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Li J, Wang X, Zhang H, Hu X, Peng X, Jiang W, Zhuo L, Peng Y, Zeng G, Wang Z. Fenamates: Forgotten treasure for cancer treatment and prevention: Mechanisms of action, structural modification, and bright future. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 39171404 DOI: 10.1002/med.22079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Fenamates as classical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents are widely used for relieving pain. Preclinical studies and epidemiological data highlight their chemo-preventive and chemotherapeutic potential for cancer. However, comprehensive reviews of fenamates in cancer are limited. To accelerate the repurposing of fenamates, this review summarizes the results of fenamates alone or in combination with existing chemotherapeutic agents. This paper also explores targets of fenamates in cancer therapy, including COX, AKR family, AR, gap junction, FTO, TEAD, DHODH, TAS2R14, ion channels, and DNA. Besides, this paper discusses other mechanisms, such as regulating Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB pathway, and the regulation of the expressions of Sp, EGR-1, NAG-1, ATF-3, ErbB2, AR, as well as the modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment. Furthermore, this paper outlined the structural modifications of fenamates, highlighting their potential as promising leads for anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xue Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weifan Jiang
- Postdoctoral Station for Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Linsheng Zhuo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Postdoctoral Station for Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Guo Zeng
- Postdoctoral Station for Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Postdoctoral Station for Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Lambring CB, Fiadjoe H, Behera SK, Basha R. Docking and molecular dynamic simulations of Mithramycin-A and Tolfenamic acid against Sp1 and survivin. Process Biochem 2024; 137:207-216. [PMID: 38912413 PMCID: PMC11192519 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of Sp1 transcription factor and survivin, are studied in various cancers due to their consistent overexpression. These markers result in poorer cancer prognoses and their downregulation has been investigated as an effective treatment approach. Mithramycin-A and Tolfenamic acid are two drugs with innate anti-cancer properties and are suggested to be able to target Sp1 through GC/GT DNA binding interference, however in-depth binding and mechanistic studies are lacking. Through docking analysis, we investigated Mithramycin-A and Tolfenamic acid in terms of their specific binding interactions with Sp1 and survivin. Through further molecular dynamics simulations including Root Mean Square (RMS) Fluctuation and RMS Deviation, rGYr, and H-bond analysis, we identified critical residues involved in drug interactions with each protein in question. We show Mithramycin-A as the superior binding candidate to each protein and found that it exhibited stronger binding with Sp1, and then survivin. Subsequent molecular dynamics simulations followed the same trend as initial binding energy calculations and showed crucial amino acids involved in each Mithramycin-A-protein complex. Our findings warrant further investigation into Mithramycin-A and its specific interaction with Sp1 and their downstream targets giving a better understanding of Mithramycin-A and its potential as an effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hope Fiadjoe
- UNT Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | | | - Riyaz Basha
- UNT Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Hurtado M, Prokai L, Sankpal UT, Levesque B, Maram R, Chhabra J, Brown DT, Gurung RK, Holder AA, Vishwanatha JK, Basha R. Next generation sequencing and functional pathway analysis to understand the mechanism of action of copper-tolfenamic acid against pancreatic cancer cells. Process Biochem 2020; 89:155-164. [PMID: 32719579 PMCID: PMC7384693 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anti-cancer activity of tolfenamic acid (TA) in preclinical models for pancreatic cancer (PaCa) is well established. Since the dosage for anti-cancer actions of TA is rather high, we recently demonstrated that IC50 values of Copper-TA are 30-80% less than TA in 12 cancer cell lines. This study elucidates the underlying mechanisms of Copper-TA in PaCa cells. Control and Copper-TA (IC50) treated PaCa cells were processed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) to determine differentially expressed genes using HTG EdgeSeq Oncology Biomarker panel. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®) was used to identify functional significance of altered genes. The conformational studies for assessing the expression of key regulators and genes were conducted by Western blot and qPCR. IPA® identified several networks, regulators, as well as molecular and cellular functions associated with cancer. The top 5 molecular and cellular functions affected by Cu-TA treatment were cell death and survival, cellular development, cell growth and proliferation, cell cycle and cellular movement. The expression of top upstream regulators was confirmed by Western blot analysis while qPCR results of selected genes demonstrated that Copper-TA is efficacious at lower doses than TA. Results suggest that Copper-TA alters genes/key regulators associated with cancer and potentially serve as an effective anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna Hurtado
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States
| | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Institute for Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States
| | - Umesh T Sankpal
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States
| | - Blair Levesque
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States
| | - Rajasekhar Maram
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States
| | - Jaya Chhabra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, United States
| | - Deondra T Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, United States
| | - Raj K Gurung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, United States
| | - Alvin A Holder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, United States
| | - Jamboor K Vishwanatha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States
| | - Riyaz Basha
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States
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Effect of Selected Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs on the Viability of Canine Osteosarcoma Cells of the D-17 Line: In Vitro Studies. J Vet Res 2019; 63:399-403. [PMID: 31572821 PMCID: PMC6749731 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in veterinary medicine. They are used in pain control and in anti-inflammatory and antipyretic therapies. Some NSAIDs, e.g piroxicam, also have a documented anticancer effect. The objective of this study was to evaluate which of the commonly used NSAIDs (etodolac, flunixin, tolfenamic acid, carprofen, and ketoprofen) are cytotoxic to the D-17 cell line of canine osteosarcoma. Material and Methods The viability of the cells was evaluated using the MTT assay. Four independent repetitions were performed and the results are given as the average of these values; EC50 values (half maximal effective concentration) were also calculated. Results The analysis of results showed that carprofen and tolfenamic acid displayed the highest cytotoxicity. Other drugs either did not provide such effects or they were very poor. For carprofen, it was possible to determine an EC50 which fell within the limits of concentrations obtainable in canine serum after the administration of routinely used doses. Conclusion The results are promising but further studies should be conducted to confirm them, since this study is only preliminary. The possibility of introducing carprofen and tolfenamic acid into the routine treatment of osteosarcoma in dogs should be considered.
