and is co-expressed with other genes. Lung tissues are epidermal tissues and thus it suggests that alteration in FLG may cause lung cancer. We conclude that smoking alters expression of several genes and associated biological pathways during development of lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Noorul Hasan
- Dept. of Bioinformatics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
- Division of Bioinformatics, Noor-Amna Foundation for Research and Education, Bettiah, Bihar, India
| | - Mohammad Wakil Ahmad
- Dept. of Software Engg, College of Computer Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inamul Hasan Madar
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirappalli, TN, India
| | - B Leena Grace
- Dept of Biotechnology, Vinayaka Missions University, Salem, TN, India
| | - Tarique Noorul Hasan
- Division of Bioinformatics, Noor-Amna Foundation for Research and Education, Bettiah, Bihar, India
- R & D Center, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641046, TN,India
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24
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Xie X, Liu H, Wang M, Ding F, Xiao H, Hu F, Hu R, Mei J. miR-342-3p targets RAP2B to suppress proliferation and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5031-8. [PMID: 25663460 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in cancer development and progression. In this study, we examined the roles and molecular mechanisms of miR-342-3p in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The results showed that miR-342-3p is downregulated in NSCLC cell lines and tissues, and its overexpression induces significant inhibition of NSCLC cell proliferation, invasion, and tumor growth in nude mice. In addition, miR-342-3p repressed RAP2B expression through interactions with its 3'-UTR region. Restoration of RAP2B expression reversed miR-342-3p-mediated inhibitory activity in NSCLC cells. Finally, analyses of miR-342-3p and RAP2B levels in NSCLCs revealed that miR-342-3p inversely correlated with RAP2B mRNA expression. Our collective findings provide preliminary evidence that miR-342-3p acts as a tumor suppressor in NSCLC through repression of RAP2B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xie
- Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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25
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Lee BY, Lee KN, Lee T, Park JH, Kim SM, Lee HS, Chung DS, Shim HS, Lee HK, Kim H. Bovine Genome-wide Association Study for Genetic Elements to Resist the Infection of Foot-and-mouth Disease in the Field. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:166-70. [PMID: 25557811 PMCID: PMC4283160 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals and causes severe economic loss and devastating effect on international trade of animal or animal products. Since FMD outbreaks have recently occurred in some Asian countries, it is important to understand the relationship between diverse immunogenomic structures of host animals and the immunity to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). We performed genome wide association study based on high-density bovine single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip for identifying FMD resistant loci in Holstein cattle. Among 624532 SNP after quality control, we found that 11 SNPs on 3 chromosomes (chr17, 22, and 15) were significantly associated with the trait at the p.adjust <0.05 after PERMORY test. Most significantly associated SNPs were located on chromosome 17, around the genes Myosin XVIIIB and Seizure related 6 homolog (mouse)-like, which were associated with lung cancer. Based on the known function of the genes nearby the significant SNPs, the FMD resistant animals might have ability to improve their innate immune response to FMDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Young Lee
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 430-757, Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 430-757, Korea
| | - Taeheon Lee
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 430-757, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 430-757, Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 430-757, Korea
| | - Hyang-Sim Lee
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 430-757, Korea
| | - Dong-Su Chung
- Gangwon Veterinary Service Laboratory, Chuncheon 220-822, Korea
| | | | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- Genomic Informatics Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong 456-749, Korea
| | - Heebal Kim
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 430-757, Korea
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Mir-660 is downregulated in lung cancer patients and its replacement inhibits lung tumorigenesis by targeting MDM2-p53 interaction. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1564. [PMID: 25501825 PMCID: PMC4454158 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer represents the leading cause of cancer-related death in developed countries. Despite the advances in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, the 5-year survival rate remains low. The research for novel therapies directed to biological targets has modified the therapeutic approach, but the frequent engagement of resistance mechanisms and the substantial costs, limit the ability to reduce lung cancer mortality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs with known regulatory functions in cancer initiation and progression. In this study we found that mir-660 expression is downregulated in lung tumors compared with adjacent normal tissues and in plasma samples of lung cancer patients with poor prognosis, suggesting a potential functional role of this miRNA in lung tumorigenesis. Transient and stable overexpression of mir-660 using miRNA mimics reduced migration, invasion, and proliferation properties and increased apoptosis in p53 wild-type lung cancer cells (NCI-H460, LT73, and A549). Furthermore, stable overexpression using lentiviral vectors in NCI-H460 and A549 cells inhibited tumor xenograft growth in immunodeficient mice (95 and 50% reduction compared with control, respectively), whereas the effects of mir-660 overexpression were absent in H1299, a lung cancer cell line lacking p53 locus, both in in vitro and in vivo assays. We identified and validated mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) gene, a key regulator of the expression and function of p53, as a new direct target of mir-660. In addition, mir-660 expression reduced both mRNA and protein expression of MDM2 in all cell lines and stabilized p53 protein levels resulting in an upregulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 in p53 wild-type cells. Our finding supports that mir-660 acts as a tumor suppressor miRNA and we suggest the replacement of mir-660 as a new therapeutic approach for p53 wild-type lung cancer treatment.
