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Duly AMP, Kao FCL, Teo WS, Kavallaris M. βIII-Tubulin Gene Regulation in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:851542. [PMID: 35573698 PMCID: PMC9096907 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.851542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule proteins form a dynamic component of the cytoskeleton, and play key roles in cellular processes, such as vesicular transport, cell motility and mitosis. Expression of microtubule proteins are often dysregulated in cancer. In particular, the microtubule protein βIII-tubulin, encoded by the TUBB3 gene, is aberrantly expressed in a range of epithelial tumours and is associated with drug resistance and aggressive disease. In normal cells, TUBB3 expression is tightly restricted, and is found almost exclusively in neuronal and testicular tissues. Understanding the mechanisms that control TUBB3 expression, both in cancer, mature and developing tissues will help to unravel the basic biology of the protein, its role in cancer, and may ultimately lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches to target this protein. This review is devoted to the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of TUBB3 in normal and cancerous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair M. P. Duly
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Center, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity C. L. Kao
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Center, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Australian Center for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wee Siang Teo
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Center, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Australian Center for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Center, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Australian Center for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Yao H, Li C, Tan X. An age stratified analysis of the biomarkers in patients with colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22464. [PMID: 34789836 PMCID: PMC8599678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract, has a high incidence and mortality rate. Several recent studies have found that aging is associated with the increasing risk of cancer. Nevertheless, the expression status and function of age-related genes in CRC is still not well understood. In the study, we comprehensively analyzed the gene expression data of CRC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Age-related differential expression genes (age-related DEGs) in tumor tissues compared with normal tissues of CRC were further identified. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of age-related DEGs were performed by clusterProfiler of R. Afterwards, we used the STRING database to map the protein-protein interaction network of DEGs. We constructed prognostic model through univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses, and further evaluated their predictive power. The prognostic gene signature-related functional pathways were explored by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify key module associated with two prognostic gene signatures. Finally, we used the Metascape to perform functional enrichment analysis of genes in the key module. A total of 279 age-related DEGs were identified from the TCGA database. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the age-related DEGs were enriched in the Modulation of chemical synaptic transmission and Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. Moreover, we established a novel age-related gene signature (DLX2 and PCOLCE2) for overall survival in CRC, which was further predicted in both the training and validation sets. The results of GSEA demonstrated that numerous disease-related pathways were enriched in the high-risk group. We identified 43 genes related to the DLX2 and PCOLCE2 by the WGCNA co-expression network. We also found that these 43 genes were enriched in the cancer-related pathways. To sum up, the study identified an age-related gene signature for predicting the prognosis of CRC patients, which is conducive to the identification of novel prognostic molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yao
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No. 115 of Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Chengjie Li
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Xiaodong Tan
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No. 115 of Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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Hatano Y, Semi K, Hashimoto K, Lee MS, Hirata A, Tomita H, Kuno T, Takamatsu M, Aoki K, Taketo MM, Kim YJ, Hara A, Yamada Y. Reducing DNA methylation suppresses colon carcinogenesis by inducing tumor cell differentiation. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:719-29. [PMID: 25939752 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The forced reduction of global DNA methylation suppresses tumor development in several cancer models in vivo. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying these suppressive effects remain unclear. In this report, we describe our findings showing that a genome-wide reduction in the DNA methylation levels induces cellular differentiation in association with decreased cell proliferation in Apc (Min/+) mouse colon tumor cells in vivo. Colon tumor-specific DNA methylation at Cdx1 is reduced in the DNA-hypomethylated tumors accompanied by Cdx1 derepression and an increased expression of intestinal differentiation-related genes. Furthermore, a histological analysis revealed that Cdx1 derepression in the DNA-hypomethylated tumors is correlated with the differentiation of colon tumor cells. Similarly, the treatment of human colon cancer cell lines with a hypomethylating agent induces differentiation-related genes, including CDX1. We herein propose that DNA demethylation exerts a tumor suppressive effect in the colon by inducing tumor cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Hatano