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Ahmed S, Sheraz MA, Ahmad I. Tolfenamic Acid. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2018; 43:255-319. [PMID: 29678262 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tolfenamic acid (TA) is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug and belongs to the group of fenamates. It is used as a potent pain reliever in the treatment of acute migraine attacks, and disorders like dysmenorrhea, rheumatoid, and osteoarthritis. TA has shown excellent in vitro antibacterial activity against certain ATCC strains of bacteria when complexed with bismuth(III). It has also been reported to block pathological processes associated with Alzheimer's disease. In the recent past, TA has also been used as a novel anticancer agent for the treatment of various cancers. In view of the clinical importance of TA, a comprehensive review of the physical and pharmaceutical properties and details of the various analytical methods used for the assay of the drug in pharmaceutical and biological systems has been made. The methods reviewed include identification tests and titrimetric, spectrophotometric, chromatographic, electrochemical, thermal, microscopic, enzymatic, and solid-state techniques. Along with the analytical profile, the stability and degradation of TA, its pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, dosage forms and dose, adverse effects and toxicity, and interactions have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ahmed
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Liu XJ, Li L, Liu XJ, Li Y, Zhao CY, Wang RQ, Zhen YS. Mithramycin-loaded mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles exert potent antitumor efficacy against pancreatic carcinoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5255-5269. [PMID: 28769562 PMCID: PMC5533565 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s139507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mithramycin A (MIT) is a promising candidate for the treatment of pancreatic carcinoma through inhibiting transcription factor Sp1. However, systemic toxicities may limit its clinical application. Here, we report a rationally designed formulation of MIT-loaded nanoparticles (MIT-NPs) with a small size and sustained release for improved passive targeting and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Nearly spherical MIT-NPs with a mean particle size of 25.0±4.6 nm were prepared by encapsulating MIT into methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (mPEG-PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with drug loading of 2.11%±0.51%. The in vitro release of the MIT-NPs lasted for >48 h with a sustained-release pattern. The cytotoxicity of MIT-NPs to human pancreatic cancer BxPC-3 and MIA Paca-2 cells was comparable to that of free MIT. Determined by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, the NPs internalized into the cells quickly and efficiently, reaching the peak level at 1-2 h. In vivo fluorescence imaging showed that the prepared NPs were gradually accumulated in BxPC-3 and MIA Paca-2 xenografts and retained for 168 h. The fluorescence intensity in both BxPC-3 and MIA Paca-2 tumors was much stronger than that of various tested organs. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated with the poorly permeable BxPC-3 pancreatic carcinoma xenograft model. At a well-tolerated dose of 2 mg/kg, MIT-NPs suppressed BxPC-3 tumor growth by 96%. Compared at an equivalent dose, MIT-NPs exerted significantly higher therapeutic effect than free MIT (86% versus 51%, P<0.01). Moreover, the treatment of MIT and MIT-NPs reduced the expression level of oncogene c-Myc regulated by Sp1, and notably, both of them decreased the protein level of CD47. In summary, the novel formulation of MIT-NPs shows highly therapeutic efficacy against pancreatic carcinoma xenograft. In addition, MIT-NPs can downregulate CD47 expression, implying that it might play a positive role in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jie Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Jun Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Qi Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Su Zhen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Ha T, Lou Z, Baek SJ, Lee SH. Tolfenamic acid downregulates β-catenin in colon cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:287-293. [PMID: 27089389 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tolfenamic acid is one of the fenamic acid-derived non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and has been shown to exhibit anti-cancer activities in several types of cancer. Both mutations and aberrant expression of β-catenin are highly associated with progression of cancer. Therefore, β-catenin is considered to be a promising molecular target for cancer prevention and treatment. The current study investigates the role of tolfenamic acid on β-catenin expression in colon cancer. Treatment with tolfenamic acid led to inhibition of cell growth and down-regulation of β-catenin expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner in human colon cancer cell lines. Reduction of β-catenin upon tolfenamic acid treatment was associated with ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation, without affecting mRNA level and promoter activity of β-catenin. In addition, treatment with tolfenamic acid downregulated Smad2 and Smad3 expression, while overexpression of Smad2, but not Smad3, blocked tolfenamic acid-induced suppression of β-catenin expression. Tolfenamic acid also decreased expression of β-catenin target genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Compared to adjacent normal tissue, intestinal tumor tissues of Apc(Min/+) mice exhibited increased expression of β-catenin, Smad2, Smad3, and VEGF, which were down-regulated with tolfenamic acid treatment at a dose of 50mg/kg body weight. In conclusion, our findings suggest that tolfenamic acid inhibits growth of colon cancer cells through downregulation of Smad2 and, subsequently, facilitating ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated β-catenin degradation in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyu Ha
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Lou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Seung Joon Baek