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Mielcarek-Kuchta D, Paluszczak J, Seget M, Kiwerska K, Biczysko W, Szyfter K, Szyfter W. Prognostic factors in oral and oropharyngeal cancer based on ultrastructural analysis and DNA methylation of the tumor and surgical margin. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7441-9. [PMID: 24782031 PMCID: PMC4158182 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral and oropharyngeal cancers are characterized by relatively low 5- year survival rates due to many factors, including local recurrence. The identification of new molecular markers may serve for the estimation of prognosis and thus augment treatment decisions and affect therapy outcome. The aim of this study was to describe the morphological characteristics and the DNA methylation status of the CDKN2A,CDH1, ATM, FHIT and RAR- genes in the central and peripheral part of the tumor and the surgical margin and evaluate their prognostic significance. 53 patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer were enrolled to the prospective study, and had been primarily treated surgically. Correlations between morphological data, hypermethylation status and clinicopathological data, as well as prognosis, were assessed. Nuclei polymorphism highly correlated with T stage (p < 0.0001), N stage (p < 0.046), and metastases to the lymph nodes pN (p < 0.004 ). Also, the number of cells in irregular mitosis correlated with T stage (p < 0.004), and highly with pN (p < 0.009). The significance of CDKN2A hypermethylation as a good prognostic factor was also established in the Kaplan-Meir test. The ultrastructural analysis showed that none of the examined tumors had homogenous texture and that resection margin specimens clean in HE stained tissue samples frequently contained single tumor cells or few cells in groups surrounded by connective tissue. This indicates the superiority of electron microscopy over standard histopathological analysis. Thus, a combination of such morphological examination with epigenetic parameters described herein could result in the discovery of promising new prognostic markers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mielcarek-Kuchta
- Department of Otolaryngology and Clinical Oncology, University of Medical Sciences, ul. Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355, Poznań, Poland,
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Christensen CL, Zandi R, Gjetting T, Cramer F, Poulsen HS. Specifically targeted gene therapy for small-cell lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 9:437-52. [DOI: 10.1586/era.09.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Vascular endothelial growth factor -634G/C and vascular endothelial growth factor -2578C/A polymorphisms and lung cancer risk: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1805-11. [PMID: 24146275 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major regulator of angiogenesis in the process of tumor growth and metastasis. In present study, we conducted a case-control study and meta-analysis to evaluate the genetic effects of VEGF -634G/C and VEGF -2578C/A polymorphisms and risk of lung cancer. A total of 175 subjects were recruited for case-control study and seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. Our case-control study showed that VEGF -634G/C polymorphism had no association with lung cancer risk (CC vs. GG: OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.37-2.11), whereas there was an association between VEGF -2578CC genotype and decrease in lung cancer risk (CC vs. CA/AA OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.28-0.96). A meta-analysis was further performed and statistically similar results were obtained (CC vs. GG: OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.60-1.39 for VEGF -634; CC vs. AA: OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.32-0.89 for VEGF -2578). Our study showed that the variant genotypes of the VEGF -2578C/A polymorphism, but not the VEGF -634G/C polymorphism, was associated with lung cancer risk. More studies are needed to detect VEGF -634G/C and VEGF -2578 polymorphisms and their association with lung cancer in different ethnic populations incorporated with environmental exposures.
