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Gene expression microarray analysis of adult testicular germ cell tumor: a comparison between pure-type seminomas and seminoma components in mixed tumors. Virchows Arch 2021; 479:1177-1186. [PMID: 34347114 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated a genetic evidence of the progression from seminoma to embryonal carcinoma in mixed testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). This process, the "reprogramming" of seminoma cells, is crucial for pathological tumorigenesis and should be kept in mind while designing clinical therapeutic strategies. We hypothesized that a comparison between pure-type seminomas and seminoma components in mixed tumors (mixed-type seminomas) could reveal early changes in the reprogramming process. In the present study, we performed gene expression microarray analysis of six pure-type and six mixed-type seminomas. Hierarchical clustering analysis properly grouped each type of seminomas into a separated cluster. Supervised analysis between pure-type and mixed-type seminomas revealed 154 significantly dysregulated genes (Storey-adjusted q < 0.05). The genes with the highest overexpression in mixed-type seminomas compared with the pure-type seminomas included MT1 isoforms, PRSS8, TSC22D1, and SLC39A4; downregulated genes included DEFB123, LMTK2, and MYRF. Functional annotation analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed that the top-ranked functional categories were related to cellular zinc metabolism and consisted of MT1 isoforms and SLC39A4, the results of which were validated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis. In conclusion, this research provides further evidence that pure and mixed types of seminomas are molecularly different, which may contribute to elucidate the reprogramming mechanism in the progression of TGCTs.
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Guerra F, Quintana S, Giustina S, Mendeluk G, Jufe L, Avagnina MA, Díaz LB, Palaoro LA. Investigation of EGFR/pi3k/Akt signaling pathway in seminomas. Biotech Histochem 2020; 96:125-137. [PMID: 32597316 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2020.1776393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGFR) in some testicular tumors activates several signaling pathways. Some components of these pathways are phosphorylated or mutated in testicular germ tumors (TCGT), including EGFR, Kirstein ras oncogen (KRAS) and cell surface protein of the germ cell (KIT). The latter two activate RAF ⁄MEK⁄ERK and PI3 K⁄AKT, and interconnect with the EGFR/pI3 k/Akt pathway. We investigated the expression of EGFR/pI3 k/Akt pathway proteins in seminomas and in their precursor lesion, germinal cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) and related genetic mutations. We used immunohistochemistry for pEGFR, pI3 k and pAkt expression with a scoring system for 46 seminoma surgical specimens: 36 classical and 10 GCNIS. In 17 samples, the mutations of EGFR (exons 19 - 21), KIT (exons 11, 17) and KRAS (exons 2, 3) were investigated using qPCR and sequencing. Of the 36 seminomas studied, 22 (61%) expressed pEGFR. Ten samples exhibited high scores for pEGFR, pI3 k and pAkt. In 5 of 17 cases (33%) some mutation was exhibited in the exons studied: 21 of EGFR (2), 17 of EGFR (1), 3 of KRAS (1) and 11 of KIT (1). Six cases exhibited nuclear translocation of EGFR; of these, four exhibited mutations of EGFR, KRAS and KIT. Eight of ten of the GCNIS expressed a high pEGFR score (80%). In 2 of 6 cases (33%), mutation was detected in exon 21 of EGFR and one smear showed EGFR translocation to the nucleus. The translocation represents a subpopulation with worse prognosis for TCGT. The EGFR/pI3 k/Akt signaling pathway is linked to TDRG1, which regulates chemosensitivity to cisplatin; this is a mechanism of resistance to treatment. TDRG1 and the EGFR/pI3 k/pAkt pathway could be therapeutic targets for seminomas resistant to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guerra
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Hospital (UBA), C.A.B.A., INFIBIOC , Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S Quintana
- Fares Taie Institute , Mar Del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Giustina
- Fares Taie Institute , Mar Del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Mendeluk
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Hospital (UBA), C.A.B.A., INFIBIOC , Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L Jufe
- Laboratory of Pathology, Ramos Mejía Hospital, C.A.B.A ., Argentina
| | - M A Avagnina
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital (UBA), C.A.B.A ., Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L B Díaz
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital (UBA), C.A.B.A ., Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L A Palaoro
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Hospital (UBA), C.A.B.A., INFIBIOC , Córdoba, Argentina
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Miyai K, Ito K, Matsukuma S, Tsuda H. Frequent EGFR expression/EGFR amplification and lack of activating mutation in testicular choriocarcinoma. Pathol Int 2020; 70:262-269. [PMID: 31994813 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Choriocarcinoma (CC) is the rarest but most aggressive histological component of adult testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT). Although we previously reported a putative role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) alterations in the progression of CC, little is known about the kinase-activating mutation status of EGFR, which predicts the response to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In this study, we clinicopathologically reviewed a total of 12 cases of mixed TGCTs with CC components. Immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and direct sequencing was performed to investigate EGFR expression, EGFR copy number alterations, and functional mutation of EGFR in these CC components, respectively. Four (33%) of 12 cases exhibited predominant CC components (>50%), and all these patients died due to disease within 62 months. Overexpression of EGFR, higher copy number of EGFR, and amplification of EGFR was observed in 12 (100%), 10 (83%), and 9 (75%) of 12 CC components, respectively. None of the cases showed any mutational events in exons 18 to 24, which encode the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR. These results confirm an important role of EGFR in the tumor aggressiveness of testicular CCs and may suggest its possible innate resistance against conventional anti-EGFR therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Miyai