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Katsunori Semi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Hashimoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Myeong Sup Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736, Korea
| | - Akihiro Hirata
- Division of Animal Experiment, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kuno
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Manabu Takamatsu
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Koji Aoki
- Division of Pharmacology, University of Fukui School of Medicine, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Makoto M Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan and
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan,
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NRSF: an Angel or a Devil in Neurogenesis and Neurological Diseases. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 56:131-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Aoki H, Hara A, Oomori Y, Shimizu Y, Yamada Y, Kunisada T. Neonatal lethality of neural crest cell-specificRestknockout mice is associated with gastrointestinal distension caused by aberrations of myenteric plexus. Genes Cells 2014; 19:723-42. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Aoki
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1194 Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1194 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Oomori
- TAIYO NIPPON SANSO Corporation; 3054-3 Shimokurosawa Takane-cho Hokuto-shi Yamanashi 408-0015 Japan
| | - Yasutake Shimizu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science; Laboratory of Physiology; The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA); Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS); Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1194 Japan
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Sedaghat Y, Bui HH, Mazur C, Monia BP. Identification of REST-regulated genes and pathways using a REST-targeted antisense approach. Nucleic Acid Ther 2014; 23:389-400. [PMID: 24329414 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2013.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) is one of the first negative-acting transcriptional regulators implicated in vertebrate development thought to regulate hundreds of neuron-specific genes. However, its function in the adult system remains elusive. Here we employ second-generation antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to study the impact of rest-mediated suppression on gene expression. We demonstrate specific reductions in REST levels in vitro, and in vivo in mouse liver following treatment with ASOs, and we show that ASO mediated-REST suppression results in the elevation in expression of many neuronal genes including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Synapsin1 (syn1) and β3-tubulin in BALB/c liver. Furthermore, we show the elevation of the affected proteins in plasma following ASO treatment. Finally, microarray analysis was applied to identify a broad range of genes modulated by REST suppression in mouse liver. Our findings suggest that REST may be an important target for neurodegenerative diseases like Huntington's disease, is also involved in the regulation of a broad range of additional cellular pathways, and that the antisense approach is a viable strategy for selectively modulating REST activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Sedaghat
- 1 Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Evotec AG , Hamburg, Germany
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Negrini S, Prada I, D'Alessandro R, Meldolesi J. REST: an oncogene or a tumor suppressor? Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:289-95. [PMID: 23414932 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Repressor Element-1 (RE-1) Silencing Transcription (REST) factor, which is highly expressed in stem cells and non-neural cells, with low expression in neurons and other neural cells, orchestrates neural differentiation and preserves the unique neural phenotype. REST also plays a role in proliferation, although its effect differs depending on the cell type. It acts as an oncogene in neural cells and tumors (medulloblastomas, neuroblastomas, glioblastomas) and as a tumor suppressor in carcinomas of the lung, breast, and colon. The mechanisms underlying this duality have started to emerge recently and new therapeutic approaches based on these findings are being developed. Here, we present the mechanisms proposed to account for the oncogenic and antioncogenic roles of REST and discuss the therapeutic perspective of recent advances, particularly for small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Negrini
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Kwon JH, Shin JH, Kim ES, Lee N, Park JY, Koo BS, Hong SM, Park CW, Choi KY. REST-dependent expression of TRF2 renders non-neuronal cancer cells resistant to DNA damage during oxidative stress. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:832-42. [PMID: 22821339 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