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Chen MC, Chen CH, Wang JC, Tsai AC, Liou JP, Pan SL, Teng CM. The HDAC inhibitor, MPT0E028, enhances erlotinib-induced cell death in EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e810. [PMID: 24052078 PMCID: PMC3789188 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which promotes cell survival and division, is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many cancer cell types, including many cases of non-small cell lung cancer. Erlotinib (Tarceva), an oral small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a so-called targeted drug that inhibits the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR, and thus targets cancer cells with some specificity while doing less damage to normal cells. However, erlotinib resistance can occur, reducing the efficacy of this treatment. To develop more effective therapeutic interventions by overcoming this resistance problem, we combined the histone deacetylase inhibitor, MPT0E028, with erlotinib in an effort to increase their antitumor effects in erlotinib-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells. This combined treatment yielded significant growth inhibition, induced the expression of apoptotic proteins (PARP, γH2AX, and caspase-3), increased the levels of acetylated histone H3, and showed synergistic effects in vitro and in vivo. These effects were independent of the mutation status of the genes encoding EGFR or K-Ras. MPT0E028 synergistically blocked key regulators of the EGFR/HER2 signaling pathways, attenuating multiple compensatory pathways (e.g., AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-MET). Our results indicate that this combination therapy might be a promising strategy for facilitating the effects of erlotinib monotherapy by activating various networks. Taken together, our data provide compelling evidence that MPT0E028 has the potential to improve the treatment of heterogeneous and drug-resistant tumors that cannot be controlled with single-target agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Chen
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-H Chen
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - J-C Wang
- The PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - A-C Tsai
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - J-P Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-L Pan
- The PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-M Teng
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lee SY, Jeon HS, Hwangbo Y, Jeong JY, Park JY, Lee EJ, Jin G, Shin KM, Yoo SS, Lee J, Lee EB, Cha SI, Kim CH, Park JY. The influence of TP53 mutations on the prognosis of patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer may depend on the intratumor heterogeneity of the mutations. Mol Carcinog 2013; 54:93-101. [PMID: 24038464 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A large number of studies have evaluated the impact of TP53 mutations on the prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, the results of these studies are still controversial. Recently, considerable intratumor heterogeneity for genetic alterations has been demonstrated in various human cancers, including lung cancer. In the present study, we evaluated TP53 mutations in NSCLCs by direct sequencing and observed remarkable variation in the values of relative intensity (RI, the height of the peak of mutated allele/the height of the peak of non-mutated allele) of the mutations. We also examined whether the RI values were associated with intratumor heterogeneity of TP53 mutations. In addition, we evaluated the relationship between TP53 mutations and survival outcome. The patients with a TP53 mutation did not have significantly worse survival compared to those without the mutation. However, when tumors with a TP53 mutation were categorized into two groups, those with a low and those with a high RI, the latter group had significantly worse survival compared to those with wild-type TP53 (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.58, 95% confidence interval = 1.21-5.48, P = 0.01), whereas the former group did not. These results suggest that intratumor genetic heterogeneity may be an important factor in determining the role of TP53 mutations on the prognosis of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Yup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Xiang D, Zhang B, Doll D, Shen K, Kloecker G, Freter C. Lung cancer screening: from imaging to biomarker. Biomark Res 2013; 1:4. [PMID: 24252206 PMCID: PMC3776246 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7771-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite several decades of intensive effort to improve the imaging techniques for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment, primary lung cancer is still the number one cause of cancer death in the United States and worldwide. The major causes of this high mortality rate are distant metastasis evident at diagnosis and ineffective treatment for locally advanced disease. Indeed, approximately forty percent of newly diagnosed lung cancer patients have distant metastasis. Currently, the only potential curative therapy is surgical resection of early stage lung cancer. Therefore, early detection of lung cancer could potentially increase the chance of cure by surgery and underlines the importance of screening and detection of lung cancer. In the past fifty years, screening of lung cancer by chest X-Ray (CXR), sputum cytology, computed tomography (CT), fluorescence endoscopy and low-dose spiral CT (LDCT) has not improved survival