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Takahashi N, Tarumi W, Hamada N, Ishizuka B, Itoh MT. Cresyl Violet Stains Mast Cells Selectively: Its Application to Counterstaining in Immunohistochemistry. Zoolog Sci 2017; 34:147-150. [PMID: 28397604 DOI: 10.2108/zs160162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The thiazine dye toluidine blue (TB) is well known to stain mast cells and hyaline cartilage metachromatically, and thus is mostly often used for their identification. However, TB is not suitable for counterstaining in immunohistochemistry, because of its high-background staining in the cytoplasm of other cell species and in extracellular structures. To expand the knowledge about dyestuffs staining mast cells in consideration with their usage in immunohistochemistry, we determined the stainability of several thiazines and oxazines, which are structurally related compounds to TB, using sections of mast cell-containing tissues. We found that all azine dyes used metachromatically stained mast cells and cartilage. Among these dyes, an oxazines cresyl violet (CV) stained mast cells with lower background, suggesting that those are useful for detecting mast cells and for counterstaining in immunohistochemistry. To ascertain its utility, CV was used in immunostaining of bHSDs in sections from adult rat ovary. Immunopositive signals reflected by DAB development in brown were clearly detected even after CV staining. We conclude that, similar to thiazines, oxazines stain mast cells metachromatically, and that of these, CV is more useful as a counterstain in immunohistochemistry than TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Takahashi
- 1 Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Wataru Tarumi
- 2 Department of Neurobiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Naomi Hamada
- 3 Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Bunpei Ishizuka
- 1 Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Masanori T Itoh
- 4 Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Konodai 2-8-30, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0827, Japan
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Abstract
A 5-month-old boy was noted to have brown macules with palpable infiltration on the head, trunk, and extremities a few weeks after birth, with recurrent episodes of generalized flushing and blistering in some of the macules. These lesions developed into yellowish plaques after 1 year of topical treatment with clobetasol propionate. Serum lipid levels were within normal limits. The appearance of the yellowish lesions was similar to that of the xanthelasmoid type of cutaneous mastocytosis. The brown macules showed infiltration of a large number of mast cells and a small number of scattered foam cells, whereas in the yellowish plaques, the number of foam cells was greatly increased. The yellowish plaques regressed spontaneously within a year after cessation of topical corticosteroid treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis found that the foam cells were stained with monocyte/macrophage markers including HAM56, and with SRA-C6, a monoclonal antibody to macrophage scavenger receptor class A (CD204). Therefore, the yellowish plaques were considered to be plane xanthoma associated with cutaneous mastocytoma.
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Welker P, Wanner R, Zuberbier T, Groneberg DA, Henz BM. Gene expression and regulation of transcription factor activator protein-2 alpha in human mast cells. Allergy 2005; 60:1046-52. [PMID: 15969686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor activator protein (AP)-2 regulates cell-type specific gene expression during development and differentiation, but its role in mast cell development has so far not been explored. METHODS Gene expression and regulation of AP2 was assessed in normal skin, diseases with increased mast cell numbers, and in vitro models of mast cell differentiation. RESULTS AP-2alpha-protein was not detectable in normal skin but in mastocytoma lesional mast cells. AP-2alpha-mRNA and -protein were also detected in leukemic mast cells (HMC-1), in the adherent fraction of peripheral blood (PBMC) and umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC), and AP-2alpha-mRNA at low levels in isolated-purified mast cells. During culture with fibroblast supernatants or SCF, AP-2alpha-mRNA was de novo expressed in KU812-cells, maintained at about the same level in PBMC and CBMC, and upregulated in HMC-1-cells. On extended culture, a down-regulation was noted at mRNA and/or protein levels. In contrast, tryptase expression increased in all cells throughout culture, as did c-Kit in normal cells, whereas in both leukemic cell lines, c-Kit was maintained unchanged at about the same level. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a continuous activation of AP-2alpha in mastocytomas and mast cell leukemia and its transient upregulation during c-Kit dependent early steps of normal mast cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Welker
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité School of Medicine, Free University and Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
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Groneberg DA, Bester C, Grützkau A, Serowka F, Fischer A, Henz BM, Welker P. Mast cells and vasculature in atopic dermatitis--potential stimulus of neoangiogenesis. Allergy 2005; 60:90-7. [PMID: 15575937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis skin lesions are characterized by inflammatory changes and epithelial hyperplasia requiring angiogenesis. As mast cells may participate in this process via bidirectional secretion of tissue-damaging enzymes and pro-angiogenic factors, the present study aimed to assess the occurrence and possible function of mast cells in the papillary dermis and in epidermal layers of atopic dermatitis lesions. METHODS Semi-thin and serial sections in combination with immunohistochemistry, histochemistry and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-activity assays were used and related to epidermal thickness and targeted gene expression studies. RESULTS Mast cells were located in the papillary dermis and migrated through the basal lamina into the epidermis of atopic dermatitis lesions. An increased PCNA-activity in cells of superficial epidermal layers indicated an activation of keratinocytes and stimulation of endothelial growth. Only approximately 30% of the papillary mast cells stained with the tryptase were toluidin-blue-positive, and approximately 80% were chymase positive. A high number of mast cells expressed c-kit. Most papillary and epidermal mast cells were localized close to endothelial cells. Vascular expression of endoglin (CD105) demonstrated neoangiogenic processes. Mast cells stimulation led to the expression of proangiogenic factors. Also, gene expression of tissue-damaging factors such as matrix metalloproteinases was increased. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that in atopic dermatitis, mast cells are abundantly localized close to and within the epidermis where they may stimulate neoangiogenesis. Via the new vessels, inflammatory cells, together with complement components and antibodies, can be transported to the epidermis to aid in the defense against environmental antigens and to maintain chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Groneberg
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Division of Allergy Research, Charité School of Medicine, Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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Lappe U, Aumann V, Mittler U, Gollnick H. Familial urticaria pigmentosa associated with thrombocytosis as the initial symptom of systemic mastocytosis and Down's syndrome. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004; 17:718-22. [PMID: 14761147 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2003.00834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Most cases of urticaria pigmentosa are confined to the skin, but visceral involvement and/or haematological abnormalities have been observed. It is still a matter of debate whether all forms of mastocytosis are true neoplasias or reactive hyperplasias. Familial inheritance of urticaria pigmentosa is rare. We report on a fraternal set with urticaria pigmentosa as part of a systemic mastocytosis. The first patient additionally revealed persistent thrombocytosis and splenomegaly. His brother developed urticaria pigmentosa, intermittent diarrhoea, hepatomegaly and asthma bronchiale associated with trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome). The association of mastocytosis with thrombocytosis has seldom been described. In our patient it preceded the development of systemic mastocytosis. The association with Down's syndrome has not been reported until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lappe
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Mastocytosis is a rare disease characterized by a primary pathological increase in mast cells in different tissues, which may present in a variety of clinical patterns. Major advances have been made in recent years in the understanding of the pathogenesis of mastocytosis. This review is aimed at familiarizing dermatologists with these recent findings, and at exploring their possible implications for the diagnosis and treatment of the condition. The heterogeneous clinical presentation of mastocytosis is detailed with respect to the type of skin lesions, age at onset, family history, organ systems involved, associated haematological disorders and prognosis. Recent genetic findings also indicate different pathogenetic forms of mastocytosis, as adult patients and those with associated haematological diseases usually express activating mutations of the stem cell factor receptor c-kit, whereas most cases of childhood-onset and familial mastocytosis seem to lack these mutations. Despite the presence of c-kit mutations, patients with cutaneous lesions generally have a good prognosis, even when there is involvement of other organs. Some patients, particularly those with childhood-onset disease, experience spontaneous remission, mostly by puberty. c-kit mutations do not explain the initial cause of mastocytosis, and their prognostic significance is as yet unclarified, as is the pathogenesis in patients without the mutations. Furthermore, these novel findings have as yet not resulted in a more effective treatment of the cause of the disease, so that counselling, prevention of exposure to mast cell secretory stimuli, and symptomatic treatment remain the mainstays of current patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Welker P, Grabbe J, Zuberbier T, Guhl S, Henz BM. Mast cell and myeloid marker expression during early in vitro mast cell differentiation from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:44-50. [PMID: 10620114 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In order to characterize the phenotype of human mast cell precursors in the peripheral blood mononuclear fraction and its alterations during in vivo mast cell differentiation, cells were studied before and during culture with stem cell factor or stem cell factor-containing cell supernatants. Prior to culture, 86% of cells were immunoreactive for the monocytic marker CD14, slightly fewer for CD11b and CD64, < 10% expressed FcepsilonRIalpha, rare cells were CD34 + ( < 0,1%), and none stained for CD1, CD33, c-Kit, and tryptase. After 2 wk of culture, there was de novo expression of c-Kit (14% - 43% positive cells), tryptase (26% - 79%), CD33 (57%), and CD64 (64%), an upregulation of FcepsilonRIalpha (23% - 52%), CD11b (93%), and CD68 (95%), but no expression of CD34. Levels of mRNA for FcepsilonRIalpha and c-Kit were detectable prior to culture and increased during culture, together with de novo expression of tryptase. Double staining after 2 wk of culture showed that FcepsilonRIalpha-positive cells were mostly CD14 + (90%), CD64 + (82%), and CD68 + (52%) on flow cytometry. Intracellular tryptase activity was first detectable after 1 wk of culture, increased FcepsilonRIalpha expression was only detectable by week 2. Cultured cells acquired the ability to release histamine during IgE-dependent stimulation, and culture with the c-Kit antibody YB5.B8 resulted in a downregulation of tryptase and FcepsilonRIalpha, but not of c-Kit. These data show that human mast cells develop from c-Kit- and tryptase-negative precursors in the myelomonocytic fraction of peripheral blood and that they upregulate, maintain, and share many phenotypic characteristics of cells from the monocyte/macrophage lineage during early phases of in vitro differentiation. KEYWORDS c-kit/FcepsilonRI/SCF/tryptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Welker
- Department of Dermatology, Humboldt-university, Brelin, Germany.