REST is a neuronal gene silencing factor ubiquitously expressed in non-neuronal tissues. REST is additionally believed to serve as a tumor suppressor in non-neuronal cancers. Conversely, recent findings on REST-dependent tumorigenesis in non-neuronal cells consistently suggest a potential role of REST as a tumor promoter. Here, we have uncovered for the first time the mechanism by which REST contributes to cancer cell survival in non-neuronal cancers. We observed abundant expression of REST in various types of non-neuronal cancer cells compared to normal tissues. The delicate roles of REST were further evaluated in HCT116 and HeLa, non-neuronal cancer cell lines expressing REST. REST silencing resulted in decreased cell survival and activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) through a decrease in the level of TRF2, a telomere-binding protein. These responses were correlated with reduced colony formation ability and accelerated telomere shortening in cancer cells upon the stable knockdown of REST. Interestingly, REST was down-regulated under oxidative stress conditions via ubiquitin proteasome system, suggesting that sustainability of REST expression is critical to determine cell survival during oxidative stress in a tumor microenvironment. Our results collectively indicate that REST-dependent TRF2 expression renders cancer cells resistant to DNA damage during oxidative stress, and mechanisms to overcome oxidative stress, such as high levels of REST or the stress-resistant REST mutants found in specific human cancers, may account for REST-dependent tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Kwon
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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Huang Z, Bao S. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination of REST and its roles in cancers. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1602-5. [PMID: 22569092 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
REST/NRSF (the RE-1 silencing transcription factor or neuron-restrictive silencer factor) was originally identified as a transcriptional repressor of a number of neuronal-specific genes in neural stem cells and non-neuronal cells. REST functions as a master regulator in the maintenance of neural stem cells. During tumorigenesis, REST shows opposing roles in different type of cells. In human epithelial cancers such as colon cancer, REST acts as a tumor suppressor. In contrast, REST plays an oncogenic role in the development of brain tumors and other cancers. Abnormal upregulation of REST has been found in medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma and glioblastoma (GBM). Recent studies in GBMs suggest that REST exerts its oncogenic function by maintaining self-renewal potential of glioma stem cells (GSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Huang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Yu Y, Liu H, Jin M, Zhang M, Pan Y, Zhang S, Li Q, Chen K. The joint association of REST and NFKB1 polymorphisms on the risk of colorectal cancer. Ann Hum Genet 2012; 76:269-76. [PMID: 22530801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2012.00709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC), this study aims to determine the joint association of RE-1-silencing transcription factor (REST) and nuclear factor-κB 1 (NFKB1) genes with CRC in a population-based study. A well-matched case-control study including 390 controls and 388 patients with CRC was enrolled in China. The selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the REST and NFKB1 genes were genotyped by Illumina SnapShot Chip. After adjustment for important covariates, the associations of SNPs and joint association of REST and NFKB1 with CRC were evaluated by multiple logistic regression models. The subjects with the rs2228991 AA genotype of the REST gene had a decreased risk for CRC (OR = 0.38; 95%CI: 0.19-0.74), compared with the GG genotype. There were no significant associations between three SNPs in the NFKB1 gene, their haplotype and CRC risk. However, a significant combined effect of rs3774959 and rs3774964 in the NFKB1 gene with rs2228991 in the REST gene on CRC risk was observed. In conclusion, the present study found that mutation in the REST gene rather than the NFKB1 gene was associated with the risk of CRC. Furthermore, significant REST-NFKB1 joint association was observed for CRC, colon cancer and rectal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxian Yu
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Aoki H, Hara A, Era T, Kunisada T, Yamada Y. Genetic ablation of Rest leads to in vitro-specific derepression of neuronal genes during neurogenesis. Development 2012; 139:667-77. [PMID: 22241837 DOI: 10.1242/dev.072272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rest (RE1-silencing transcription factor, also called Nrsf) is involved in the maintenance of the undifferentiated state of neuronal stem/progenitor cells in vitro by preventing precocious expression of neuronal genes. However, the function of Rest during neurogenesis in vivo remains to be elucidated because of the early embryonic lethal phenotype of conventional Rest knockout mice. In the present study, we have generated Rest conditional knockout mice, which allow the effect of genetic ablation of Rest during embryonic neurogenesis to be examined in vivo. We show that Rest plays a role in suppressing the expression of neuronal genes in cultured neuronal cells in vitro, as well as in non-neuronal cells outside of the central nervous system, but that it is dispensable for embryonic neurogenesis in vivo. Our findings highlight the significance of extrinsic signals for the proper intrinsic regulation of neuronal gene expression levels in the specification of cell fate during embryonic neurogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Aoki
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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