except for the recent report in 2010 by the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), which showed a 20 percent mortality reduction in high risk participants screened with LDCT compared to those screened with CXRs. Furthermore, serum biomarkers for detection of lung cancer using free circulating DNA and RNA, exosomal microRNA, circulating tumor cells and various lung cancer specific antigens have been studied extensively and novel screening methods are being developed with encouraging results. The history of lung cancer screening trials using CXR, sputum cytology and LDCT, as well as results of trials involving various serum biomarkers, are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Tilak AR, Kumar S, Pant MC, Mathur N, Kumar A. Polymorphism Arg72Pro of p53 confers susceptibility to squamous cell carcinoma of lungs in a North Indian population. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 32:66-72. [PMID: 23317414 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2012.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The causes of lung cancer might be many, but genetic variation in the genes of carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, tumor suppressor proteins, and/or DNA-repairing enzymes can also play a significant role in lung cancer susceptibility. The tumor suppressor protein p53 functions to induce cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, or apoptosis. Polymorphism in its gene can, therefore, play a significant role in cancer susceptibility. Present report evaluated the association of polymorphism in exon 4 Arg72Pro (G>C) of the p53 gene with lung cancer susceptibility using 175 cancer cases and 202 controls from the North Indian population. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the Pro72Pro genotype was significantly associated with increasing risk for lung cancer in younger age patients (≤55 years) (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=2.72, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] 0.99-7.85, p<0.05). Histological stratification of lung cancer revealed that the Pro72Pro genotype was associated with higher risk for squamous cell carcinoma (OR=3.05, 95% CI 1.07-8.87, p<0.05). Genetic variation Arg72Pro of the p53 gene may contribute to higher risk of SCC of lung in the North Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup R Tilak
- Environmental Biotechnology Section, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research-IITR (formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract
Mutational activation of KRAS is a common oncogenic event in lung cancer and other epithelial cancer types. Efforts to develop therapies that counteract the oncogenic effects of mutant KRAS have been largely unsuccessful, and cancers driven by mutant KRAS remain among the most refractory to available treatments. Studies undertaken over the past decades have produced a wealth of information regarding the clinical relevance of KRAS mutations in lung cancer. Mutant Kras-driven mouse models of cancer, together with cellular and molecular studies, have provided a deeper appreciation for the complex functions of KRAS in tumorigenesis. However, a much more thorough understanding of these complexities is needed before clinically effective therapies targeting mutant KRAS-driven cancers can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M K Westcott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Program, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
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35
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Kikuchi S, Iwai M, Sakurai-Yageta M, Tsuboi Y, Ito T, Maruyama T, Tsuda H, Kanai Y, Onizuka M, Sato Y, Murakami Y. Expression of a splicing variant of the CADM1 specific to small cell lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1051-7. [PMID: 22429880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CADM1, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule, acts as a tumor suppressor in a variety of human cancers. CADM1 is also ectopically expressed in adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), conferring an invasive phenotype characteristic to ATL. Therefore, CADM1 plays dual roles in human oncogenesis. Here, we investigate the roles of CADM1 in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Immunohistochemistry demonstrates that 10 of 35 (29%) primary SCLC tumors express CADM1 protein. Western blotting and RT-PCR analyses reveal that CADM1 is significantly expressed in 11 of 14 SCLC cells growing in suspension cultures but in neither of 2 SCLC cells showing attached growth to plastic dishes, suggesting that CADM1 is involved in anchorage-independent growth in SCLC. In the present study, we demonstrate that SCLC expresses a unique splicing variant of CADM1 (variant 8/9) containing additional extracellular fragments corresponding to exon 9 in addition to variant 8, a common isoform in epithelia. Variant 8/9 of CADM1 is almost exclusively observed in SCLC and testis, although this variant protein localizes along the membrane and shows similar cell aggregation activity to variant 8. Interestingly, both variant 8/9 and variant 8 of CADM1 show enhanced tumorigenicity in nude mice when transfected into SBC5, a SCLC cell lacking CADM1. Inversely, suppression of CADM1 expression by shRNA reduced spheroid-like cell aggregation of NCI-H69, an SCLC cell expressing a high amount of CADM1. These findings suggest that CADM1 enhances the malignant features of SCLC, as is observed in ATL, and could provide a molecular marker specific to SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kikuchi