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Katsamba AD, Karpouzis AJ, Koumantaki-Mathioudaki E, Jorizzo JL. Mastocytosis with skin manifestations: current status. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1999; 13:155-65. [PMID: 10642051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.1999.tb00878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To review our present knowledge about mastocyte origin, mastocytosis classification and management. METHODS Literature review. RESULTS Mastocytoses are chronic and recurrent disorders with symptoms which might either be limited only to the skin or to internal organs as well. The mastocytes, coming from bone marrow progenitor cells, migrate to tissues where they participate in inflammation and in cellular immunity as well as in the metabolism of connective and osseous tissues. Their proliferation causes the appearance of mastocytoses. The classification of the clinical manifestations of the mastocytoses into cutaneous, reactive (under the influence of the degranulator factors) and systemic disease, facilitates dialog among clinicians. Determination of prognosis and appropriate therapeutic regimens depend on individual features. CONCLUSIONS Mastocytosis diagnosis is verified by histological study of skin lesion biopsy material. Management is symptomatic and unfortunately does not eradicate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Katsamba
- Department of Dermatology, A. Sygros Hospital, National University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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Horny HP, Sillaber C, Menke D, Kaiserling E, Wehrmann M, Stehberger B, Chott A, Lechner K, Lennert K, Valent P. Diagnostic value of immunostaining for tryptase in patients with mastocytosis. Am J Surg Pathol 1998; 22:1132-40. [PMID: 9737247 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-199809000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The term "mastocytosis" is used to describe a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormal growth and accumulation of mast cells (MCs). Cutaneous and systemic variants exist. Systemic mastocytosis may show an indolent or malignant clinical course. In malignant mastocytosis (MM), the diagnosis often is missed because the MCs are morphologically abnormal and lack metachromatic granules or the underlying histologic picture is complex. The cytoplasmic serine protease tryptase is produced by MCs and is thought to be expressed at all stages of MC maturation. To assess the diagnostic value of tryptase staining in mastocytosis, tissue sections from 93 patients with mastocytosis, including MM (n = 37), systemic indolent mastocytosis (n = 47), urticaria pigmentosa (n = 5), MC leukemia (n = 2), and solitary skin mastocytoma (n = 2) were stained with the antitryptase antibody G3. The results were compared with those of Giemsa and chloroacetate esterase (CAE) staining. Using antitryptase antibody G3, MC infiltrates were identified in all patients examined, including those with MM (37 of 37), and virtually all the neoplastic MCs (> 95%) appeared to react with G3. In MM, significantly fewer MCs were positive in Giemsa (54.5%; p < 0.05) and CAE (78.8%; p < 0.05). Moreover, G3 produced clear diagnostic staining in all cases of MM, but the proportion of cases with clear diagnostic results (> 10% of neoplastic cells positive) was considerably lower with Giemsa (48.6%; p < 0.05) and CAE (75.7%; p < 0.05) staining. By contrast, tryptase, Giemsa, and CAE produced diagnostic staining of MCs in virtually all cases of systemic indolent mastocytosis, urticaria pigmentosa, and solitary skin mastocytoma. In systemic mastocytosis, survival was significantly reduced in cases with Giemsa-/tryptase+ or CAE-/tryptase+ tumor cells compared to those cases with Giemsa+ or CAE+ MC infiltrates (p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Horny
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Lipski S, Grabbe J, Henz BM. Absence of MHC class II antigen on mast cells at sites of inflammation in human skin. Exp Dermatol 1996; 5:120-4. [PMID: 8734922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1996.tb00105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the presence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens has recently been reported on murine and human mast cells under various conditions, we have investigated their expression on mast cells in different types of cutaneous inflammation. Cryostat sections from lesional biopsies of patients with psoriasis, atopic eczema, chronic urticaria, lichen planus, bullous pemphigoid and urticaria pigmentosa were immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibodies against MHC class I and class II antigens using a double staining APAAP/toluidine blue methodology. While strongly positive staining with the antibody directed against MHC class I antigens was found on nearly all mast cells in normal skin and in inflammatory dermatoses, reactivity for HLA-DR and HLA-DQ antigens on mast cells could not be detected, except for less than 2% of cells with doubtful staining. Human mast cells therefore probably play no significant rôle as antigen-presenting cells in the conditions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lipski
- Department of Dermatology, Virchow Clinics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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