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Susumu Matsukuma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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Nilius V, Killer MC, Timmesfeld N, Schmitt M, Moll R, Lorch A, Beyer J, Mack E, Lohoff M, Burchert A, Neubauer A, Brendel C. High β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I expression in peripheral T-lymphocytes is associated with a low risk of relapse in germ-cell cancer patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell reinfusion. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1423169. [PMID: 29721375 PMCID: PMC5927517 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1423169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival of patients with germ-cell cancer (GCC) and primary progression or relapse after cisplatin-based first-line chemotherapy is highly heterogeneous, ranging from close to zero to more than 70%. We investigated β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I (B4GALT1) expression levels in peripheral lymphocytes in a cohort of 46 testicular cancer patients. B4GALT1 enhances immune cell crosstalk via glycosylation of surface molecules. A high expression level of B4GALT1 in T-lymphocytes, but not in monocytes, was associated with a lower risk of relapse with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.66 (95% confidence interval (CI) of HR: 0.45-0.97; p = 0.02) upon multivariate Cox regression analysis. Correspondingly, interleukin 10 (IL10), a cytokine released by cytotoxic T-cells, was likewise significantly elevated in T-lymphocytes of non-relapse GCC patients (HR: 0.3; 95% CI of HR: 0.14-0.65; p = 0.002). Our data indicate that glycosylation and activation of T-lymphocytes may play a pivotal role in disease control in GCC patients with primary progressive or relapsed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Nilius
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology at the Philipps-University Marburg; Baldinger Strasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine C Killer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology at the Philipps-University Marburg; Baldinger Strasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nina Timmesfeld
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology at the Philipps-University Marburg, Bunsenstrasse 3, Marburg, Germany
| | - Melina Schmitt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology at the Philipps-University Marburg; Baldinger Strasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland Moll
- Institute of Pathology at the Philipps-University Marburg; Baldinger Strasse, Marburg
| | - Anja Lorch
- Department of Urology at the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf; Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Beyer
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Mack
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology at the Philipps-University Marburg; Baldinger Strasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lohoff
- Institute of Microbiology at the Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Strasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Burchert
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology at the Philipps-University Marburg; Baldinger Strasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Neubauer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology at the Philipps-University Marburg; Baldinger Strasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brendel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology at the Philipps-University Marburg; Baldinger Strasse, Marburg, Germany
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Sanmamed MF, Esteban E, Uriol E, Zarate R, Capelan M, Muriel C, Crespo G, Berros JP, Pardo-Coto P, Perez Q, Alvarez-Fernández C, Jiménez Fonseca P, Luque M, Astudillo A. Epidermal growth factor receptor and epididymis invasion as prognostic biomarkers in clinical stage I testicular germ cell tumours. J Transl Med 2017; 15:62. [PMID: 28320414 PMCID: PMC5358043 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inguinal orchiectomy is curative in 70–80% of clinical stage I testicular germ cell tumours (CS I TGCT). The identification of patients who are at low risk of relapse is critical to avoid unnecessary treatment. The aim of this study is to explore EGFR, hMLH-1/hMSH-2 and microsatellite instability (MSI) as potential prognostic factors of recurrence in CS I TGCT. Methods Fifty-six CS I TGCT patients who underwent inguinal orchiectomy were included in this study. We analysed the relationship between clinicopathological and molecular factors with survival. Analysis of hMLH1, hMSH2 and EGFR expression was carried out by immunohistochemistry. Methylation status of the hMLH1 promoter was determined by pyrosequencing analysis in selected cases. EGFR exons 19, 20, 21 were analysed by PCR labeled-fragments and MSI status was determined using standard Multiplex MSI assays. Results Classical pathological factors such as lymphovascular invasion, high percentage of embryonal carcinoma, rete testis invasion or tumour size ≥4 cm showed a significant relationship with a higher risk of relapse. Additionally, it was found that an epididymis invasion proved to be a significant independent poor prognostic factor of recurrence (p = 0.001). hMLH1 or hMSH2 expression showed no significant association with risk of relapse and no MSI was found. EGFR expression was observed in 30.4% of samples and its expression was associated with higher risk of relapse (HR 3.5; 95% CI 1.3–9.8; p = 0.016). None of the cases presented EGFR kinase domain mutations. Conclusions Epididymis invasion and EGFR expression, but not hMLH-1/hMSH-2 or MSI, could be potentially useful as new prognostic factors of recurrence for CS I TGCT. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1162-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel F Sanmamed