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Seong-Ho Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Lee RH, Cho JH, Jeon YJ, Bang W, Cho JJ, Choi NJ, Seo KS, Shim JH, Chae JI. Quercetin Induces Antiproliferative Activity Against Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) Cells by Suppressing Specificity Protein 1 (Sp1). Drug Dev Res 2015; 76:9-16. [PMID: 25619802 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical Research Quercetin, found in red onions and red apple skin can induce apoptosis insome malignant cells. However, the apoptotic effect of quercetin in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells via regulation of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) has not been studied. Here, we demonstrated that quercetin decreased cell growth and induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells via suppression of Sp1 using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) assay, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, Annexin V, and Western blot analysis, an effect that was dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatment of HepG2 cells with quercetin reduced cell growth and induced apoptosis, followed by regulation of Sp1 and Sp1 regulatory protein. Taken together, the results suggest that quercetin can induce apoptotic cell death by regulating cell cycle and suppressing antiapoptotic proteins. Therefore, quercetin may be useful for cancer prevention. Drug Dev Res 76 : 9-16, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra Ham Lee
- Department of Oral Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, BK21 plus, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 651-756
| | - Jin Hyoung Cho
- Department of Oral Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, BK21 plus, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 651-756
| | - Young-Joo Jeon
- Department of Oral Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, BK21 plus, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 651-756
| | - Woong Bang
- Department of Oral Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, BK21 plus, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 651-756
| | - Jung-Jae Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, Natural Medicine Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam, 534-729
| | - Nag-Jin Choi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural & Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 651-756
| | - Kang Seok Seo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- Department of Pharmacy, Natural Medicine Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam, 534-729
| | - Jung-Il Chae
- Department of Oral Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, BK21 plus, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 651-756
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Sachita K, Yu HJ, Yun JW, Lee JS, Cho SD. YM155 induces apoptosis through downregulation of specificity protein 1 and myeloid cell leukemia-1 in human oral cancer cell lines. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:785-91. [PMID: 25475012 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND YM155 is a small-molecule pro-apoptotic agent which has shown to inhibit survivin expression and induce apoptosis in various cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the function and molecular mechanism of YM155 in human oral cancer cells. METHODS The apoptotic effects and related signaling pathways of YM155 were evaluated using trypan blue exclusion assay, 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, Western blotting, RT-PCR, and siRNA. RESULTS YM155 inhibited the growth and caused caspase-dependent apoptosis in MC3 and HN22 cells. YM155 significantly suppressed the level of survivin protein expression through proteasome-dependent protein degradation to confirm its survivin-inhibiting function. YM155 reduced myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) protein, but it did not alter Mcl-1 mRNA. It was associated with the facilitation of lysosome-dependent protein degradation. The modifications of Mcl-1 and survivin by YM155 were caspase-independent manner. Treatment of MC-3 and HN22 cells with YM155 inhibited specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and the knockdown of Sp1 by siRNA demonstrated that Mcl-1 was regulated by Sp1 protein. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the novel mechanism that YM155 causes apoptosis of human oral cancer cell lines through downregulation of Sp1 and Mcl-1. Therefore, it may be a potential anticancer drug candidate for the treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadka Sachita
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Biodegradable Material, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Yu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Biodegradable Material, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sang Lee
- Department of Health and Functional Food, College of Medical Science, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Biodegradable Material, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Yu HJ, Park C, Kim SJ, Cho NP, Cho SD. Signal transducer and activators of transcription 3 regulates cryptotanshinone-induced apoptosis in human mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:S622-9. [PMID: 25298683 PMCID: PMC4189281 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.139802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cryptotanshinone (CT) is a biologically active compound from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza that has been reported to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines; but, it has not yet been fully explored in human mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). Objective: Here, we demonstrated the apoptotic effects and its related mechanism in MC-3 and YD-15 human MEC cell lines. Materials and Methods: The effects of CT on apoptotic activity were evaluated by cell proliferation assay, Western blotting, 4’-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and luciferase assay. Results: Our data show that CT treatment of MC-3 cells results in anti-proliferative and apoptotic activities in MC-3 and it is accompanied by a decrease in phosphorylation and dimerization of signal transducer and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). CT decreased the expression levels of myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) and surviving, whereas Bcl-xL expression was not changed. CT clearly regulates survivin protein at a transcriptional level and alters Mcl-1 through proteasome-dependent protein degradation. In addition, CT-induced apoptotic cell death in YD-15, another human MEC cell line, was associated with the inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation. Conclusion: These data suggest that CT could be a good apoptotic inducer through modification of STAT3 signaling in human MEC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Yu
