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The Genomic Impact of Selection for Virulence against Resistance in the Potato Cyst Nematode, Globodera pallida. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121429. [PMID: 33260722 PMCID: PMC7760817 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the use of natural resistance is the most effective management approach against the potato cyst nematode (PCN) Globodera pallida, the existence of pathotypes with different virulence characteristics constitutes a constraint towards this goal. Two resistance sources, GpaV (from Solanum vernei) and H3 from S. tuberosum ssp. andigena CPC2802 (from the Commonwealth Potato Collection) are widely used in potato breeding programmes in European potato industry. However, the use of resistant cultivars may drive strong selection towards virulence, which allows the increase in frequency of virulent alleles in the population and therefore, the emergence of highly virulent nematode lineages. This study aimed to identify Avirulence (Avr) genes in G. pallida populations selected for virulence on the above resistance sources, and the genomic impact of selection processes on the nematode. The selection drive in the populations was found to be specific to their genetic background. At the genomic level, 11 genes were found that represent candidate Avr genes. Most of the variant calls determining selection were associated with H3-selected populations, while many of them seem to be organised in genomic islands facilitating selection evolution. These phenotypic and genomic findings combined with histological studies performed revealed potential mechanisms underlying selection in G. pallida.
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Transcriptome analysis of Globodera pallida from the susceptible host Solanum tuberosum or the resistant plant Solanum sisymbriifolium. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13256. [PMID: 31519937 PMCID: PMC6744408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A transcriptome analysis of G. pallida juveniles collected from S. tuberosum or S. sisymbriifolium 24 h post infestation was performed to provide insights into the parasitic process of this nematode. A total of 41 G. pallida genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed when parasitizing the two plant species. Among this set, 12 were overexpressed when G. pallida was parasitizing S. tuberosum and 29 were overexpressed when parasitizing S. sisymbriifolium. Out of the 12 genes, three code for secretory proteins; one is homologous to effector gene Rbp-4, the second is an uncharacterized protein with a signal peptide sequence, and the third is an ortholog of a Globodera rostochiensis effector belonging to the 1106 effector family. Other overexpressed genes from G. pallida when parasitizing S. tuberosum were either unknown, associated with a stress or defense response, or associated with sex differentiation. Effector genes namely Eng-1, Cathepsin S-like cysteine protease, cellulase, and two unknown genes with secretory characteristics were over expressed when G. pallida was parasitizing S. sisymbriifolium relative to expression from S. tuberosum. Our findings provide insight into gene regulation of G. pallida while infecting either the trap crop S. sisymbriifolium or the susceptible host, S. tuberosum.
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Seiml-Buchinger VV, Matveeva EM. Expression and Functional Characteristics of Genes in the Globodera rostochiensis Woll. Potato Cyst Nematode at Different Stages of Its Life Cycle. BIOL BULL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359019030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cui J, Peng H, Huang W, Liu S, Wu D, Kong L, He W, Peng D. Phenotype and Cellular Response of Wheat Lines Carrying Cre Genes to Heterodera avenae Pathotype Ha91. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:1885-1894. [PMID: 30677322 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-17-0404-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The cereal cyst nematode (CCN, Heterodera avenae), a major limiting factor for wheat production worldwide, is widespread in most wheat-growing regions in China. Accordingly, screening and characterization of resistant (R) wheat sources against H. avenae are very important. In this study, we screened 51 wheat lines, collected from the International Wheat and Maize Improvement Center (CIMMYT), carrying various Cre genes (Cre1, Cre2, Cre3, Cre5, Cre7, Cre8, CreR, and Pt). From that screen, we identified one immune (M) cultivar (with no adult females produced) and five resistant cultivars (with fewer than five females) to H. avenae pathotype Ha91. The Cre3 gene conferred the most effective resistance against H. avenae pathotype Ha91 in both field and greenhouse assays. Conversely, the Cre1 and CreR genes conferred the poorest effective resistance. Using Pluronic F-127 gel and a staining assay, juvenile nematodes invading wheat roots were observed, and nematode development was analyzed. Compared with R and M roots, those of the susceptible (S) wheat cultivar Wenmai19 were more attractive to H. avenae second-stage juveniles (J2s). We observed the retardation of nematode development in R cultivars and tiny white female cysts protruding from the R cultivar VP1620. Nematodes in M roots either disintegrated or remained J2s or third-stage juveniles (J3s) and failed to complete their life cycle. Molting was also suppressed or delayed in R and M genotypes. For both S and R cultivars, syncytia were characterized by cell wall perforations and dense cytoplasm in hypertrophied syncytium component cells. Syncytial size increased gradually with nematode development in S