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 George Street, Suite 203A, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - E Esteban
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - E Uriol
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - R Zarate
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Capelan
- Breast Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - C Muriel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
| | - G Crespo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - J P Berros
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - P Pardo-Coto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Médico de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Q Perez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - C Alvarez-Fernández
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - P Jiménez Fonseca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M Luque
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - A Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Plant AS, Chi SN, Frazier L. Pediatric malignant germ cell tumors: A comparison of the neuro-oncology and solid tumor experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:2086-2095. [PMID: 27554756 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Malignant germ cell tumors (GCT) arise from abnormal migration of primordial germ cells and are histologically identical whether they occur inside or outside the central nervous system (CNS). However, the treatment strategy for GCTs varies greatly depending on the location of the tumor. These differences are in part due to the increased morbidity of surgery in the CNS but may also reflect differential sensitivity of the tumors to chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT) or not-yet-understood biologic differences between these tumors. Historically, specialists caring for extracranial and intracranial GCT in the United States have practiced separately without much cross communication. The focus of this review is a discussion of differences between the management of CNS and extra-CNS GCTs and opportunities for collaboration and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Plant
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Brain Tumors Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Susan N Chi
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Solid Tumor Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lindsay Frazier
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Brain Tumors Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
This article reviews the most frequently encountered tumor of the testis; pure and mixed malignant testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT), with emphasis on adult (postpubertal) TGCTs and their differential diagnoses. We additionally review TGCT in the postchemotherapy setting, and findings to be integrated into the surgical pathology report, including staging of testicular tumors and other problematic issues. The clinical features, gross pathologic findings, key histologic features, common differential diagnoses, the use of immunohistochemistry, and molecular alterations in TGCTs are discussed.
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Fatty acid synthase overexpression in adult testicular germ cell tumors: potential role in the progression of non-seminomatous germ cell tumors. Virchows Arch 2013; 464:221-8. [PMID: 24337182 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of fatty acid synthase (FASN), which is a key enzyme responsible for the endogenous synthesis of fatty acids, and its association with multistep progression have been demonstrated in various human malignant tumors. We aimed to clarify the potential role of FASN overexpression in the development and progression of adult testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). From the primary sites of a cohort of 113 TGCT cases, we obtained 221 histological components: 53 intratubular germ cell neoplasias, unclassified (IGCNUs), 84 seminomas, 32 embryonal carcinomas, seven choriocarcinomas, 21 yolk sac tumors, and 24 teratomas. Samples were analyzed for overexpression of FASN by immunohistochemistry. Intensities of immunoreactivity and the fraction of positive cells were classified into each four categories (intensity, 0 to 3; fraction, 0-10 % = 1, 11-50 % = 2, 51-80 % = 3, and >80 % = 4). The overall score was determined by multiplication of both scores and overall scores greater than 6 were considered FASN overexpression. On a component basis, FASN overexpression was detected in 8 % of seminomas but not in IGCNUs (0 %) and was detected frequently in non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) (88 % of embryonal carcinomas, all choriocarcinomas, 81 % of yolk sac tumors, and 54 % of teratomas). There were no cases of a mixed tumor (i.e., a tumor with multiple histological components) that overexpressed FASN in seminoma components but not in co-existing NSGCT components, suggesting sequential progression. Our immunohistochemical data suggest that FASN overexpression occurs as a late event during the progression from IGCNUs/seminomas to NSGCTs.