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
To elucidate the effect of cigarette smoke on developing lung cancer among individuals, numerous genetic and epigenetic factors related to cigarette smoke-induced lung cancers have been widely investigated and a various genes, loci and pathways have been identified as candidates to date. However, the importance of these molecular alterations in the initiation and progression of lung cancer still remains imprecise and different molecules altered in lung cancer are being used for stratification of patients for targeted therapy. There are a number of molecular pathways involved in the development of lung cancer, and environmental factors related to these alterations are still unclear. Furthermore, various genetic alterations determined by candidate gene approach have not been re-evaluated for their functional significance together with epigenetic alterations in the same population. Accumulated evidence suggested that lung cancer in ever smokers and never smokers follow distinct molecular pathways and may therefore respond to distinct therapy. Therefore, additional studies will be essential to re-evaluate the individual risk of developing lung cancer based on the combination of genetic and epigenetic alterations and to set up a guideline to assess the individual risk for lung cancer and for its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Begum
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Putra AC, Tanimoto K, Arifin M, Hiyama K. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α polymorphisms are associated with genetic aberrations in lung cancer. Respirology 2011; 16:796-802. [PMID: 21435097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), is a master regulator of hypoxia, including repression of DNA repair systems, resulting in genomic instability in cancer cells. The roles of the polymorphic HIF-1α variants, C1772T (P582S) and G1790A (A588T), which are known to enhance transcriptional activity, were evaluated in lung cancers. METHODS HIF-1α polymorphisms were assessed by direct sequencing in a total of 83 lung cancer patients (42 adenocarcinomas, 30 squamous cell, four adenosquamous cell and seven small cell lung carcinomas) and in 110 healthy control subjects. The relationship between these polymorphisms and the frequently observed genetic and/or epigenetic aberrations, TP53 loss of heterozygosity (LOH), 1p34 LOH, retinoblastoma-1 (RB1) LOH, p16 inactivation and epidermal growth factor receptor aberrations, was then assessed. RESULTS There were no significant differences in genotype frequencies for either C1772T or G1790A between lung cancer patients and healthy controls. However, the frequency of the HIF1A C1772T variant allele was significantly higher in lung cancer patients with TP53 LOH (P = 0.015). Among adenocarcinoma patients, individuals with variant alleles of either polymorphism showed significantly higher frequencies of TP53 LOH (P = 0.047), 1p34 LOH (P = 0.009), or either of these (P = 0.008) in the tumours. The in vitro transcriptional activity of these HIF1A variants in A549 lung cancer cells was significantly greater than that of the wild type under either normoxic or hypoxic conditions, especially for P582S in cells containing mutant p53 (P < 0.0005 and P < 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that functional polymorphisms in the HIF-1α gene may have an important impact on lung carcinogenesis, especially in adenocarcinomas, possibly by increasing genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andika C Putra
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Samuelsen JT, Holme JA, Låg M, Schwarze PE, Dahl JE, Becher R. Biotransformation enzymes and lung cell response to 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 100:462-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Somatic, gain-of-function mutations in ras genes were the first specific genetic alterations identified in human cancer about 3 decades ago. Studies during the last quarter century have characterized the Ras proteins as essential components of signaling networks controlling cellular proliferation, differentiation, or survival. The oncogenic mutations of the H-ras, N-ras, or K-ras genes frequently found in human tumors are known to throw off balance the normal outcome of those signaling pathways, thus leading to tumor development. Oncogenic mutations in a number of other upstream or downstream components of Ras signaling pathways (including membrane RTKs or cytosolic kinases) have been detected more recently in association with a variety of cancers. Interestingly, the oncogenic Ras mutations and the mutations in other components of Ras/MAPK signaling pathways appear to be mutually exclusive events in most tumors, indicating that deregulation of Ras-dependent signaling is the essential requirement for tumorigenesis. In contrast to sporadic tumors, separate studies have identified germline mutations in Ras and various other components of Ras signaling pathways that occur in specific association with a number of different familial, developmental syndromes frequently sharing common phenotypic cardiofaciocutaneous features. Finally, even without being a causative force, defective Ras signaling has been cited as a contributing factor to many other human illnesses, including diabetes and immunological and inflammatory disorders. We aim this review at summarizing and updating current knowledge on the contribution of Ras mutations and altered Ras signaling to development of various tumoral and nontumoral pathologies.