cultivars. Moreover, an incompatibility reaction occurred in M wheat roots: the syncytium was disorganized, exhibiting disintegration and condensed nuclei. These sources of genetic resistance against CCN can potentially be planted in severely infested fields to reduce economic loss or can be used for introgression in breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangkuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenkun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shiming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Duqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; and Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Lingan Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenting He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Palomares-Rius JE, Hedley P, Cock PJ, Morris JA, Jones JT, Blok VC. Gene expression changes in diapause or quiescent potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida, eggs after hydration or exposure to tomato root diffusate. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1654. [PMID: 26870612 PMCID: PMC4748719 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) need to be adapted to survive in the absence of a suitable host or in hostile environmental conditions. Various forms of developmental arrest including hatching inhibition and dauer stages are used by PPN in order to survive these conditions and spread to other areas. Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) (Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis) are frequently in an anhydrobiotic state, with unhatched nematode persisting for extended periods of time inside the cyst in the absence of the host. This paper shows fundamental changes in the response of quiescent and diapaused eggs of G. pallida to hydration and following exposure to tomato root diffusate (RD) using microarray gene expression analysis encompassing a broad set of genes. For the quiescent eggs, 547 genes showed differential expression following hydration vs. hydratation and RD (H-RD) treatment whereas 708 genes showed differential regulation for the diapaused eggs following these treatments. The comparison between hydrated quiescent and diapaused eggs showed marked differences, with 2,380 genes that were differentially regulated compared with 987 genes following H-RD. Hydrated quiescent and diapaused eggs were markedly different indicating differences in adaptation for long-term survival. Transport activity is highly up-regulated following H-RD and few genes were coincident between both kinds of eggs. With the quiescent eggs, the majority of genes were related to ion transport (mainly sodium), while the diapaused eggs showed a major diversity of transporters (amino acid transport, ion transport, acetylcholine or other molecules).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Emilio Palomares-Rius
- Institute for Sustainble Agriculture-CSIC, Córdoba, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Pete Hedley
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J.A. Cock
- Information and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny A. Morris
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - John T. Jones
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian C. Blok
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Tsai IJ, Tanaka R, Kanzaki N, Akiba M, Yokoi T, Espada M, Jones JT, Kikuchi T. Transcriptional and morphological changes in the transition from mycetophagous to phytophagous phase in the plant-parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:77-83. [PMID: 25831996 PMCID: PMC6638504 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Drastic physiological and morphological changes in parasites are crucial for the establishment of a successful infection. The nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the pathogenic agent of pine wilt disease, and little is known about the physiology and morphology in this nematode at the initial stage of infection. In this study, we devised an infection system using pine stem cuttings that allowed us to observe transcriptional and morphological changes in the host-infecting phytophagous phase. We found that 60 genes enriched in xenobiotic detoxification were up-regulated in two independent post-inoculation events, whereas down-regulation was observed in multiple members of collagen gene families. After 48 h of inoculation, the tails in some of the adult females exposed to the host changed in morphology. These results suggest that B. xylophilus may change its physiology and morphology to protect itself and to adapt to the host pine wood environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isheng J Tsai
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ryusei Tanaka
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kanzaki
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, 305-8689, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Akiba
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, 305-8689, Japan
| | - Toshiro Yokoi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, 305-8689, Japan
| | - Margarida Espada
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Nemalab-ICAAM, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - John T Jones
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Taisei Kikuchi
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