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Juliachs M, Castillo-Ávila W, Vidal A, Piulats JM, Garcia Del Muro X, Condom E, Hernández-Losa J, Teixidó C, Pandiella A, Graupera M, Casanovas O, Germà JR, Villanueva A, Viñals F. ErbBs inhibition by lapatinib blocks tumor growth in an orthotopic model of human testicular germ cell tumor. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:235-46. [PMID: 23292912 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have analyzed the expression of different members of the ErbB family in human samples of testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs). We observed expression of ErbB1 or ErbB2 in different tumor subtypes, but we also found high expression of ErbB3 in all GCTs tested. This pattern of expression was maintained when primary tumors were orthotopically implanted in nude mice. We have chosen a choriocarcinoma model characterized by high levels of ErbB1, but also of ErbB2 and ErbB3, to assay the in vivo effect of ErbB inhibitors on tumoral growth. Our results showed a complete lack of effect (refractoriness) to the pure ErbB1 receptor inhibitors cetuximab and gefitinib. While these inhibitors blocked ErbB1 phosphorylation, ErbB2 phosphorylation was not affected, suggesting an ErbB1-independent activation of this receptor. To confirm the importance of ErbB2 activation, animals were treated with lapatinib, a dual ErbB1 and ErbB2 inhibitor. Lapatinib treatment caused a 50% inhibition in tumor growth, an effect correlated with a blockade of both ErbB1 and ErbB2 phosphorylation levels, and of downstream signaling pathways (Akt, ERKs and Stat3). ErbB2 activation could still occur due to the formation of ErbB2/ErbB3 heterodimers, and ErbB3 activation was completely inhibited by lapatinib. Finally, combined inhibition of ErbB1 (gefitinib) and ErbB3 activities (knockdown expression by shRNA) inhibited tumoral testicular cells proliferation in a similar way to lapatinib. Our results explain why lapatinib but not anti-ErbB1 agents might be effective for treatment of testicular GCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Juliachs
- Laboratori de Recerca Translacional, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
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Hao JJ, Shi ZZ, Zhao ZX, Zhang Y, Gong T, Li CX, Zhan T, Cai Y, Dong JT, Fu SB, Zhan QM, Wang MR. Characterization of genetic rearrangements in esophageal squamous carcinoma cell lines by a combination of M-FISH and array-CGH: further confirmation of some split genomic regions in primary tumors. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:367. [PMID: 22920630 PMCID: PMC3561653 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chromosomal and genomic aberrations are common features of human cancers. However, chromosomal numerical and structural aberrations, breakpoints and disrupted genes have yet to be identified in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods Using multiplex-fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) and oligo array-based comparative hybridization (array-CGH), we identified aberrations and breakpoints in six ESCC cell lines. Furthermore, we detected recurrent breakpoints in primary tumors by dual-color FISH. Results M-FISH and array-CGH results revealed complex numerical and structural aberrations. Frequent gains occurred at 3q26.33-qter, 5p14.1-p11, 7pter-p12.3, 8q24.13-q24.21, 9q31.1-qter, 11p13-p11, 11q11-q13.4, 17q23.3-qter, 18pter-p11, 19 and 20q13.32-qter. Losses were frequent at 18q21.1-qter. Breakpoints that clustered within 1 or 2 Mb were identified, including 9p21.3, 11q13.3-q13.4, 15q25.3 and 3q28. By dual-color FISH, we observed that several recurrent breakpoint regions in cell lines were also present in ESCC tumors. In particular, breakpoints clustered at 11q13.3-q13.4 were identified in 43.3% (58/134) of ESCC tumors. Both 11q13.3-q13.4 splitting and amplification were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (LNM) (P = 0.004 and 0.022) and advanced stages (P = 0.004 and 0.039). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that only 11q13.3-q13.4 splitting was an independent predictor for LNM (P = 0.026). Conclusions The combination of M-FISH and array-CGH helps produce more accurate karyotypes. Our data provide significant, detailed information for appropriate uses of these ESCC cell lines for cytogenetic and molecular biological studies. The aberrations and breakpoints detected in both the cell lines and primary tumors will contribute to identify affected genes involved in the development and progression of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jie Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This overview discusses several important developments in testicular germ cell tumors in the last year. RECENT FINDINGS Genomic studies are examining gene expression as possible markers for disease relapse and chemotherapy resistance. Optimal treatment strategies for early-stage nonseminomatous tumors continue to evolve, and advanced disease states continue to be challenging entities in terms of optimizing therapy and outcome. Long-term survivorship issues are also being evaluated in this patient population. SUMMARY Significant challenges remain for treatment of certain categories of testicular germ cell tumors. Treatment and surveillance paradigms continue to be defined and refined as research in these areas continues.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2011; 23:303-10. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e328346cbfa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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