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Shinmura K, Tao H, Nagura K, Goto M, Matsuura S, Mochizuki T, Suzuki K, Tanahashi M, Niwa H, Ogawa H, Sugimura H. Suppression of hydroxyurea-induced centrosome amplification by NORE1A and down-regulation of NORE1A mRNA expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2011; 71:19-27. [PMID: 20434789 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The candidate tumor suppressor NORE1A is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein, and although a fraction of the NORE1A in cells is localized to their centrosomes, the role of centrosomal NORE1A has not been elucidated. In this study we investigated the role of NORE1A in the numerical integrity of centrosomes and chromosome stability in lung cancer cells. Exposure of p53-deficient H1299 lung cancer cell line to hydroxyurea (HU) resulted in abnormal centrosome amplification (to 3 or more centrosomes per cell) as determined by immunofluorescence analysis with anti-γ-tubulin antibody, and forced expression of wild-type NORE1A partially suppressed the centrosome amplification. The nuclear export signal (NES) mutant (L377A/L384A) of NORE1A did not localize to centrosomes and did not suppress the centrosome amplification induced by HU. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses with probes specific for chromosomes 2 and 16 showed that wild-type NORE1A, but not NES-mutant NORE1A, suppressed chromosome instability in HU-exposed H1299 cells that was likely to have resulted from centrosome amplification. We next examined the status of NORE1A mRNA expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and detected down-regulation of NORE1A mRNA expression in 25 (49%) of 51 primary NSCLCs by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction analysis. These results suggest that NORE1A has activity that suppresses the centrosome amplification induced by HU and that NORE1A mRNA down-regulation is one of the common gene abnormalities in NSCLCs, both of which imply a key preventive role of NORE1A against the carcinogenesis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shinmura
- 1st Department of Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi Ward, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan
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Oneyama C, Ikeda J, Okuzaki D, Suzuki K, Kanou T, Shintani Y, Morii E, Okumura M, Aozasa K, Okada M. MicroRNA-mediated downregulation of mTOR/FGFR3 controls tumor growth induced by Src-related oncogenic pathways. Oncogene 2011; 30:3489-501. [PMID: 21383697 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase c-Src is upregulated in various human cancers, but the molecular mechanisms underlying c-Src-mediated tumor growth remain unclear. Here we examined the involvement of microRNAs in the c-Src-mediated tumor growth. Microarray profiling revealed that c-Src activation downregulates a limited set of microRNAs, including miR-99a, which targets oncogenic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3). Re-expression of miR-99a suppressed tumor growth of c-Src-transformed cells, and this effect was restored by the overexpression of mTOR. The downregulation of miR-99a was also observed in epidermal growth factor- and Ras-transformed cells, and it was suppressed by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Furthermore, miR-99a downregulation is associated with mTOR/FGFR3 upregulation in various human lung cancer cells/tissues. The tumorigenicity of these cells was suppressed by the introduction of miR-99a. These findings suggest that the miR-99a-mTOR/FGFR3 pathway is crucial for controlling tumor growth in a wide range of human cancers that harbor upregulation of the Src-related oncogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oneyama
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Abstract
Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) is a transcriptional coactivator involved in the differentiation of stem cell as well as the development of multiple organs. Recently, TAZ has also been identified as a major component of the novel Hippo-LATS tumor suppressor pathway and to function as an oncogene in breast cancer. We show for the first time that TAZ is an oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our results show that TAZ is overexpressed in NSCLC cells and that lentivirus-mediated overexpression of TAZ in HBE135 immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells causes increased cell proliferation and transformation, which can be restored back to its original levels by knockdown of TAZ. In addition, short-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of TAZ expression in NSCLC cells suppresses their proliferation and anchorage-independent growth in vitro, and tumor growth in mice in vivo, which can be reversed by re-introduction of shRNA-resistant TAZ into TAZ-knockdown NSCLC cells. These results indicate that TAZ is an oncogene and has an important role in tumorigenicity of NSCLC cells. Therefore, TAZ may present a novel target for the future diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of lung cancer.