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Reid AJ, Jones JT. Bioinformatic analysis of expression data to identify effector candidates. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1127:17-27. [PMID: 24643549 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-986-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens produce effectors that manipulate the host to the benefit of the pathogen. These effectors are often secreted proteins that are upregulated during the early phases of infection. These properties can be used to identify candidate effectors from genomes and transcriptomes of pathogens. Here we describe commonly used bioinformatic approaches that (1) allow identification of genes encoding predicted secreted proteins within a genome and (2) allow the identification of genes encoding predicted secreted proteins that are upregulated at important stages of the life cycle. Other approaches for bioinformatic identification of effector candidates, including OrthoMCL analysis to identify expanded gene families, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Reid
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK,
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Masler EP. Targeting internal processes of plant-parasitic nematodes in the pursuit of novel agents for their control. NEMATOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The success of plant-parasitic nematodes as competitors with humans for crops is evidenced by the parasites’ significant and continuous economic drain on global agriculture. Scientific efforts dedicated to the control of plant-parasitic nematodes employ strategies from the environmental to molecular levels. Understanding the interaction of the nematode with its environment, and the molecules involved, offers great promise for novel control agent development. Perhaps more significantly, such knowledge facilitates the generation of ever more detailed and sophisticated information on nematode biology and new molecular targets. Among the most economically important groups of plant-parasitic nematodes are those comprising the cyst-forming species and the root-knot nematodes. Presented here is a brief overview of research into the biology of these parasites relative to their life cycles. Recent advances in elucidating the molecular biology and biochemistry of nematode-plant interactions during the internal parasitic stages of the life cycle have been driven by advances in genomics and transcriptomics. The remarkable discoveries regarding parasitism, and the application of genetic resources in these findings, provide a template for advanced investigation of external, survival stages biology. While survival biology research lags somewhat behind that of parasitism with regard to the molecular genetics of signalling and response, its extensive catalogue promises explosive rates of discovery as progress in genomics and transcriptomics allows a molecular genetic examination of embryogenesis, dormancy and hatching. Our group is interested in behaviour, development and hatching of cyst and root-knot nematodes, and the effects of the environment on the mechanisms of these activities. Phytochemical and temperature effects are discussed, and evidence is presented that the cyst may provide useful molecules for exploring nematode physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P. Masler
- USDA-ARS Nematology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Jones JT, Haegeman A, Danchin EGJ, Gaur HS, Helder J, Jones MGK, Kikuchi T, Manzanilla-López R, Palomares-Rius JE, Wesemael WML, Perry RN. Top 10 plant-parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23809086 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to undertake a survey of researchers working with plant-parasitic nematodes in order to determine a 'top 10' list of these pathogens based on scientific and economic importance. Any such list will not be definitive as economic importance will vary depending on the region of the world in which a researcher is based. However, care was taken to include researchers from as many parts of the world as possible when carrying out the survey. The top 10 list emerging from the survey is composed of: (1) root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.); (2) cyst nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera spp.); (3) root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.); (4) the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis; (5) Ditylenchus dipsaci; (6) the pine wilt nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; (7) the reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis; (8) Xiphinema index (the only virus vector nematode to make the list); (9) Nacobbus aberrans; and (10) Aphelenchoides besseyi. The biology of each nematode (or nematode group) is reviewed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Jones
- James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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10
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Jones JT, Haegeman A, Danchin EGJ, Gaur HS, Helder J, Jones MGK, Kikuchi T, Manzanilla-López R, Palomares-Rius JE, Wesemael WML, Perry RN. Top 10 plant-parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:946-61. [PMID: 23809086 PMCID: PMC6638764 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 805] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to undertake a survey of researchers working with plant-parasitic nematodes in order to determine a 'top 10' list of these pathogens based on scientific and economic importance. Any such list will not be definitive as economic importance will vary depending on the region of the world in which a researcher is based. However, care was taken to include researchers from as many parts of the world as possible when carrying out the survey. The top 10 list emerging from the survey is composed of: (1) root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.); (2) cyst nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera spp.); (3) root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.); (4) the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis; (5) Ditylenchus dipsaci; (6) the pine wilt nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; (7) the reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis; (8) Xiphinema index (the only virus vector nematode to make the list); (9) Nacobbus aberrans; and (10) Aphelenchoides besseyi. The biology of each nematode (or nematode group) is reviewed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Jones