- Department of Oral Pathology and Cancer Biology, School of Dentistry, and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National Univerisity, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
| | - Chul Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National Univerisity, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
| | - Sun-Ju Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Division of Health Sciences, Cheongju University, Cheongju, 360-764, South Korea
| | - Nam-Pyo Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology and Cancer Biology, School of Dentistry, and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National Univerisity, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology and Cancer Biology, School of Dentistry, and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National Univerisity, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
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The preliminary study of effects of tolfenamic Acid on cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and intracellular collagen deposition in keloid fibroblasts in vitro. Dermatol Res Pract 2014; 2014:736957. [PMID: 25328513 PMCID: PMC4190122 DOI: 10.1155/2014/736957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloid scarring is a fibroproliferative disorder due to the accumulation of collagen type I. Tolfenamic acid (TA), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been found to potentially affect the synthesis of collagen in rats. In this preliminary study, we aimed to test the effects of TA on cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and the deposition of intracellular collagen in keloid fibroblasts. Normal fibroblasts (NFs) and keloid fibroblasts (KFs) were obtained from human dermis tissue. Within the dose range 10−3–10−6 M and exposure times 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, we found that 0.55 × 10−3 M TA at 48 h exposure exhibited significantly decreased cell proliferation in both NFs and KFs. Under these experimental conditions, we demonstrated that (1) TA treatment induced a remarkable apoptotic rate in KFs compared to NFs; (2) TA treatment reduced collagen production in KFs versus NFs; (3) TA treatment decreased collagen type I expression in KFs comparing to that of NFs. In summary, our data suggest that TA decreases cell proliferation, induces cell apoptosis, and inhibits collagen accumulation in KFs.
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Chang JW, Kang SU, Choi JW, Shin YS, Baek SJ, Lee SH, Kim CH. Tolfenamic acid induces apoptosis and growth inhibition in anaplastic thyroid cancer: Involvement of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 expression and intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:115-30. [PMID: 24216474 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.10.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are usually used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, certain NSAIDs also have antitumor activities in various cancers, including head and neck cancer, through cyclooxygenase-dependent or independent pathways. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1), a TGF-β superfamily protein, is induced by NSAIDs and has been shown to be induced by several antitumorigenic compounds and to exhibit proapoptotic and antitumorigenic activities. In this report, we demonstrate for the first time that tolfenamic acid (TA) transcriptionally induced the expression of NAG-1 during TA-induced apoptosis of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cells. TA reduced the viability of ATC cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced apoptosis, findings that were coincident with NAG-1 expression. Overexpression of the NAG-1 gene using cDNA enhanced the apoptotic effect of TA, whereas suppression of NAG-1 expression by small interfering RNA attenuated TA-induced apoptosis. Subsequently, we found that intracellular ROS generation plays an important role in activating the proapoptotic protein NAG-1. Then, we confirmed antitumorigenic effects of TA in a nude mouse orthotopic ATC model, and this result accompanied the augmentation of NAG-1 expression and ROS generation in tumor tissue. Taken together, these results demonstrate that TA induces apoptosis via NAG-1 expression and ROS generation in in vitro and in vivo ATC models, providing a novel mechanistic explanation and indicating a potential chemotherapeutic approach for treatment of ATC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Growth Differentiation Factor 15/agonists
- Growth Differentiation Factor 15/antagonists & inhibitors
- Growth Differentiation Factor 15/genetics
- Growth Differentiation Factor 15/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/agonists
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/drug therapy
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/genetics
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/metabolism
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- ortho-Aminobenzoates/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea; Center for Cell Death-Regulating Biodrugs, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea
| | - Sung Un Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea; Center for Cell Death-Regulating Biodrugs, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea
| | - Jae Won Choi
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea; Center for Cell Death-Regulating Biodrugs, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea; Center for Cell Death-Regulating Biodrugs, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea
| | - Seung Joon Baek
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Seong-Ho Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Chul-Ho Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea; Center for Cell Death-Regulating Biodrugs, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea.
