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Ströbel P, Marx A. The Way Ahead: Lessons Learned from Decades of Cancer Research on Thymomas and Thymic Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1040. [PMID: 38473397 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The history of thymoma (TH) research begins in the early 20th century, when Bell first recognized the epithelial nature of these tumors and their association with myasthenia gravis (MG) [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Kanamori K, Suina K, Shukuya T, Takahashi F, Hayashi T, Hara K, Saito T, Mitsuishi Y, Shimamura SS, Winardi W, Tajima K, Ko R, Mimori T, Asao T, Itoh M, Kawaji H, Suehara Y, Takamochi K, Suzuki K, Takahashi K. CALML5 is a novel diagnostic marker for differentiating thymic squamous cell carcinoma from type B3 thymoma. Thorac Cancer 2023; 14:1089-1097. [PMID: 36924358 PMCID: PMC10125782 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic squamous cell carcinoma and type B3 thymoma are primary neoplasms of the anterior mediastinum that are sometimes difficult to differentiate from one another histologically. However, only a few immunohistochemical markers are available for the differential diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to discover a novel marker for differentiating between thymic squamous cell carcinoma and type B3 thymoma. METHODS We used histological samples of thymic carcinomas (n = 26) and type B3 thymomas (n = 38) which were resected between 1986 and 2017. To search for candidates of differential markers, gene expression levels were evaluated in samples using promoter analysis by cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) sequencing. RESULTS Promoter level expression of CALML5 genes was significantly higher in thymic carcinomas than in type B3 thymomas. We further validated the results of the CAGE analysis in all 26 thymic carcinomas and 38 type B3 thymomas by immunohistochemistry (IHC). CALML5 was strongly expressed in the cytoplasm in 19 of 26 cases with thymic carcinoma, whereas positivity at the protein level was shown in two of 38 type B3 thymomas. Thus, the sensitivity (73.1%) and specificity (94.7%) of CALML5 as markers for immunohistochemical diagnosis of thymic carcinoma were extremely high. CONCLUSION We identified CALML5 as a potential marker for differentiating thymic squamous cell carcinoma from type B3 thymoma. It is assumed that future clinical use of CALML5 may improve the diagnostic accuracy of differentiating between these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Kanamori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suina
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehito Shukuya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuo Hayashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kieko Hara
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Mitsuishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Sonobe Shimamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wira Winardi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Tajima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Ko
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Mimori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiko Asao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Itoh
- RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Saitama, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawaji
- RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Saitama, Japan.,Preventive Medicine and Applied Genomics Unit, RIKEN Advanced Center for Computing and Communication, Yokohama, Japan.,Research Center for Genome & Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Suehara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takamochi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Okada S, Shimomura M, Tsunezuka H, Ishihara S, Ikebe S, Furuya T, Shimada J, Teramukai S, Inoue M. High Neutrophil Count as a Negative Prognostic Factor for Relapse in Patients with Thymic Epithelial Tumor. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 27:2438-2447. [PMID: 31993857 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-08228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preoperative neutrophil count is reportedly associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of pre-treatment peripheral blood cell counts in patients with thymic epithelial tumors (TETs). METHODS A retrospective review of 71 patients with completely resected TETs [64 thymoma, 6 thymic carcinoma, and 1 thymic neuroendocrine tumor] between 2000 and 2018 was conducted. Associations between tumor recurrence and pre-treatment peripheral blood cell counts of leukocytes (WBC), neutrophils (Neut), lymphocytes (Lymph), monocytes (Mono), and platelets (Plt) were analyzed. Optimal cut-off points were selected using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to predict tumor recurrence. RESULTS High WBC (≥ 7000), Neut (≥ 4450), and Plt (≥ 226 × 103) counts had significantly poor relapse-free survival (RFS), but high Lymph (≥ 1950) and Mono (≥ 400) did not. High Neut had the strongest correlation with recurrence (area under curve, 0.800); we focused on the analysis between high-Neut and low-Neut groups. High Neut count significantly correlated with smoking history, pre-treatment C-reactive protein level, and advanced stage; high Neut count and aggressive histology tended to show correlations. RFS was significantly poorer in the high-Neut group than in the low-Neut group (p = 0.003), with 5-year RFS rates of 63.8% and 96.8%, respectively. High Neut count was a significant adverse predictor for RFS and cumulative incidence of recurrence (p = 0.005 and p < 0.001, respectively). The risk scoring system comprising high Neut count, advanced stage, and aggressive histology demonstrated better prognostic ability than any prognostic factors alone. CONCLUSIONS High Neut count significantly correlated with TET recurrence, suggesting a negative prognostic effect of latent inflammation in TET patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Shimomura
