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Sulaiman HY, Runno-Paurson E, Niinemets Ü. The same boat, different storm: stress volatile emissions in response to biotrophic fungal infections in primary and alternate hosts. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2217030. [PMID: 37232366 PMCID: PMC10730184 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2217030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rust infection results in stress volatile emissions, but due to the complexity of host-pathogen interaction and variations in innate defense and capacity to induce defense, biochemical responses can vary among host species. Fungal-dependent modifications in volatile emissions have been well documented in numerous host species, but how emission responses vary among host species is poorly understood. Our recent experiments demonstrated that the obligate biotrophic crown rust fungus (P. coronata) differently activated primary and secondary metabolic pathways in its primary host Avena sativa and alternate host Rhamnus frangula. In A. sativa, emissions of methyl jasmonate, short-chained lipoxygenase products, long-chained saturated fatty acid derivatives, mono- and sesquiterpenes, carotenoid breakdown products, and benzenoids were initially elicited in an infection severity-dependent manner, but the emissions decreased under severe infection and photosynthesis was almost completely inhibited. In R. frangula, infection resulted in low-level induction of stress volatile emissions, but surprisingly, in enhanced constitutive isoprene emissions, and even severely-infected leaves maintained a certain photosynthesis rate. Thus, the same pathogen elicited a much stronger response in the primary than in the alternate host. We argue that future work should focus on resolving mechanisms of different fungal tolerance and resilience among primary and secondary hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Yusuf Sulaiman
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eve Runno-Paurson
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
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2
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Agathokleous E, Kitao M, Hoshika Y, Haworth M, Tang Y, Koike T. Ethylenediurea protects against ozone phytotoxicity not by adding nitrogen or controlling stomata in a stomata-unresponsive hybrid poplar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162672. [PMID: 36894106 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution is a persistent environmental issue worldwide, which causes widespread damage to vegetation, deteriorating plant health and reducing plant productivity. Ethylenediurea (EDU) is a synthetic chemical that has been widely applied in scientific studies as a protectant against O3 phytotoxicities. Despite four decades of active research, the exact mechanisms to explain its mode of action remain unclear. Here, we aimed to reveal whether EDU's phytoprotective property is due to its control over stomatal regulation and/or its action as a nitrogen (N) fertilizer, utilizing stomatal-unresponsive plants of a hybrid poplar (Populus koreana × trichocarpa cv. Peace) grown in a free-air O3-concenctration enrichment (FACE) facility. Plants were treated with water (WAT), EDU (400 mg L-1), or EDU's constitutive amount of N every nine days, and exposed to ambient (AOZ) or elevated (EOZ) O3 during a growing season (June-September). EOZ led to extensive foliar injuries (but protected against rust disease), lower photosynthetic rate (A), impaired dynamics of responses of A to changes in light intensity, and smaller total plant leaf area. EDU protected against common phytotoxicities caused by EOZ without inducing stomatal closure, since stomatal conductance (gs) was generally unresponsive to the experimental treatments. EDU also modulated the dynamic response of A to light fluctuations under O3 stress. N addition acted as a fertilizer but did not satisfactorily protect plants against O3 phytotoxicities. The results suggest that EDU protects against O3 phytotoxicity not by adding N or controlling stomata, which provides a new insight into our understanding of the mode of action of EDU as a protectant against O3 phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Research Center for Global Changes and Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration & Mitigation, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, China; Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, Japan; Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Sapporo 062-8516, Japan.
| | - Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Sapporo 062-8516, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- IRET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Matthew Haworth
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Yanhong Tang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, Japan
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3
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Berka M, Kopecká R, Berková V, Brzobohatý B, Černý M. Regulation of heat shock proteins 70 and their role in plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1894-1909. [PMID: 35022724 PMCID: PMC8982422 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70s) are steadily gaining more attention in the field of plant biotic interactions. Though their regulation and activity in plants are much less well characterized than are those of their counterparts in mammals, accumulating evidence indicates that the role of HSP70-mediated defense mechanisms in plant cells is indispensable. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of HSP70 post-translational control in plants. We comment on the phytohormonal regulation of HSP70 expression and protein abundance, and identify a prominent role for cytokinin in HSP70 control. We outline HSP70s' subcellular localizations, chaperone activity, and chaperone-mediated protein degradation. We focus on the role of HSP70s in plant pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity, and discuss the contribution of different HSP70 subfamilies to plant defense against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Kopecká
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Berková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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4
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Yang D, Qi X, Kalinina TA, Glukhareva TV, Tang L, Li Z, Fan Z. Synthesis of novel N-(2-phenyl-3-pyridyl) thiadiazole/isothiazole carboxamide analogs as potent plant elicitors. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1138-1145. [PMID: 34799969 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant elicitors are a class of plant protection agents that can stimulate plant immunity against phytopathogen without a potential resistance problem. In searching for novel plant elicitor candidates, a series of novel N-(2-phenyl-3-pyridyl) thiadiazole/isothiazole carboxamide analogs were designed and synthesized. RESULTS In vitro bioassay showed that all new compounds exhibited weak direct fungicidal activity. However, compounds 3b, 3g, 3n and 3o showed broad spectrum of in vivo activity against four plant fungi tested. In particularly, 3g showed 80% activity against Rhizoctonia solani in a glasshouse at a concentration of 1 μg mL-1 . For induction activity of tobacco against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), compounds 3c and 3v showed 67% and 68% inhibitory activity, respectively, which were superior to the positive controls ribavirin and ningnanmycin. Compound 3g showed moderate induction activity (41%). Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis found that, 3g could up-regulate expression of genes that are related to reactive oxygen species (ROS), pathogenesis-related protein (PRP) and salicylic acid (SA) signalling. CONCLUSION These results indicated that 3g as an elicitor candidate might act on the SA signalling pathway. According to our findings, N-(2-phenyl-3-pyridyl) thiadiazole/isothiazole carboxamide analogs might be promising lead scaffolds as a novel plant elicitor for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Tatiana A Kalinina
- Department of Technology for Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Technology, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Glukhareva
- Department of Technology for Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Technology, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Liangfu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhengming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhijin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
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5
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Strachan SM, Armstrong MR, Kaur A, Wright KM, Lim TY, Baker K, Jones J, Bryan G, Blok V, Hein I. Mapping the H2 resistance effective against Globodera pallida pathotype Pa1 in tetraploid potato. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:1283-1294. [PMID: 30666393 PMCID: PMC6449323 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The nematode resistance gene H2 was mapped to the distal end of chromosome 5 in tetraploid potato. The H2 resistance gene, introduced into cultivated potatoes from the wild diploid species Solanum multidissectum, confers a high level of resistance to the Pa1 pathotype of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. A cross between tetraploid H2-containing breeding clone P55/7 and susceptible potato variety Picasso yielded an F1 population that segregated approximately 1:1 for the resistance phenotype, which is consistent with a single dominant gene in a simplex configuration. Using genome reduction methodologies RenSeq and GenSeq, the segregating F1 population enabled the genetic characterisation of the resistance through a bulked segregant analysis. A diagnostic RenSeq analysis of the parents confirmed that the resistance in P55/7 cannot be explained by previously characterised resistance genes. Only the variety Picasso contained functionally characterised disease resistance genes Rpi-R1, Rpi-R3a, Rpi-R3b variant, Gpa2 and Rx, which was independently confirmed through effector vacuum infiltration assays. RenSeq and GenSeq independently identified sequence polymorphisms linked to the H2 resistance on the top end of potato chromosome 5. Allele-specific KASP markers further defined the locus containing the H2 gene to a 4.7 Mb interval on the distal short arm of potato chromosome 5 and to positions that correspond to 1.4 MB and 6.1 MB in the potato reference genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona M Strachan
- The James Hutton Institute, CMS, Errol Road, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Miles R Armstrong
- The James Hutton Institute, CMS, Errol Road, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Plant Sciences at the JHI, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Amanpreet Kaur
