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Syed R, Jamil K, Asimuddin M, Alqahtani MS, Alshehri M, Mateen A, Wahab Ali Aduderman A, Ola MS, Malik A. Molecular & biochemical analysis of Pro12Ala variant of PPAR-γ2 gene in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2439-2443. [PMID: 32884427 PMCID: PMC7451741 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has emerged as a major threat to human life globally. Genomic studies have found a significant link between the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-γ2 gene with incidence as well as occurrence of the risk of metabolic syndrome. The present study was aimed at assessing the PPAR-γ2 variant in an Asian Indian cohort of type 2 diabetes patients and its correlation with metabolic parameters. The present case-control study involved 100 type 2 diabetic patients and 100 asymptomatic healthy volunteers enrolled in random. Assessment of demographic factors and biochemical parameters were done for all enrolled. In addition, genotyping for the Pro12Ala (CCA to GCA) polymorphism was done by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technology. The genotyping study detected the frequency of the CC genotype (Pro12Pro) to be higher in frequency in comparison to the heterozygous CG genotype in both, cases and controls. The homozygous GG genotype (Ala12Ala) was not detected in any of the cases or controls assessed. Biochemical analysis of the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) detected a significant increase (p < 0.0001). Additionally, increase in levels of fasting and postprandial glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and parameters of the liver and renal function tests were detected. This study detected the PPAR-γ2 to be a significant biomarker for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabbani Syed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kaiser Jamil
- Genetics Department of Genetics, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad 500004, Telangana, India
| | - M Asimuddin
- Genetics Department of Genetics, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad 500004, Telangana, India
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshal Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Mateen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Wahab Ali Aduderman
- Basic Medical Science Department, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Nie Y, Wu K, Yu J, Liang Q, Cai X, Shang Y, Zhou J, Pan K, Sun L, Fang J, Yuan Y, You W, Fan D. A global burden of gastric cancer: the major impact of China. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:651-661. [PMID: 28351219 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1312342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly aggressive cancer and a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Approximately half of the world's GC cases and deaths occur in china. GC presents challenges in early diagnosis and effective therapy due to a lack of understanding of the underlying molecular biology. The primary goals of this review are to outline current GC research in china and describe future trends in this field. Areas covered: This review mainly focuses on a series of GC-related advances China has achieved. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the role of H. pylori in GC by a series of population-based studies in well-established high-risk areas; A few germline and somatic alterations have been identified by 'omics' studies; Studies on the mechanisms of malignant phenotypes have helped us to form an in-depth understanding of GC and advance drug discovery. Moreover, identification of potential biomarkers and targeted therapies have facilitated the diagnosis and treatment of GC. However, many challenges remain. Expert commentary: To combat GC, sufficient funding is important. More attention should be paid on early diagnosis and the discovery of novel efficient biomarkers and the development of biomarker-based or targeted therapeutics in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhan Nie
- a State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- a State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Jun Yu
- b Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and Institute of Digestive Disease , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Qiaoyi Liang
- b Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and Institute of Digestive Disease , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Xiqiang Cai
- a State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yulong Shang
- a State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Jinfeng Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Kaifeng Pan
- c Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University School of Oncology , Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute , Beijing , China
| | - Liping Sun
- d Tumor Etiology and Screening, Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Jingyuan Fang
- e Renji Hospital , Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- d Tumor Etiology and Screening, Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Weicheng You
- c Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University School of Oncology , Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute , Beijing , China
| | - Daiming Fan
- a State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
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Thermodynamics in cancers: opposing interactions between PPAR gamma and the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway. Clin Transl Med 2017; 6:14. [PMID: 28405929 PMCID: PMC5389954 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-017-0144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are the site of numerous metabolic and thermodynamic abnormalities. We focus this review on the interactions between the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) in cancers and their implications from an energetic and metabolic point of view. In numerous tissues, PPAR gamma activation induces inhibition of beta-catenin pathway, while the activation of the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway inactivates PPAR gamma. In most cancers but not all, PPAR gamma is downregulated while the WNT/beta-catenin pathway is upregulated. In cancer cells, upregulation of the WNT/beta-catenin signaling induces dramatic changes in key metabolic enzymes that modify their thermodynamic behavior. This leads to activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase1 (PDK-1) and monocarboxylate lactate transporter. Consequently, phosphorylation of PDK-1 inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH). Thus, a large part of pyruvate cannot be converted into acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) in mitochondria and only a part of acetyl-CoA can enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This leads to aerobic glycolysis in spite of the availability of oxygen. This phenomenon is referred to as the Warburg effect. Cytoplasmic pyruvate is converted into lactate. The WNT/beta-catenin pathway induces the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation, i.e., MYC and CYCLIN D1. This ultimately promotes the nucleotide, protein and lipid synthesis necessary for cell growth and multiplication. In cancer, activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway induces an increase of the aerobic glycolysis. Moreover, prostaglandin E2 by activating the canonical WNT pathway plays also a role in cancer. In addition in many cancer cells, PPAR gamma is downregulated. Moreover, PPAR gamma contributes to regulate some key circadian genes. In cancers, abnormalities in the regulation of circadian rhythms (CRs) are observed. CRs are dissipative structures which play a key-role in far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics. In cancers, metabolism, thermodynamics and CRs are intimately interrelated.