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tsunezuka
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunta Ishihara
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ikebe
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Furuya
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junichi Shimada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Teramukai
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Inoue
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Alberobello AT, Wang Y, Beerkens FJ, Conforti F, McCutcheon JN, Rao G, Raffeld M, Liu J, Rahhal R, Zhang YW, Giaccone G. PI3K as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Thymic Epithelial Tumors. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 11:1345-1356. [PMID: 27117832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are rare tumors originating from the epithelium of the thymus with limited therapeutic options beyond surgery. The pathogenesis of TETs is poorly understood, and the scarcity of model systems for these rare tumors makes the study of their biology very challenging. METHODS A new cell line (MP57) was established from a thymic carcinoma specimen and characterized using standard biomarker analysis, as well as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and functional assays. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the mutations identified by NGS. RESULTS MP57 possesses all the tested thymic epithelial markers and is deemed a bona fide thymic carcinoma cell line. NGS analysis of MP57 identified a mutation in the gene PIK3R2, which encodes a regulatory subunit of PI3K. Further analysis identified different mutations in multiple PI3K subunit genes in another cell line and several primary thymic carcinoma samples, including two catalytic subunits (PIK3CA and PIK3CG) and another regulatory subunit (PIK3R4). Inhibiting PI3K with GDC-0941 resulted in in vitro antitumor activity in TET cells carrying mutant PI3K subunits. CONCLUSIONS Alterations of PI3K due to mutations in its catalytic or regulatory subunits are observed in a subgroup of TETs, in particular, thymic carcinomas. Targeting PI3K may be an effective strategy to treat these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Teresa Alberobello
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Yisong Wang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Frans Joseph Beerkens
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Fabio Conforti
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Justine N McCutcheon
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Guanhua Rao
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mark Raffeld
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jing Liu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Raneen Rahhal
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Yu-Wen Zhang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia.
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Wang G, Wang Y, Zhang P, Chen Y, Liu Y, Guo F, Zhang H. Establishment and characterization of a novel cell line derived from thymoma with myasthenia gravis patients. Thorac Cancer 2015; 6:194-201. [PMID: 26273358 PMCID: PMC4448491 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thymoma is a cancer with rare incidence, but it is a major malignancy in adult anterior mediastinum, occurring in about 40% of patients with myasthenia gravis. Because of the lack of thymic epithelial tumor cell lines, thymoma has lagged far behind other tumors in cytological studies. It is, therefore, quite necessary to establish a new thymic epithelial tumor cell line from Chinese patients to study the pathogenic mechanism and therapeutic methods. Methods Twenty-three samples of tumor tissues were collected from thymoma and thymic carcinoma patients for primary culture by tissue explant, suspension cell culture method, and collagenase digestion. We detected the biological characteristics and origin of the cell line after the establishment of a novel thymoma cell line. Results A novel cell line, designed as Thy0517, was established from thymoma type AB with myasthenia gravis patients by tissue explant. As an immortalized cell line, it always has a stable growth cycle, and there is no change in characteristics and morphology after culturing for 18 months and passing 160 generations in vitro. The experimental data demonstrate that the cell line exhibits the growth characteristics of tumor cells, the doubling time of 37 hours, with tumorigenicity in vitro and chromosome abnormality. Immunocytochemistry indicated that the cell line positive expression of CK7, CK8/18, CK19, CK-pan, CD24, BCL-2, P63, Vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen and epidermal growth factor receptor, lymphocyte related antigen CD99, and TdT were negatively expressed. Conclusions The newly established thymic epithelial tumor cell line from Chinese patients provides a model in the study of thymoma and molecularly targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojin Wang