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Cho S, Kim MJ, Choi YY, Yoo SS, Lee WK, Lee EJ, Jang EJ, Bae EY, Jin G, Jeon HS, Lee SY, Cha SI, Park TI, Kim CH, Park JY. Associations between polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and TP53 mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2010; 73:25-31. [PMID: 21129811 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify genetic factors predisposing to TP53 mutations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A comprehensive panel of potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA repair genes was evaluated in relation to TP53 mutations. Thirty-seven SNPs in 28 DNA repair genes were genotyped by a sequenome mass spectrometry-based genotyping assay in 173 NSCLCs and the associations with TP53 mutations in the entire coding exons (exons 2-11), including splicing sites of the gene, were analyzed. Four SNPs (XPA rs1800975, OGG1 rs1052133, ADPRT rs1136410, and NBS1 rs1805794) were significantly associated with the prevalence of TP53 mutations in multivariate analysis for each SNP. When the 4 SNPs were combined, the prevalence of TP53 mutations was increased as the number of bad genotypes increased (P(trend)=0.001). Patients with 3 and 4 bad genotypes had a significantly higher frequency of TP53 mutations than those with 0-1 bad genotypes (adjusted odds ratio=5.18, 95% confidence interval=1.51-17.81, P=0.01 and adjusted odds ratio=18.26, 95% confidence interval=2.87-116.09, P=0.002, respectively). These findings suggest that the 4 SNPs may modulate the occurrence of TP53 mutations and contribute to lung carcinogenesis. However, larger studies are required to confirm our findings in other ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukki Cho
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Samduk 2Ga 50, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea
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Matsubara D, Ishikawa S, Sachiko O, Aburatani H, Fukayama M, Niki T. Co-activation of epidermal growth factor receptor and c-MET defines a distinct subset of lung adenocarcinomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:2191-204. [PMID: 20934974 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and MET are molecular targets for lung cancer treatment. The relationships between expression, activation, and gene abnormalities of these two targets are currently unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a panel of 40 lung cancer cell lines could be classified into two groups. Group I was characterized by (1) high phosphorylations of MET and EGFR, (2) frequent mutation or amplification of EGFR, MET, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), (3) high expressions of bronchial epithelial markers (thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), MUC1, and Cytokeratin 7 (CK7)); and (4) high expressions of MET, human epidermal growth factor receptor-3, E-cadherin, cyclooxygenase-2, and laminin gamma2. In contrast, Group II exhibited little or no phosphorylation of MET and EGFR; no mutation or amplification of EGFR, MET, and HER2; were triple-negative for TTF-1, MUC1, and CK7; and showed high expressions of vimentin, fibroblast growth factor receptor-1, and transcription factor 8. Importantly, Group I was more sensitive to gefitinib and more resistant to cisplatin and paclitaxel than Group II. The clinical relevance was confirmed in publicly available data on 442 primary lung adenocarcinoma patients; survival benefits by postoperative chemotherapy were seen in only patients with tumors corresponding to Group II. Overall, co-activation of EGFR and MET defines a distinct subgroup of lung carcinoma with characteristic genetic abnormalities, gene expression pattern, and response to chemotherapeutic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Matsubara
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
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Chang YL, Wu CT, Shih JY, Lee YC. Comparison of p53 and epidermal growth factor receptor gene status between primary tumors and lymph node metastases in non-small cell lung cancers. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 18:543-50. [PMID: 20811949 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To obtain insight into the cancer progression and metastatic process, we evaluate p53/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) somatic aberrations in non-small-cell lung cancers to compare accumulated genetic alterations between primary tumors and lymph node metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 56 primary lung cancers with corresponding lymph node metastases were identified to investigate somatic mutations and altered expressions of p53 and EGFR for clonality assessment. Genomic DNA was extracted from macrodissected cells of paraffin-embedded primary tumor and metastatic lymph node tissues. Overexpression and somatic mutations in exons of p53 (exons 5-8) and tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR (exons 18-21) were examined by immunohistochemical staining and DNA sequencing, respectively. RESULTS p53 and EGFR mutation/overexpression status were different between primary tumors and lymph node metastases in 5.4/7.2% and 28.6/33.9%, respectively. In most cases, the p53 and EGFR mutations usually preceded lymph node metastasis, and these gene statuses in the primary cancer and their lymph node metastasis were concordant (92.9 and 69.6%, respectively), which further supported the hypothesis that when these p53 mutations occur before the establishment of lymph node metastasis, they subsequently persist in the metastatic nodes. The expressions of p53 and EGFR showed 7.1 and 33.9% discordance in that order. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that p53 and EGFR mutations usually precede lymph node metastasis. The higher prevalence of EGFR heterogeneity existing in the primary tumor is not reflected in all lymph node metastasis and thus might have therapeutic implications when adjuvant therapy is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Leong Chang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sun H, Qiao Y, Zhang X, Xu L, Jia X, Sun D, Shen C, Liu A, Zhao Y, Jin Y, Yu Y, Bai J, Fu S. XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism with lung cancer and bladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1777-82. [PMID: 20500515 PMCID: PMC11158960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have investigated the associations between X-ray repair cross-complementing group 3 (XRCC3) Thr241Met polymorphism and the susceptibility to lung cancer and bladder cancer, but results have been inconclusive. In order to derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis was performed. A total of 22 case control studies, including 2976 cases and 4495 controls for lung cancer, and 3445 cases and 4599 controls for bladder cancer, met the inclusion criteria and were selected. Overall, there was no evidence showing a significant association between XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism and lung cancer risk. Furthermore, the results for bladder cancer showed that significant decreased risk was found for the additive model (odds ratio [OR] = 0.959, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.924-0.996) and dominant model (OR = 0.982, 95% CI, 0.963-1.000) but not for the recessive model (OR = 0.958, 95% CI, 0.905-1.014). In summary, our meta-analysis indicates that XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism may be weakly associated with the risk of bladder cancer. (Cancer Sci 2010).