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13
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Lee HE, Choi ES, Jung JY, You MJ, Kim LH, Cho SD. Inhibition of specificity protein 1 by dibenzylideneacetone, a curcumin analogue, induces apoptosis in mucoepidermoid carcinomas and tumor xenografts through Bim and truncated Bid. Oral Oncol 2013; 50:189-95. [PMID: 24309154 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dibenzylideneacetone (DBA), a curcumin analogue that has anti-cancer activity in a variety of tumor cells. In this study, we investigated the apoptotic effects of DBA and its molecular mechanism in human mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) cell lines and tumor xenografts. MATERIAL AND METHODS The apoptotic effects and related molecular mechanisms of DBA on MEC cell lines were evaluated using cell viability assay, DAPI staining, Western blot analysis, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Dual-luciferase Reporter Assay. The anti-tumor activity using in vivo were determined by Nude mouse xenograft assay and histopathological examination. RESULTS DBA decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis in MEC cells. These events were accompanied by inhibition of specificity protein 1 (Sp1). DBA did not induce major changes in Sp1 mRNA and promoter activity. Furthermore, inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide demonstrated that DBA decreased Sp1 protein stability, but DBA did not attenuate phosphorylation of eIF4E. DBA also increased Bim and truncated Bid (t-Bid) via Sp1. Finally, DBA exhibited significant anti-tumor activity in athymic nude mice xenografts bearing MC-3 cells by regulating Sp1, Bim and t-Bid without any systemic toxicity. CONCLUSION These results elucidate a crucial apoptotic mechanism of DBA and suggest that DBA may be a potent anticancer drug candidate for MEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heang-Eun Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Brain Korea 21 Project, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sun Choi
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Brain Korea 21 Project, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Jung
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 314-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jo You
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Centre, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee-Han Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Brain Korea 21 Project, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Lee HE, Choi ES, Shin JA, Kim LH, Cho NP, Cho SD. Apoptotic effect of methanol extract of Picrasma quassioides by regulating specificity protein 1 in human cervical cancer cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 32:229-35. [PMID: 24037733 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the effects of methanol extracts of Picrasma quassioides (MEPQ) on apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells. The results showed that MEPQ decreased the viability and induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in HEp-2 cells. MEPQ decreased specificity protein 1 (Sp1) in HEp-2 cells, whereas Sp1 mRNA was not changed. We found that MEPQ reduced Sp1 protein through proteasome-dependent protein degradation, but not the inhibition of protein synthesis. Also, MEPQ increased the expressions of Bad and truncated Bid (t-Bid) but did not alter other Bcl-2 family members. The knock-down of Sp1 by both Sp1 interfering RNA and Mithramycin A, Sp1 specific inhibitor clearly increased Bad and t-Bid expression to decrease cell viability and induce apoptosis. In addition, MEPQ inhibited cell viability and induced apoptotic cell death through the modulation of Sp1 in KB cells. These results suggest that MEPQ may be a potential anticancer agent for human cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Eun Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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15
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Choi ES, Chung T, Kim JS, Lee H, Kwon KH, Cho NP, Cho SD. Mithramycin A induces apoptosis by regulating the mTOR/Mcl-1/tBid pathway in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2013; 53:89-93. [PMID: 24062605 PMCID: PMC3774928 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.13-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mithramycin A (Mith) is an aureolic acid-type polyketide produced by various soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. Mith inhibits myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) to induce apoptosis in prostate cancer, but the molecular mechanism underlying this process has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the detailed molecular mechanism related to Mith-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Mith decreased the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in both cell lines overexpressing phospho-mTOR compared to RWPE-1 human normal prostate epithelial cells. Mith significantly induced truncated Bid (tBid) and siRNA-mediated knock-down of Mcl-1 increased tBid protein levels. Moreover, Mith also inhibited the phosphorylation of mTOR on serine 2448 and Mcl-1, and increased tBid protein in prostate tumors in athymic nude mice bearing DU145 cells as xenografts. Thus, Mith acts as an effective tumor growth inhibitor in prostate cancer cells through the mTOR/Mcl-1/tBid signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sun Choi
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Brain Korea 21 Project, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-ju 561-756, Republic of Korea