- Deparment of Hematology, Tianjin medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanguo Wang
- Deparment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Deparment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Deparment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Yimei Liu
- Deparment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Deparment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Deparment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
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Inai K, Noriki S, Kinoshita K, Nishijima A, Sakai T, Kimura H, Naiki H. Feasibility of liver weight estimation by postmortem computed tomography images: An autopsy study. Pathol Int 2014; 64:315-24. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Inai
- Division of Molecular Pathology School of Medical Sciences University of Fukui Fukui Japan
- Division of Autopsy Imaging Center School of Medical Sciences University of Fukui Fukui Japan
| | - Sakon Noriki
- Division of Tumor Pathology School of Medical Sciences University of Fukui Fukui Japan
- Division of Autopsy Imaging Center School of Medical Sciences University of Fukui Fukui Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kinoshita
- Division of Radiology School of Medical Sciences University of Fukui Fukui Japan
- Division of Autopsy Imaging Center School of Medical Sciences University of Fukui Fukui Japan
| | - Akihiko Nishijima
- Division of Autopsy Imaging Center School of Medical Sciences University of Fukui Fukui Japan
| | - Toyohiko Sakai
- Division of Radiology School of Medical Sciences University of Fukui Fukui Japan
- Division of Autopsy Imaging Center School of Medical Sciences University of Fukui Fukui Japan
| | - Hirohiko Kimura
- Division of Radiology School of Medical Sciences University of Fukui Fukui Japan
- Division of Autopsy Imaging Center School of Medical Sciences University of Fukui Fukui Japan
| | - Hironobu Naiki
- Division of Molecular Pathology School of Medical Sciences University of Fukui Fukui Japan
- Division of Autopsy Imaging Center School of Medical Sciences University of Fukui Fukui Japan
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Gökmen-Polar Y, Sanders KL, Goswami CP, Cano OD, Zaheer NA, Jain RK, Kesler KA, Nelson RP, Vance GH, Smith D, Li L, Cardoso AA, Badve S, Loehrer PJ, Sledge GW. Establishment and characterization of a novel cell line derived from human thymoma AB tumor. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1564-73. [PMID: 22926645 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymomas are low-grade epithelial tumors of the anterior mediastinum. The complexity of the disease and the lack of in vitro and in vivo models hamper the development of better therapeutics. In this study, we report a novel cell line, designated as IU-TAB-1, which was established from a patient with stage II thymoma (World Health Organization-type AB). The IU-TAB-1 cell line was established in vitro and characterized using histological and immunohistochemical staining, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, cytogenetic analyses and functional assays including in vitro and a NOD/SCID xenograft model. A whole-genome gene expression analysis (Illumina) was performed on the IU-TAB-1 cell line and 34 thymomas to determine the clinical relevance of the cell line. The IU-TAB-1 cell line was positive for epithelial markers (pan-cytokeratin and EpCAM/CD326) including thymic epithelial (TE) surface markers (such as CD29, CD9, CD54/ICAM-1, CD58 and CD24) and p63, and negative for B- and T-cell lineage markers. Gene expression profiling demonstrated overlapping and distinct genes between IU-TAB-1 and primary thymomas including the primary tumor (from which the cell line was derived). IU-TAB-1 cells are tumorigenic when implanted in immunodeficient mice with tumors reaching a volume of 1000 mm³ at around 130 days. The established cell line represents a biologically relevant new tool to investigate the molecular pathology of thymic malignancies and to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutics both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Gökmen-Polar
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Walther Hall, 980W Walnut Street, C230, IN 46202, USA.
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New radiosynthesis of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroacetamido-d-glucopyranose and its evaluation as a bacterial infections imaging agent. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:807-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Heat Shock Protein 90-Sheltered Overexpression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Contributes to Malignancy of Thymic Epithelial Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2237-49. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mustafa SA, Hoheisel JD, Alhamdani MSS. Secretome profiling with antibody microarrays. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1795-801. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05071k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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