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Goudarzi H, Seyedjavadi SS, Fazeli M, Azad M, Goudarzi M. Genotyping of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma in Iranian Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016. [PMID: 26225656 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.13.5219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection as a serious problem in both adults and children can induce chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and possibly gastric cancer. The aim of the current study was to survey antibiotic resistance and also to determine influence of PPARγ polymorphism in patients with H. pylori infection. During an 11-month-period, 98 H. pylori isolates were collected from 104 biopsy specimens. In vitro susceptibility of H. pylori isolates to 4 antimicrobial agents metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin and tetracycline were assessed by quantitative method according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guideline. PPARγ polymorphism was determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. The frequency of H. pylori infection in our study was 94.2%. In vitro susceptibility data showed that highest level of resistance was related to metronidazole (66.3%), and the majority of H. pylori isolates were highly susceptible to amoxicillin and tetracycline (94.9% and 96.9%, respectively). Genotypic frequencies were 25.5% for CC (Pro12Pro), 40.8% for GC (Pro12Ala) and 33.7% for GG (Ala12Ala). In our study, CG genotype had highest distributions among infected patients with H. pylori. The study suggests that the PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism could be evaluated as a potential genetic marker for susceptibility to gastric cancer in the presence of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Goudarzi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran E-mail :
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Zhao J, Zhi Z, Song G, Wang J, Wang C, Ma H, Yu X, Sui A, Zhang H. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Pro12Ala Polymorphism Could be a Risk Factor for Gastric Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:2333-40. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.6.2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Canbay E, Kurnaz O, Canbay B, Bugra D, Cakmakoglu B, Bulut T, Yamaner S, Sokucu N, Buyukuncu Y, Yilmaz-Aydogan H. PPAR-gamma Pro12Ala polymorphism and gastric cancer risk in a Turkish population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:5875-8. [PMID: 23317272 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.11.5875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand dependent transcription factor involved in various processes, including carcinogenesis. We aimed to investigate any possible association of the PPARγPro12Ala (rs1801282) polymorphism with risk of developing gastric cancer (GC). PATIENTS AND METHODS A hospital based case control study was designed covering 50 patients with GC and 120 healthy controls. The frequencies of PPARγPro12Ala (rs1801282) were determined using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. RESULTS The Ala12 allele of the PPARγPro12Ala G gene was associated with a 1.95 fold increased risk of GC development (p: 0.022; 95% CI: 1.58-2.40). Subgroup analyses showed that the same allele was also associated with metastasis (p: 0.000; OR:4.09; 95%CI:2.273-7.368) and differentiation (p: 0.004; OR:1.95; 95%CI:1.335-2.875) in patients with GC. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the PPARγPro12Ala G (Ala12) allele might be associated with development, differentiation and metastatic process of GC in the Turkish population. Further studies conducted in larger study groups and in different ethnic populations will be needed to clarify the exact role of the PPARγPro12Ala polymorphism in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Canbay
- National Peritoneal Organization to support Peritoneal Dissemination Treatment, Department of General Surgery, Kishiwada Tokushukai Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
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The Role of PPARγ in Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gastric Carcinogenesis. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:687570. [PMID: 22936949 PMCID: PMC3425866 DOI: 10.1155/2012/687570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor that is important in many physiological and pathological processes, such as lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis. Several studies have shown that PPARγ plays an important role in gastric mucosal injury due to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). As H. pylori infection is the main etiologic factor in chronic gastritis and gastric cancer, understanding of the potential roles of PPARγ in H. pylori infection may lead to the development of a therapeutic target. In this paper, the authors discuss the current knowledge on the role of PPARγ in H. pylori infection and its related gastric carcinogenesis.