- The James Hutton Institute, CMS, Errol Road, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147001, India
| | - Kathryn M Wright
- The James Hutton Institute, CMS, Errol Road, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Tze Yin Lim
- The James Hutton Institute, CMS, Errol Road, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Katie Baker
- The James Hutton Institute, CMS, Errol Road, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Synpromics, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - John Jones
- The James Hutton Institute, CMS, Errol Road, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Glenn Bryan
- The James Hutton Institute, CMS, Errol Road, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Vivian Blok
- The James Hutton Institute, CMS, Errol Road, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Ingo Hein
- The James Hutton Institute, CMS, Errol Road, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Plant Sciences at the JHI, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
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6
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Hsieh JF, Chuah A, Patel HR, Sandhu KS, Foley WJ, Külheim C. Transcriptome Profiling of Melaleuca quinquenervia Challenged by Myrtle Rust Reveals Differences in Defense Responses Among Resistant Individuals. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:495-509. [PMID: 29135360 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-17-0307-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed complex defense mechanisms to protect themselves against pathogens. A wide-host-range fungus, Austropuccinia psidii, which has caused severe damage to ecosystems and plantations worldwide, is a major threat to Australian ecosystems dominated by members of the family Myrtaceae. In particular, the east coast wetland foundation tree species Melaleuca quinquenervia, appears to be variably susceptible to this pathogen. Understanding the molecular basis of host resistance would enable better management of this rust disease. We identified resistant and susceptible individuals of M. quinquenervia and explored their differential gene expression in order to discover the molecular basis of resistance against A. psidii. Rust screening of germplasm showed a varying degree of response, with fully resistant to highly susceptible individuals. We used transcriptome profiling in samples collected before and at 5 days postinoculation (dpi). Differential gene expression analysis showed that numerous defense-related genes were induced in susceptible plants at 5 dpi. Mapping reads against the A. psidii genome showed that only susceptible plants contained fungal-derived transcripts. Resistant plants exhibited an overexpression of candidate A. psidii resistance-related genes such as receptor-like kinases, nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat proteins, glutathione S-transferases, WRKY transcriptional regulators, and pathogenesis-related proteins. We identified large differences in the expression of defense-related genes among resistant individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Fan Hsieh
- First, fifth, and sixth authors: Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 116 Daley Road, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia; second and third authors: The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia; and fourth author: Plant Breeding Institute, The University of Sydney, 107 Cobbitty Road, Cobbitty 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- First, fifth, and sixth authors: Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 116 Daley Road, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia; second and third authors: The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia; and fourth author: Plant Breeding Institute, The University of Sydney, 107 Cobbitty Road, Cobbitty 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Hardip R Patel
- First, fifth, and sixth authors: Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 116 Daley Road, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia; second and third authors: The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia; and fourth author: Plant Breeding Institute, The University of Sydney, 107 Cobbitty Road, Cobbitty 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Karanjeet S Sandhu
- First, fifth, and sixth authors: Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 116 Daley Road, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia; second and third authors: The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia; and fourth author: Plant Breeding Institute, The University of Sydney, 107 Cobbitty Road, Cobbitty 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - William J Foley
- First, fifth, and sixth authors: Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 116 Daley Road, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia; second and third authors: The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia; and fourth author: Plant Breeding Institute, The University of Sydney, 107 Cobbitty Road, Cobbitty 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Carsten Külheim
- First, fifth, and sixth authors: Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 116 Daley Road, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia; second and third authors: The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia; and fourth author: Plant Breeding Institute, The University of Sydney, 107 Cobbitty Road, Cobbitty 2570, NSW, Australia
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7