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16
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Jeong JB, Choi J, Baek SJ, Lee SH. Reactive oxygen species mediate tolfenamic acid-induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 537:168-75. [PMID: 23896517 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown substantial evidences that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert anticancer effects by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Tolfenamic acid (TA) is one of the traditional NSAIDs widely used for treatment of migraine. TA has anti-cancer activities in several human cancer models. In this study, we report that generation of ROS by TA leads to apoptosis through modulation of several pathways in human colorectal cancer cells. TA induced rapid generation of intracellular ROS and led to an increase of phosphorylation of H2AX, a tail moment of comet and distribution of fragmented genomic DNA traces. Treatment of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) abolished TA-induced phosphorylation of H2AX and apoptosis. Treatment of TA resulted in an increase of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) transcriptional activity through inhibitor of kappa B (IκB-α) degradation and subsequent p65 nuclear translocation. In addition, TA increased apoptosis-inducing activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) expression. However, the treatment of NAC abolished TA-mediated NF-κB activation and ATF3 expression and chemical inhibition of NF-κB or knockdown of p65 significantly attenuated TA-induced ATF3 expression. Our finding indicates that ROS-mediated DNA damage and subsequent activation of NF-κB and ATF3 expression plays a significant role in TA-induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Boo Jeong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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17
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KIM DONGWOOK, KO SEONMI, JEON YOUNGJOO, NOH YOUNGWOOCK, CHOI NAGJIN, CHO SUNGDAE, MOON HONGSEOP, CHO YOUNGSIK, SHIN JAECHEN, PARK SEONMIN, SEO KANGSEOK, CHOI JIYOUNG, CHAE JUNGIL, SHIM JUNGHYUN. Anti-proliferative effect of honokiol in oral squamous cancer through the regulation of specificity protein 1. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1103-10. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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18
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Choi ES, Han G, Park SK, Lee K, Kim HJ, Cho SD, Kim HM. A248, a novel synthetic HDAC inhibitor, induces apoptosis through the inhibition of specificity protein 1 and its downstream proteins in human prostate cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:195-200. [PMID: 23685644 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are emerging as potent anticancer agents due to their ability to induce apoptosis in various cancer cells, including prostate cancer cells. In the present study, we synthesized a novel HDAC inhibitor, A248, and investigated its apoptotic activity and molecular target in the DU145 and PC3 human prostate cancer cell lines. A248 inhibited the growth of DU145 and PC3 cells and induced apoptosis, as demonstrated by nuclear fragmentation and the accumulation of cells at subG1 phase of cell cycle. The treatment of DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells with A248 resulted in the downregulation of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression. Since the expression levels of survivin and Mcl-1 depend on Sp1, we also investigated the effects of A248 on survivin and Mcl-1 expression using western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. The results showed that A248 markedly decreased the expression of survivin and Mcl-1. These data suggest that A248 has apoptotic activity in human prostate cancer cells and that Sp1 may be the molecular target of A248 treatment for inducing apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sun Choi
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Brain Korea 21 Project, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
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19
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6r, a novel oxadiazole analogue of ethacrynic acid, exhibits antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo by induction of cell apoptosis and S-phase arrest. Biomed Pharmacother 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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20
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Yu HJ, Shin JA, Nam JS, Kang BS, Cho SD. Apoptotic effect of dibenzylideneacetone on oral cancer cells via modulation of specificity protein 1 and Bax. Oral Dis 2013; 19:767-74. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H-J Yu
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Institute of Oral Bioscience; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju; Korea
| | - J-A Shin
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Institute of Oral Bioscience; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju; Korea
| | - J-S Nam
- Laboratory of Tumor suppressor; Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute; Gachon University; Inchon; Korea
| | - B S Kang
- Bio-medical Research Institute; Kyungpook National University Hospital; Daegu; Korea
| | - S-D Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Institute of Oral Bioscience; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju; Korea
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21