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Prakash J, Srivastava N, Awasthi S, Agarwal C, Natu S, Rajpal N, Mittal B. Association of PPAR-γ gene polymorphisms with obesity and obesity-associated phenotypes in North Indian population. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 24:454-9. [PMID: 22410809 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The worldwide increasing prevalence of obesity is considered as a major health problem. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) controls adipocyte differentiation and regulates a number of genes associated with energy homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the association of PPAR-γ gene Pro12Ala (rs1801282) and C1431T (rs3856806) polymorphisms with morbid obesity and related phenotypes, in north Indian population. METHODS A total of 6,42 subjects, 309, obese and 333 nonobese individuals were included in this case-control study. Insulin, adiponectin, glucose, and lipid levels were estimated using standard protocols. All subjects were genotyped by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS The ProAla+AlaAla genotypes of PPAR-γ Pro12Ala were significantly associated with higher risk of obesity while C1431T polymorphism did not show any significant association. None of the haplotypes showed association with morbid obesity. However, a strong association of variant genotypes was observed with higher levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, and lower serum adiponectin concentrations. CONCLUSION PPAR-γ gene polymorphisms influence obesity and obesity phenotype in a complex manner, probably involving insulin resistance in north Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Prakash
- Chatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow, U.P., India
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Bazargani A, Khoramrooz SS, Kamali-Sarvestani E, Taghavi SA, Saberifiroozi M. Association between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ gene polymorphism (Pro12Ala) and Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric carcinogenesis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:1162-7. [PMID: 20568969 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2010.499959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Helicobacter pylori infection is accompanied by inflammatory processes leading to peptic ulcer and gastric cancer in the minority of infected individuals. The interaction between H. pylori virulence factors, host defense mechanisms and environmental factors determine the outcome of clinical manifestations. One of the host factors involved in the processes of inflammation and carcinogenesis is the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) molecule. The present case-control study aimed to determine polymorphism of PPAR-γ gene and its association with H. pylori infection and gastrointestinal diseases (peptic ulcer and non-cardia gastric cancer) in Iranian patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and fifty-five patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases (76 peptic ulcer and 79 non-cardia gastric cancer) and 152 matched controls were genotyped for PPAR-γ gene polymorphism (Pro12Ala) by the PCR-RFLP method. Infection with H. pylori was confirmed by histology, the rapid urease test (RUT) and ELISA assay (IgG anti-H. pylori). RESULTS The frequency of PPAR-γ G (Ala 12) allele was significantly higher in H. pylori positive patients with non-cardia gastric cancer than in controls (22.8% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.027; OR = 3.28; 95% CI = 1.21-8.89), But there was no significant difference without infection (p = 0.7). Moreover, the PPAR-γ polymorphism was not associated with peptic ulcer in the presence or absence of H. pylori infection. CONCLUSION Our results indicated PPAR-γ G allele may be an important contributor to non-cardia gastric cancer in Iranian H. pylori infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Bazargani
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor that is known to play a central role in lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity as well as inflammation and cell proliferation. According to the results obtained from studies on several animal models of gastrointestinal inflammation, PPARγ has been implicated in the regulation of the immune response, particularly inflammation control, and has gained importance as a potential therapeutic target in the management of gastrointestinal inflammation. In the present paper, we present the current knowledge on the role of PPARγ ligands in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Hirano E, Sugita N, Kikuchi A, Shimada Y, Sasahara J, Iwanaga R, Tanaka K, Yoshie H. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma polymorphism and periodontitis in pregnant Japanese women. J Periodontol 2010; 81:897-906. [PMID: 20450366 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.090669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest an association between maternal periodontitis and preterm birth, although the association remains controversial. It was suggested that mechanisms such as a genetic predisposition for a hyperinflammatory response cause periodontitis and preterm births. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a nuclear hormone receptor and ligand-dependent transcription factor. PPARgamma inhibits the transcriptional activity of the genes that produce proinflammatory mediators and repress periodontitis. Recently, a common polymorphism, proline(PRO)-to-alanine(ALA) mutation at codon12 in exonB (Pro12Ala: rs 1801282) PPARgamma, was reported to reduce the ability to transactivate responsive promoters. In this study, we tested whether the PPARgammaPro12Ala polymorphism was associated with maternal periodontitis and/or preterm birth. METHODS Genomic DNA was isolated from the venous blood of pregnant Japanese women (term birth: n = 72; preterm birth: n = 58). The PPARgammaPro12Ala genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Within 5 days after labor, clinical periodontal parameters were evaluated, and periodontopathic bacteria from the subgingival plaque were detected by species-specific PCR. RESULTS The mean clinical attachment level (P = 0.012), mean probing depth (P = 0.031), mean gingival index (P = 0.037), and percentages of sites with bleeding on probing (P = 0.041) in women with the PPARgammaPro12Ala genotype were significantly higher than in women with the PPARgammaPro12Pro genotype. However, there was no association between preterm birth and periodontitis. CONCLUSION We suggest that the PPARgammaPro12Ala polymorphism may represent a genetic susceptibility factor for the clinical measurements of periodontitis in a limited number of pregnant Japanese women, but it probably cannot influence the relationship between periodontitis and preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Hirano
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
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Gao L, Nieters A, Brenner H. Cell proliferation-related genetic polymorphisms and gastric cancer risk: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:1658-67. [PMID: 19536170 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from Helicobacter pylori infection and lifestyle factors, host genetic susceptibility has been suggested to contribute to individual variation in gastric cancer risk as well. Aiming to evaluate the associations between host cell proliferation-related genetic polymorphisms and gastric cancer susceptibility, we reviewed the related studies published until 15 September 2008 and quantitatively summarized the associations of the most widely studied polymorphisms (TP53 Arg72Pro, L-myc EcoRI) using meta-analysis. Fifty-five eligible studies were included in this review. Twenty-three polymorphisms significantly related to gastric cancer risk in at least one study were identified. Polymorphisms determining higher levels of growth factors, which are important for tissue repair, were recently observed to be associated with reduced risk of gastric cancer. In the meta-analysis, TP53 72Pro was associated with increased risk of diffuse gastric cancer among Asians (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.04-1.99), but decreased risk of intestinal gastric cancer among Caucasians (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.36-0.89). This review suggests that cell proliferation-related genetic polymorphisms could be candidate biomarkers of gastric cancer risk, but current evidence for the use for risk stratification is still very limited. Modestly significant associations in meta-analyses stratified by population or type of gastric cancer may be observed by chance because of the limited number of studies and small sample size. Larger studies are warranted to clarify the effect of cell proliferation-related genetic polymorphisms on gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is an important transcription factor regulating adipocyte differentiation, lipid and glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity. Numerous genetic mutations of PPARγ have been identified and these mutations positively or negatively regulate insulin sensitivity. Among these, a relatively common polymorphism of PPARγ, Pro12Ala of PPARγ2, the isoform expressed only in adipose tissue has been shown to be associated with lower body mass index, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and resistance to the risk of type 2 diabetes in human subjects carrying this mutation. Subsequent studies in different ethnic populations, however, have revealed conflicting results, suggesting a complex interaction between the PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism and environmental factors such as the ratio of dietary unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids and/or between the PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism and genetic factors such as polymorphic mutations in other genes. In addition, this polymorphic mutation in PPARγ2 is associated with other aspects of human diseases, including cancers, polycystic ovary syndrome, Alzheimer disease and aging. This review will highlight findings from recent studies.
