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Mossenta M, Busato D, Dal Bo M, Toffoli G. Glucose Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Role and Possible Implications in Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1668. [PMID: 32585931 PMCID: PMC7352479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metabolism is redirected to glycolysis to enhance the production of metabolic compounds employed by cancer cells to produce proteins, lipids, and nucleotides in order to maintain a high proliferative rate. This mechanism drives towards uncontrolled growth and causes a further increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could lead to cell death. HCC overcomes the problem generated by ROS increase by increasing the antioxidant machinery, in which key mechanisms involve glutathione, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF-1α). These mechanisms could represent optimal targets for innovative therapies. The tumor microenvironment (TME) exerts a key role in HCC pathogenesis and progression. Various metabolic machineries modulate the activity of immune cells in the TME. The deregulated metabolic activity of tumor cells could impair antitumor response. Lactic acid-lactate, derived from the anaerobic glycolytic rate of tumor cells, as well as adenosine, derived from the catabolism of ATP, have an immunosuppressive activity. Metabolic reprogramming of the TME via targeted therapies could enhance the treatment efficacy of anti-cancer immunotherapy. This review describes the metabolic pathways mainly involved in the HCC pathogenesis and progression. The potential targets for HCC treatment involved in these pathways are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mossenta
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy; (M.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Davide Busato
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy; (M.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy; (M.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.)
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy; (M.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.)
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Opoku-Damoah Y, Wang R, Zhou J, Ding Y. Versatile Nanosystem-Based Cancer Theranostics: Design Inspiration and Predetermined Routing. Theranostics 2016; 6:986-1003. [PMID: 27217832 PMCID: PMC4876623 DOI: 10.7150/thno.14860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The relevance of personalized medicine, aimed at a more individualized drug therapy, has inspired research into nano-based concerted diagnosis and therapeutics (theranostics). As the intention is to "kill two birds with one stone", scientists have already described the emerging concept as a treasured tailor for the future of cancer therapy, wherein the main idea is to design "smart" nanosystems to concurrently discharge both therapeutic and diagnostic roles. These nanosystems are expected to offer a relatively clearer view of the ingenious cellular trafficking pathway, in-situ diagnosis, and therapeutic efficacy. We herein present a detailed review of versatile nanosystems, with prominent examples of recently developed intelligent delivery strategies which have gained attention in the field of theranostics. These nanotheranostics include various mechanisms programmed in novel platforms to enable predetermined delivery of cargo to specific sites, as well as techniques to overcome the notable challenges involved in the efficacy of theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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The role of hypoxia inducible factor-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:409272. [PMID: 25101278 PMCID: PMC4101982 DOI: 10.1155/2014/409272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of many solid tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hypoxia can promote tumor progression and induce radiation and chemotherapy resistance. As one of the major mediators of hypoxic response, hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) has been shown to activate hypoxia-responsive genes, which are involved in multiple aspects of tumorigenesis and cancer progression, including proliferation, metabolism, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis and therapy resistance. It has been demonstrated that a high level of HIF-1 in the HCC microenvironment leads to enhanced proliferation and survival of HCC cells. Accordingly, overexpression, of HIF-1 is associated with poor prognosis in HCC. In this review, we described the mechanism by which HIF-1 is regulated and how HIF-1 mediates the biological effects of hypoxia in tissues. We also summarized the latest findings concerning the role of HIF-1 in the development of HCC, which could shed light on new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of HCC.
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Seo KS, Park JH, Heo JY, Jing K, Han J, Min KN, Kim C, Koh GY, Lim K, Kang GY, Uee Lee J, Yim YH, Shong M, Kwak TH, Kweon GR. SIRT2 regulates tumour hypoxia response by promoting HIF-1α hydroxylation. Oncogene 2014; 34:1354-62. [PMID: 24681946 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a transcription factor that has a central role in the regulation of tumour metabolism under hypoxic conditions. HIF-1α stimulates glycolytic energy production and promotes tumour growth. Sirtuins are NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases that regulate cellular metabolism in response to stress; however, their involvement in the hypoxic response remains unclear. In this study, it is shown that SIRT2-mediated deacetylation of HIF-1α regulates its stability in tumour cells. SIRT2 overexpression destabilized HIF-1α under hypoxic conditions, whereas HIF-1α protein levels were high in SIRT2-deficient cells. SIRT2 directly interacted with HIF-1α and deacetylated Lys709 of HIF-1α. Deacetylation of HIF-1α by SIRT2 resulted in increased binding affinity for prolyl hydroxylase 2, a key regulator of HIF-1α stability, and increased HIF-1α hydroxylation and ubiquitination. Moreover, a pharmacological agent that increased the intracellular NAD(+)/NADH ratio led to the degradation of HIF-1α by increasing SIRT2-mediated deacetylation and subsequent hydroxylation. These findings suggest that SIRT2-mediated HIF-1α deacetylation is critical for the destablization of HIF-1α and the hypoxic response of tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-S Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - J-H Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - J-Y Heo
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea [2] Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - K Jing
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea [2] Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - J Han
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea [2] Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - K-N Min
- KT&G Life Sciences Corp. R&D Center, Suwon, Korea
| | - C Kim
- National Research Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - G Y Koh
- National Research Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - K Lim
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea [2] Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea [3] Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - G-Y Kang
- Diatech Korea Co., Ltd, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Uee Lee
- Department of Pathology, St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Y-H Yim
- Korea Research Institute of Standard and Science, Daejeon, Korea
| | - M Shong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - T-H Kwak
- KT&G Life Sciences Corp. R&D Center, Suwon, Korea
| | - G R Kweon
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Luo DJ, Wu JH. Roles of HIF-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1-8. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a key regulator of the cellular response to hypoxia. Since cell growth is out of control in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), HIF-1 activity is significantly enhanced in HCC to help cells adapt to the hypoxic microenvironment. HIF-1 plays a critical role in the occurrence and development of HCC through activating the target genes that participate in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis, energy metabolism, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Given the specific expression and regulation of HIF-1 in HCC growth, HIF-1 may become a new target for drug therapy and gene therapy, which provides a new avenue for neoadjuvant therapy of HCC in the future.
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