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Guo J, Islam MA, Lin H, Ji C, Duan Y, Liu P, Zeng Q, Day B, Kang Z, Guo J. Genome-Wide Identification of Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channel Gene Family in Wheat and Functional Analyses of TaCNGC14 and TaCNGC16. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:18. [PMID: 29403523 PMCID: PMC5786745 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide gated channels (CNGCs) play multifaceted roles in plants, particularly with respect to signaling processes associated with abiotic stress signaling and during host-pathogen interactions. Despite key roles during plant survival and response to environment, little is known about the activity and function of CNGC family in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a key stable food around the globe. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of CNGC family in wheat and identified a total 47 TaCNGCs in wheat, classifying these genes into four major groups (I-IV) with two sub-groups (IVa and IVb). Sequence analysis revealed the presence of several conserved motifs, including a phosphate binding cassette (PBC) and a "hinge" region, both of which have been hypothesized to be critical for the function of wheat CNGCs. During wheat infection with Pst, the transcript levels of TaCNGC14 and TaCNGC16, both members of group IVb, showed significant induction during a compatible interaction, while a reduction in gene expression was observed in incompatible interactions. In addition, TaCNGC14 and TaCNGC16 mRNA accumulation was significantly influenced by exogenously applied hormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and salicylic acid (SA), suggesting a role in hormone signaling and/or perception. Silencing of TaCNGC14 and TaCNGC16 limited Pst growth and increased wheat resistance against Pst. The results presented herein contribute to our understanding of the wheat CNGC gene family and the mechanism of TaCNGCs signaling during wheat-Pst interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Md Ashraful Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Haocheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Changan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yinghui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qingdong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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8
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Cuperlovic-Culf M, Wang L, Forseille L, Boyle K, Merkley N, Burton I, Fobert PR. Metabolic Biomarker Panels of Response to Fusarium Head Blight Infection in Different Wheat Varieties. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153642. [PMID: 27101152 PMCID: PMC4839701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes in spikelets of wheat varieties FL62R1, Stettler, Muchmore and Sumai3 following Fusarium graminearum infection were explored using NMR analysis. Extensive 1D and 2D 1H NMR measurements provided information for detailed metabolite assignment and quantification leading to possible metabolic markers discriminating resistance level in wheat subtypes. In addition, metabolic changes that are observed in all studied varieties as well as wheat variety specific changes have been determined and discussed. A new method for metabolite quantification from NMR data that automatically aligns spectra of standards and samples prior to quantification using multivariate linear regression optimization of spectra of assigned metabolites to samples' 1D spectra is described and utilized. Fusarium infection-induced metabolic changes in different wheat varieties are discussed in the context of metabolic network and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lipu Wang
- National Research Council, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lily Forseille
- National Research Council, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kerry Boyle
- National Research Council, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Ian Burton
- National Research Council, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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9
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Differential gene expression in foxtail millet during incompatible interaction with Uromyces setariae-italicae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123825. [PMID: 25885767 PMCID: PMC4401669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is an important food and fodder grain crop that is grown for human consumption. Production of this species is affected by several plant diseases, such as rust. The cultivar Shilixiang has been identified as resistant to the foxtail millet rust pathogen, Uromyces setariae-italicae. In order to identify signaling pathways and genes related to the plant’s defense mechanisms against rust, the Shilixiang cultivar was used to construct a digital gene expression (DGE) library during the interaction of foxtail millet with U. setariae-italicae. In this study, we determined the most abundant differentially expressed signaling pathways of up-regulated genes in foxtail millet and identified significantly up-regulated genes. Finally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was used to analyze the expression of nine selected genes, and the patterns observed agreed well with DGE analysis. Expression levels of the genes were also compared between a resistant cultivar Shilixiang and a susceptible cultivar Yugu-1, and the result indicated that expression level of Shilixiang is higher than that of Yugu-1. This study reveals the relatively comprehensive mechanisms of rust-responsive transcription in foxtail millet.
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10
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Gamir J, Sánchez-Bel P, Flors V. Molecular and physiological stages of priming: how plants prepare for environmental challenges. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1935-49. [PMID: 25113544 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Being sessile organisms, plants must respond to various challenges in the environment. The priming process consists of three clear stages. The first stage includes all the cellular changes in the absence of the challenge so-called pre-challenge priming stage. These changes are expected to be rather subtle, affecting the preparation of the plant to properly manage subsequent responses to pathogens with no major fitness costs. Most of the research that has been conducted at this stage has been dedicated to the study of changes in gene expression and protein phosphorylation. However, the metabolic changes that occur during the pre-challenge priming stage are poorly understood. The second stage affects the early to late stages of the defence response, which occurs after the interaction with a pathogen has been established. Most studies involving priming are dedicated to the molecular events that take place during this stage. Most studies have shown that defence priming is strongly hormonally regulated; however, there is also evidence of the involvement of phenolic derivative compounds and many other secondary metabolites, leading to stronger and faster plant responses. The third priming phase ranges from long lasting defence priming to trans-generational acquired resistance. Long-term metabolic transitions, that occur in the offspring of primed plants, remain to be elucidated. Here we review existing information in the literature that relates to the metabolic changes that occur during all three defence priming stages and highlight the metabolic transitions that are associated with the stimulation of priming and the characteristics of the pathogens whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gamir