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Prasad KN, Saxena A, Ghoshal UC, Bhagat MR, Krishnani N. Analysis of Pro12Ala PPAR gamma polymorphism and Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric adenocarcinoma and peptic ulcer disease. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:1299-1303. [PMID: 18372284 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdn055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor involved in various disease processes including inflammation and carcinogenesis. We investigated the association of Pro12Ala PPARgamma polymorphism and Helicobacter pylori infection with gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease (PUD). PATIENTS AND METHODS In total, 348 adult patients [62 gastric adenocarcinoma, 45 PUD and 241 nonulcer dyspepsia (NUD)] who underwent an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were enrolled. PPARgamma polymorphism was analyzed by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism. H. pylori infection was diagnosed by rapid urease test, culture, histopathology and PCR. RESULTS PPARgamma G carrier had significant association with gastric adenocarcinoma [P = 0.023, odds ratio (OR) = 2.136, 95% CI = 1.112-4.104] and PUD (P = 0.028, OR = 2.165, 95% CI = 1.008-4.306) when compared with NUD. Combination of G carrier and H. pylori infection further increased the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma (OR = 3.054, 95% CI = 1.195-7.807) and PUD (OR = 11.161, 95% CI = 3.495-35.644). PPARgamma polymorphism did not increase the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma and PUD in H. pylori-negative subjects. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that Pro12Ala PPARgamma polymorphism is associated with gastric adenocarcinoma and PUD, and is a potential marker for genetic susceptibility to these two diseases in the presence of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M R Bhagat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Command Hospital, Lucknow, India
| | - N Krishnani
- Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow
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Tahara T, Arisawa T, Shibata T, Nakamura M, Wang F, Maruyama N, Kamiya Y, Nakamura M, Fujita H, Nagasaka M, Iwata M, Takahama K, Watanabe M, Hirata I, Nakano H. Influence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma Plo12Ala polymorphism as a shared risk marker for both gastric cancer and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in Japanese. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:614-21. [PMID: 17763950 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-9944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. A common polymorphism at codon 12 of this gene (Pro12Ala) has been shown to confer protection against diabetes and colorectal cancer. We investigated the influence of PPARgamma gene Plo12Ala polymorphism on the risk of gastric cancer and on the severity of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis as well as impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in Japanese. About 215 patients with gastric cancer (GC) and 201 patients without GC enrolled in this study. Plo12Ala polymorphism of PPARgamma was investigated by PCR-RFLP in all of the subjects. The gastritis score of noncancerous antral mucosa was calculated by the updated Sydney system. The diagnosis of IFG was based on repeated evidence of serum fasting glucose (SFG) concentration of greater than or equal to 110 mg/dl. The Plo12Ala genotype of PPARgamma showed a significantly higher frequency in GC patients than in controls (OR = 2.43; 95%CI = 1.04-5.67). In contrast, the Plo12Ala genotype held a lower risk of IFG (OR = 0.33; 95%CI = 0.13-0.83). The same genotype was associated with an increased risk of non-cardiac gastric cancer (OR = 2.39; 95%CI = 1.02-5.65), lower third gastric cancer (OR = 3.56; 95%CI = 1.31-9.71), advanced cancer (OR = 2.93; 95%CI = 1.13-7.58), and Lauren's intestinal cancer (OR = 2.94; 95%CI = 1.13-7.66). Among 151 gastric cancer subjects, the atrophy and metaplasia scores of the antral mucosa adjacent to cancer showed a tendency to be higher in those with the 12Ala allele. Our study suggests that the PPARgamma Pro12Ala polymorphism may be a shared risk marker of both IFG and gastric cancer in Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Tahara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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Hamajima N, Naito M, Kondo T, Goto Y. Genetic factors involved in the development of Helicobacter pylori-related gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2006; 97:1129-38. [PMID: 16879717 PMCID: PMC11158109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental process to gastric cancer by Helicobacter pylori infection consists of three steps: (1) H. pylori infection; (2) gastric atrophy development; and (3) carcinogenesis. In each step, genetic traits may influence the process, interacting with lifestyle. In the step of H. pylori infection, two lines of genetic polymorphisms were assumed: one influencing gastric acid inhibition interacting with smoking, and the other concerning innate immune response attenuation. The former includes functional polymorphisms of IL-1B (C-31T or tightly linked T-511C), and TNF-A (T-1031C and C-857T), and the latter possibly includes NQO1 C609T. In the step to gastric atrophy, polymorphisms pertaining to the signal transduction from cytotoxin-associated gene A (PTPN11 A/G at intron 3) and to T-cell responses (IL-2 T-330G and IL-13 C-1111T) were hypothesized. There are a limited number of epidemiological genotype studies on the final step of literal carcinogenesis, potentially interacting with smoking, a low vegetable and fruit intake, and salty foods, the well-documented risk factors. In past case-control studies on the associations between genotype and gastric cancer risk, the cases consisted of H. pylori-related and unrelated gastric cancer patients and the controls consisted of individuals including the uninfected (H. pylori unexposed and exposed) and the infected with and without gastric atrophy. Accordingly, it was not clear whether the observed risk was for H. pylori-related or -unrelated gastric cancer, nor which step was involved in the observed associations even when nearly all cases were H. pylori-related. In order to elucidate the genetic traits of H. pylori-related gastric cancer, stepwise evaluation will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamajima
- Department of Preventive Medicine/Biostatistics and Medical Decision Making, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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