- James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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Cock PJA, Grüning BA, Paszkiewicz K, Pritchard L. Galaxy tools and workflows for sequence analysis with applications in molecular plant pathology. PeerJ 2013; 1:e167. [PMID: 24109552 PMCID: PMC3792188 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Galaxy Project offers the popular web browser-based platform Galaxy for running bioinformatics tools and constructing simple workflows. Here, we present a broad collection of additional Galaxy tools for large scale analysis of gene and protein sequences. The motivating research theme is the identification of specific genes of interest in a range of non-model organisms, and our central example is the identification and prediction of "effector" proteins produced by plant pathogens in order to manipulate their host plant. This functional annotation of a pathogen's predicted capacity for virulence is a key step in translating sequence data into potential applications in plant pathology. This collection includes novel tools, and widely-used third-party tools such as NCBI BLAST+ wrapped for use within Galaxy. Individual bioinformatics software tools are typically available separately as standalone packages, or in online browser-based form. The Galaxy framework enables the user to combine these and other tools to automate organism scale analyses as workflows, without demanding familiarity with command line tools and scripting. Workflows created using Galaxy can be saved and are reusable, so may be distributed within and between research groups, facilitating the construction of a set of standardised, reusable bioinformatic protocols. The Galaxy tools and workflows described in this manuscript are open source and freely available from the Galaxy Tool Shed (http://usegalaxy.org/toolshed or http://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J A Cock
- Information and Computational Sciences, James Hutton Institute , UK
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Peng H, Gao BL, Kong LA, Yu Q, Huang WK, He XF, Long HB, Peng DL. Exploring the host parasitism of the migratory plant-parasitic nematode Ditylenchus destuctor by expressed sequence tags analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69579. [PMID: 23922743 PMCID: PMC3726699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potato rot nematode, Ditylenchus destructor, is a very destructive nematode pest on many agriculturally important crops worldwide, but the molecular characterization of its parasitism of plant has been limited. The effectors involved in nematode parasitism of plant for several sedentary endo-parasitic nematodes such as Heterodera glycines, Globodera rostochiensis and Meloidogyne incognita have been identified and extensively studied over the past two decades. Ditylenchus destructor, as a migratory plant parasitic nematode, has different feeding behavior, life cycle and host response. Comparing the transcriptome and parasitome among different types of plant-parasitic nematodes is the way to understand more fully the parasitic mechanism of plant nematodes. We undertook the approach of sequencing expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from a mixed stage cDNA library of D. destructor. This is the first study of D. destructor ESTs. A total of 9800 ESTs were grouped into 5008 clusters including 3606 singletons and 1402 multi-member contigs, representing a catalog of D. destructor genes. Implementing a bioinformatics' workflow, we found 1391 clusters have no match in the available gene database; 31 clusters only have similarities to genes identified from D. africanus, the most closely related species to D. destructor; 1991 clusters were annotated using Gene Ontology (GO); 1550 clusters were assigned enzyme commission (EC) numbers; and 1211 clusters were mapped to 181 KEGG biochemical pathways. 22 ESTs had similarities to reported nematode effectors. Interestedly, most of the effectors identified in this study are involved in host cell wall degradation or modification, such as 1,4-beta-glucanse, 1,3-beta-glucanse, pectate lyase, chitinases and expansin, or host defense suppression such as calreticulin, annexin and venom allergen-like protein. This result implies that the migratory plant-parasitic nematode D. destructor secrets similar effectors to those of sedentary plant nematodes. Finally we further characterized the two D. destructor expansin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Peng
- The Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-li Gao
- Huzhou Modern Agricultural Biotechnology Innovation Center, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling-an Kong
- The Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wen-kun Huang
- The Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-feng He
- The Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-bo Long
- The Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pests Comprehensive Governance for Tropical Crops, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Danzhou, China
| | - De-liang Peng
- The Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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