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Kohno T, Otsuka A, Girard L, Sato M, Iwakawa R, Ogiwara H, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Minna JD, Yokota J. A catalog of genes homozygously deleted in human lung cancer and the candidacy of PTPRD as a tumor suppressor gene. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49:342-52. [PMID: 20073072 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 176 genes homozygously deleted in human lung cancer were identified by DNA array-based whole genome scanning of 52 lung cancer cell lines and subsequent genomic PCR in 74 cell lines, including the 52 cell lines scanned. One or more exons of these genes were homozygously deleted in one (1%) to 20 (27%) cell lines. These genes included known tumor suppressor genes, e.g., CDKN2A/p16, RB1, and SMAD4, and candidate tumor suppressor genes whose hemizygous or homozygous deletions were reported in several types of human cancers, such as FHIT, KEAP1, and LRP1B/LRP-DIP. CDKN2A/p16 and p14ARF located in 9p21 were most frequently deleted (20/74, 27%). The PTPRD gene was most frequently deleted (8/74, 11%) among genes mapping to regions other than 9p21. Somatic mutations, including a nonsense mutation, of the PTPRD gene were detected in 8/74 (11%) of cell lines and 4/95 (4%) of surgical specimens of lung cancer. Reduced PTPRD expression was observed in the majority (>80%) of cell lines and surgical specimens of lung cancer. Therefore, PTPRD is a candidate tumor suppressor gene in lung cancer. Microarray-based expression profiling of 19 lung cancer cell lines also indicated that some of the 176 genes, such as KANK and ADAMTS1, are preferentially inactivated by epigenetic alterations. Genetic/epigenetic as well as functional studies of these 176 genes will increase our understanding of molecular mechanisms behind lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kohno
- Biology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Dickens NJ, Walker BA, Leone PE, Johnson DC, Brito JL, Zeisig A, Jenner MW, Boyd KD, Gonzalez D, Gregory WM, Ross FM, Davies FE, Morgan GJ. Homozygous deletion mapping in myeloma samples identifies genes and an expression signature relevant to pathogenesis and outcome. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:1856-64. [PMID: 20215539 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myeloma is a clonal malignancy of plasma cells. Poor-prognosis risk is currently identified by clinical and cytogenetic features. However, these indicators do not capture all prognostic information. Gene expression analysis can be used to identify poor-prognosis patients and this can be improved by combination with information about DNA-level changes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using single nucleotide polymorphism-based gene mapping in combination with global gene expression analysis, we have identified homozygous deletions in genes and networks that are relevant to myeloma pathogenesis and outcome. RESULTS We identified 170 genes with homozygous deletions and corresponding loss of expression. Deletion within the "cell death" network was overrepresented and cases with these deletions had impaired overall survival. From further analysis of these events, we have generated an expression-based signature associated with shorter survival in 258 patients and confirmed this signature in data from two independent groups totaling 800 patients. We defined a gene expression signature of 97 cell death genes that reflects prognosis and confirmed this in two independent data sets. CONCLUSIONS We developed a simple 6-gene expression signature from the 97-gene signature that can be used to identify poor-prognosis myeloma in the clinical environment. This signature could form the basis of future trials aimed at improving the outcome of poor-prognosis myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Dickens
- Section of Haemato-Oncology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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