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Department of CAMN, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat, 12071, Castellón, Spain
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11
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Ramineni R, Sadumpati V, Khareedu VR, Vudem DR. Transgenic pearl millet male fertility restorer line (ICMP451) and hybrid (ICMH451) expressing Brassica juncea Nonexpressor of pathogenesis related genes 1 (BjNPR1) exhibit resistance to downy mildew disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90839. [PMID: 24603762 PMCID: PMC3946217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica juncea Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (BjNPR1) has been introduced into pearl millet male fertility restorer line ICMP451 by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation. Transgenic pearl millet plants were regenerated from the phosphinothricin-resistant calli obtained after co-cultivation with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harbouring Ti plasmid pSB111-bar-BjNPR1. Molecular analyses confirmed the stable integration and expression of BjNPR1 in transgenic pearl millet lines. Transgenes BjNPR1 and bar were stably inherited and disclosed co-segregation in subsequent generations in a Mendelian fashion. Transgenic pearl millet hybrid ICMH451-BjNPR1 was developed by crossing male-sterile line 81A X homozygous transgenic line ICMP451-BjNPR1. T3 and T4 homozygous lines of ICMP451-BjNPR1 and hybrid ICMH451-BjNPR1 exhibited resistance to three strains of downy mildew pathogen, while the untransformed ICMP451 and the isogenic hybrid ICMH451 plants were found susceptible. Following infection with S. graminicola, differential expression of systemic acquired resistance pathway genes, UDP-glucose salicylic acid glucosyl transferase and pathogenesis related gene 1 was observed in transgenic ICMP451-BjNPR1 and untransformed plants indicating the activation of systemic acquired resistance pathway contributing to the transgene-mediated resistance against downy mildew. The transgenic pearl millet expressing BjNPR1 showed resistance to multiple strains of S. graminicola and, as such, seems promising for the development of durable downy mildew resistant hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadevi Ramineni
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vijayakumar Sadumpati
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Wang Y, Liu JH. Exogenous treatment with salicylic acid attenuates occurrence of citrus canker in susceptible navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1143-9. [PMID: 22658220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) is a devastating bacterial disease threatening the citrus industry. Salicylic acid (SA) plays a key role in plant defense response to biotic stress, but information is scarce concerning the application of SA to enhancing Xac resistance. In the present research attempts were made to investigate how exogenous application of SA influenced canker disease outbreak in navel orange (Citrus sinensis). Exogenously applied SA at 0.25 mM significantly enhanced the endogenous free and bound SA, particularly the latter. Upon exposure to Xac, lower disease incidence rate and smaller lesion sites were observed in the samples pre-treated with SA, accompanied by repression of bacterial growth at the lesion sites. Concurrent with the augmented disease resistance, SA-treated leaves had higher H₂O₂ level and smaller stomata apertures before or after Xac infection when compared with their counterparts pre-treated with water (control). SA treatment elevated the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and β-1,3-glucanase, but only the latter was higher in the SA-treated samples after Xac infection. In addition, mRNA levels of two pathogenesis-related genes, CsCHI and CsPR4A, were higher in the SA-treated samples relative to the control. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that the exogenously applied SA has evoked a cascade of physiological and molecular events that function singly or in concert to confer resistance to Xac invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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13
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The photorespiratory pathway is involved in the defense response to powdery mildew infection in chestnut rose. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:8187-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Hussey SG, Mizrachi E, Spokevicius AV, Bossinger G, Berger DK, Myburg AA. SND2, a NAC transcription factor gene, regulates genes involved in secondary cell wall development in Arabidopsis fibres and increases fibre cell area in Eucalyptus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:173. [PMID: 22133261 PMCID: PMC3289092 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NAC domain transcription factors initiate secondary cell wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis fibres and vessels by activating numerous transcriptional regulators and biosynthetic genes. NAC family member SND2 is an indirect target of a principal regulator of fibre secondary cell wall formation, SND1. A previous study showed that overexpression of SND2 produced a fibre cell-specific increase in secondary cell wall thickness in Arabidopsis stems, and that the protein was able to transactivate the cellulose synthase8 (CesA8) promoter. However, the full repertoire of genes regulated by SND2 is unknown, and the effect of its overexpression on cell wall chemistry remains unexplored. RESULTS We overexpressed SND2 in Arabidopsis and analyzed homozygous lines with regards to stem chemistry, biomass