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Shin JA, Li C, Choi ES, Cho SD, Cho NP. High expression of microRNA‑127 is involved in cell cycle arrest in MC‑3 mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:708-12. [PMID: 23232714 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRs) are small endogenous non‑coding RNAs and are associated with the pathogenesis of a number of types of human cancer. However, miR‑127‑3p in mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) has not been studied. The present study aimed to analyze the importance of miR‑127‑3p in MC‑3 human MEC cells. Analyses of the growth inhibitory effect and the associated mechanism of miR‑127‑3p were performed using 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑20yl)‑(3‑carboxymethoxyphenyl)‑2‑(4‑sulphophenyl)‑2H‑tetrazolium assay, flow cytometry, 4'‑6‑diamidino‑2‑phenylindole staining, anchorage‑independent cell transformation assay and western blot analysis. Transfection of exogenous miR‑127‑3p into MC‑3 cells inhibited cell viability and led to G1/S cell cycle arrest. In addition, miR‑127‑3p also decreased neoplastic cell transformation in TPA‑induced JB6 mouse epidermal and MC‑3 cells. In addition, miR‑127‑3p decreased specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression and increased p21 and p27 expression which are Sp1‑dependent cell cycle‑related proteins. However, miR‑127‑3p did not induce apoptosis or affect expression levels of myeloid cell leukemia‑1 or survivin. miR‑127‑3p induced G1/S cell cycle arrest and increased p21 and p27 expression via modulation of Sp1. Therefore, miR‑127‑3p may be a therapeutic target for human MEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ae Shin
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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22
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Shin JA, Jung JY, Ryu MH, Safe S, Cho SD. Mithramycin A inhibits myeloid cell leukemia-1 to induce apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinomas and tumor xenograft through activation of Bax and oligomerization. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 83:33-41. [PMID: 23019217 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.081364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In several human malignancies, overexpression of myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) confers resistance to induction of apoptosis; however, Mcl-1-mediated inhibition of apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is not fully understood and has been investigated in this study. The Mcl-1 promoter activators (TPA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) enhanced neoplastic transformation of JB6 cells and this response was accompanied by enhanced expression of Mcl-1, and knockdown of Mcl-1 by RNA interference (RNAi) decreased JB6 cell transformation. In the same cell line, we also demonstrated that mithramycin A (Mith) decreased TPA-induced JB6 cell transformation and Mcl-1 expression. Mcl-1 was overexpressed in human oral tumors compared with normal oral mucosa and also in several OSCC cell lines including HN22 and HSC-4 cells. Treatment of these cells with Mith also decreased Mcl-1 expression and neoplastic cell transformation, and this was accompanied by induction of several markers of apoptosis. Knockdown of Mcl-1 by RNAi also induced apoptotic cell death. The downregulation of Mcl-1 by Mith and RNAi increased pro-apoptotic protein Bax, resulting in the Bax translocation into mitochondria and its oligomerization. Mith also suppressed tumor growth in vivo and induced apoptosis in tumor by also regulating expression of Mcl-1 and Bax proteins. These indicate a critical role for Mcl-1 in the growth and survival of OSCC and demonstrate that Mith may be a potential anticancer drug candidate for clinical treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ae Shin
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
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23
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Myeloid cell leukemia-1 is a key molecular target for mithramycin A-induced apoptosis in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells and a tumor xenograft animal model. Cancer Lett 2012; 328:65-72. [PMID: 23000424 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mithramycin A (Mith) is a natural polyketide that has been used in multiple areas of research including apoptosis of various cancer cells. Here, we examined the critical role of Mith in apoptosis and its molecular mechanism in DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells and tumor xenografts. Mith decreased cell growth and induced apoptosis in DU145 and PC-3 cells. Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) was over-expressed in both cell lines compared to RWPE1 cells. Mith inhibited Mcl-1 protein expression in both cells, but only altered Mcl-1 mRNA levels in PC-3 cells. We also found that Mith reduced Mcl-1 protein levels through both proteasome-dependent protein degradation and the inhibition of protein synthesis in DU145 cells. Studies using siRNA confirmed that the knockdown of Mcl-1 induced apoptosis. Mith significantly suppressed TPA-induced neoplastic cell transformation through the down-regulation of the Mcl-1 protein in JB6 cells, and suppressed the transforming activity of both cell types. Mith also inhibited tumor growth and Mcl-1 levels, in addition to inducing apoptosis, in athymic nude mice bearing DU145 cell xenografts without affecting five normal organs. Therefore, Mith inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis by suppressing Mcl-1 in both prostate cancer cells and xenograft tumors, and thus is a potent anticancer drug candidate for prostate cancer.
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24
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SHIN JIAE, KIM JUNSUNG, KWON KIHAN, NAM JEONGSEOK, JUNG JIYOUN, CHO NAMPYO, CHO SUNGDAE. Apoptotic effect of hot water extract of Sanguisorba officinalis L. in human oral cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2012; 4:489-494. [PMID: 23741248 PMCID: PMC3673655 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanguisorba officinalis L. has been used in traditional Asian medicine to treat diseases including diarrhea, chronic intestinal infections, duodenal ulcers and bleeding. This study examined the antiproliferative effects and apoptotic activity of hot water extract of S. officinalis L. (HESO) on HSC4 and HN22 human oral cancer cells. The effects of HESO were evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-20yl)-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulphophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay, 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and western blot analysis. HESO was found to inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in HSC4 and HN22 oral cancer cells. HESO downregulated myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) in HSC4 cells and was associated with the activation of Bak, resulting in Bak oligomerization on the mitochondrial outer membrane. HESO did not alter Mcl-1 expression in HN22 cells, but it decreased Sp1 expression. The downregulation of Sp1 by HESO in HN22 cells resulted in a decrease in survivin, a downstream target protein of Sp1. These results suggested that HESO inhibited the growth of oral cancer through either Mcl-1 or Sp1, indicating that HESO may serve as a potential drug candidate against oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- JI-AE SHIN
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju
| | | | - KI-HAN KWON
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Health Welfare and Education, Gwangju University, Gwangju
| | - JEONG-SEOK NAM
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Inchon
| | - JI-YOUN JUNG
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea
| | - NAM-PYO CHO
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju
| | - SUNG-DAE CHO
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju
- Correspondence to: Professor Sung-Dae Cho, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea. E-mail:
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25
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Chae JI, Cho JH, Lee KA, Choi NJ, Seo KS, Kim SB, Lee SH, Shim JH. Role of transcription factor Sp1 in the quercetin-mediated inhibitory effect on human malignant pleural mesothelioma. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:835-41. [PMID: 22842769 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin (Qu) is found in plants, including red onions and in the skins of red apples, and induces the apoptosis of certain malignant cells. However, no report has been issued on the apoptotic effect of Qu on human malignant pleural mesothelioma. In the present study, it was found that MSTO-211H mesothelioma cell viability was reduced and apoptotic cell death was increased by Qu (20-80 µM), which was found to have an IC₅₀ of 58 µM. In addition, Qu increased the sub-G₁ cell population, and was found to interact with specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and significantly suppressed its expression at the protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, Qu modulated the levels of Sp1 regulatory genes, such as cyclin D1, myeloid cell leukemia (Mcl)-1 and survivin in MSTO-211H cells. Apoptotic signaling cascades were activated by the cleavage of Bid, caspase-3 and PARP, and by the downregulation of Bcl-xL and the upregulation of Bax in MSTO-211H cells. Our results strongly suggest that Sp1 be considered as a novel molecular target of Qu in human malignant pleural mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Il Chae
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Brain Korea 21 Project, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
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26
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Lee KA, Chae JI, Shim JH. Natural diterpenes from coffee, cafestol and kahweol induce apoptosis through regulation of specificity protein 1 expression in human malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:60. [PMID: 22734486 PMCID: PMC3431247 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly aggressive cancer with a very poor prognosis. Several clinical studies such as immunotherapy, gene therapy and molecular targeting agents have been tried for treatment of malignant mesothelioma, however, there is no application for effective clinical treatment. Coffee has various biological functions such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic activities. The therapeutic activities of the bioactive compounds in coffee was sugested to influence intracellular signaling of MPM. Regarding to the cancer-related functions, In this study, suppression of Sp1 protein level followed by induction of MSTO-211H cell apoptosis by cafestol and kahweol were investigated in oreder to determine Sp1's potential as a significant target for human MPM therapy as well. Methods Cells were treated separately with final concentration of cafestol and kahweol and the results were analyzed by MTS assay, DAPI staining, PI staining, luciferase assay, RT-PCR, and immunoblotting. Results Viability of MSTO-211H and H28 cells were decreased, and apoptotic cell death was increased in MSTO-211H as a result of cafestol and kahweol treatment. Cafestol and kahweol increased Sub-G1 population and nuclear condensation in MSTO-211H cells. Roles of Sp1 in cell proliferation and apoptosis of the MSTO-211H cells by the Sp1 inhibitor of Mithramycin A were previously confirmed. Cafestol and kahweol significantly suppressed Sp1 protein levels. Kahweol slightly attenuated Sp1 mRNA, while Cafestol did not affect in MSTO-211H cells. Cafestol and kahweol modulated the promoter activity and protein expression level of the Sp1 regulatory genes including Cyclin D1, Mcl-1, and Survivin in mesothelioma cells. Apoptosis signaling cascade was activated by cleavages of Bid, Caspase-3, and PARP with cafestol and by upregulation of Bax, and downregulation of Bcl-xl by kahweol. Conclusions Sp1 can be a novel molecular target of cafestol and kahweol in human MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Ssangyong-dong, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan, Choongnam 331-090, Republic of Korea
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Shin JA, Kim JJ, Choi ES, Shim JH, Ryu MH, Kwon KH, Park HM, Seo JY, Lee SY, Lim DW, Cho NP, Cho SD. In vitro apoptotic effects of methanol extracts ofDianthus chinensisandAcalypha australisL. targeting specificity protein 1 in human oral cancer cells. Head Neck 2012; 35:992-8. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.23072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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