and fibre secondary cell wall thickness. A line showing upregulation of CesA8 was selected for transcriptome-wide gene expression profiling. We found evidence for upregulation of biosynthetic genes associated with cellulose, xylan, mannan and lignin polymerization in this line, in agreement with significant co-expression of these genes with native SND2 transcripts according to public microarray repositories. Only minor alterations in cell wall chemistry were detected. Transcription factor MYB103, in addition to SND1, was upregulated in SND2-overexpressing plants, and we detected upregulation of genes encoding components of a signal transduction machinery recently proposed to initiate secondary cell wall formation. Several homozygous T4 and hemizygous T1 transgenic lines with pronounced SND2 overexpression levels revealed a negative impact on fibre wall deposition, which may be indirectly attributable to excessive overexpression rather than co-suppression. Conversely, overexpression of SND2 in Eucalyptus stems led to increased fibre cross-sectional cell area. CONCLUSIONS This study supports a function for SND2 in the regulation of cellulose and hemicellulose biosynthetic genes in addition of those involved in lignin polymerization and signalling. SND2 seems to occupy a subordinate but central tier in the secondary cell wall transcriptional network. Our results reveal phenotypic differences in the effect of SND2 overexpression between woody and herbaceous stems and emphasize the importance of expression thresholds in transcription factor studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Hussey
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Eshchar Mizrachi
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Antanas V Spokevicius
- Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3363, Australia
| | - Gerd Bossinger
- Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3363, Australia
| | - Dave K Berger
- Department of Plant Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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Kundu S, Chakraborty D, Pal A. Proteomic analysis of salicylic acid induced resistance to Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus in Vigna mungo. J Proteomics 2011; 74:337-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Coetzer N, Gazendam I, Oelofse D, Berger DK. SSHscreen and SSHdb, generic software for microarray based gene discovery: application to the stress response in cowpea. PLANT METHODS 2010; 6:10. [PMID: 20359330 PMCID: PMC2859861 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-6-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suppression subtractive hybridization is a popular technique for gene discovery from non-model organisms without an annotated genome sequence, such as cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp). We aimed to use this method to enrich for genes expressed during drought stress in a drought tolerant cowpea line. However, current methods were inefficient in screening libraries and management of the sequence data, and thus there was a need to develop software tools to facilitate the process. RESULTS Forward and reverse cDNA libraries enriched for cowpea drought response genes were screened on microarrays, and the R software package SSHscreen 2.0.1 was developed (i) to normalize the data effectively using spike-in control spot normalization, and (ii) to select clones for sequencing based on the calculation of enrichment ratios with associated statistics. Enrichment ratio 3 values for each clone showed that 62% of the forward library and 34% of the reverse library clones were significantly differentially expressed by drought stress (adjusted p value < 0.05). Enrichment ratio 2 calculations showed that > 88% of the clones in both libraries were derived from rare transcripts in the original tester samples, thus supporting the notion that suppression subtractive hybridization enriches for rare transcripts. A set of 118 clones were chosen for sequencing, and drought-induced cowpea genes were identified, the most interesting encoding a late embryogenesis abundant Lea5 protein, a glutathione S-transferase, a thaumatin, a universal stress protein, and a wound induced protein. A lipid transfer protein and several components of photosynthesis were down-regulated by the drought stress. Reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR confirmed the enrichment ratio values for the selected cowpea genes. SSHdb, a web-accessible database, was developed to manage the clone sequences and combine the SSHscreen data with sequence annotations derived from BLAST and Blast2GO. The self-BLAST function within SSHdb grouped redundant clones together and illustrated that the SSHscreen plots are a useful tool for choosing anonymous clones for sequencing, since redundant clones cluster together on the enrichment ratio plots. CONCLUSIONS We developed the SSHscreen-SSHdb software pipeline, which greatly facilitates gene discovery using suppression subtractive hybridization by improving the selection of clones for sequencing after screening the library on a small number of microarrays. Annotation of the sequence information and collaboration was further enhanced through a web-based SSHdb database, and we illustrated this through identification of drought responsive genes from cowpea, which can now be investigated in gene function studies. SSH is a popular and powerful gene discovery tool, and therefore this pipeline will have application for gene discovery in any biological system, particularly non-model organisms. SSHscreen 2.0.1 and a link to SSHdb are available from http://microarray.up.ac.za/SSHscreen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette Coetzer
- ACGT Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Inge Gazendam
- Germplasm Development Division, Agricultural Research Council-Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Private Bag X293, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Department of Plant Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Dean Oelofse
- Germplasm Development Division, Agricultural Research Council-Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Private Bag X293, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Dave K Berger
- Department of Plant Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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