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Nagy N, Dubois A, Szell M, Rajan N. Genetic Testing in CYLD Cutaneous Syndrome: An Update. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2021; 14:427-444. [PMID: 34744449 PMCID: PMC8566010 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s288274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CYLD cutaneous syndrome (CCS) is an inclusive label for the inherited skin adnexal tumour syndromes Brooke–Spiegler Syndrome (BSS-OMIM 605041), familial cylindromatosis (FC – OMIM 132700) and multiple familial trichoepitheliomas (MFT-OMIM 601606). All three syndromes arise due to germline pathogenic variants in CYLD, a tumour suppressor gene (OMIM 605018). CCS is transmitted in an autosomal dominant pattern, and has variable expressivity, both of the three syndromic phenotypes, and of the severity of tumour burden. Age-related penetrance figures are not precisely reported. The first tumours typically appear during puberty and progressively accumulate through adulthood. Penetrance is typically high, with equal numbers of males and females affected. Genetic testing is important for confirmation of the clinical diagnosis, genetic counselling and family planning, including preimplantation diagnosis. Additionally, identified CCS patients may be eligible for future clinical trials of non-surgical pre-emptive interventions that aim to prevent tumour growth. In this update, we review the clinical presentations of germline and mosaic CCS. An overview of the germline pathogenic variant spectrum of patients with CCS reveals more than 100 single nucleotide variants and small insertions and deletions in coding exons, most frequently resulting in predicted truncation. In addition, a minority of patients have large deletions involving the CYLD gene, intronic pathogenic variants that affect splicing, or inversions. We discuss germline and somatic testing approaches. Somatic testing of tumour tissue, relevant in mosaic CCS, can reveal recurrently detected pathogenic variants when two or more tumours are tested. This can influence genetic testing of children, who may inherit this as a germline variant, and inform genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis. Finally, we discuss testing technologies that are currently used, their benefits and limitations, and future directions for genetic testing in CCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Nagy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Dermatological Research Group of the Eotvos Lorand Research Network, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna Dubois
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Marta Szell
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Dermatological Research Group of the Eotvos Lorand Research Network, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Neil Rajan
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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Uematsu A, Kido K, Takahashi H, Takahashi C, Yanagihara Y, Saeki N, Yoshida S, Maekawa M, Honda M, Kai T, Shimizu K, Higashiyama S, Imai Y, Tokunaga F, Sawasaki T. The E3 ubiquitin ligase MIB2 enhances inflammation by degrading the deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14135-14148. [PMID: 31366726 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor CYLD is a deubiquitinating enzyme that suppresses polyubiquitin-dependent signaling pathways, including the proinflammatory and cell growth-promoting NF-κB pathway. Missense mutations in the CYLD gene are present in individuals with syndromes such as multiple familial trichoepithelioma (MFT), but the pathogenic roles of these mutations remain unclear. Recent studies have shown that CYLD interacts with a RING finger domain protein, mind bomb homologue 2 (MIB2), in the regulation of NOTCH signaling. However, whether MIB2 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that acts on CYLD is unknown. Here, using the cell-free-based AlphaScreen and pulldown assays to detect protein-protein interactions, along with immunofluorescence assays and murine Mib2 knockout cells and animals, we demonstrate that MIB2 promotes proteasomal degradation of CYLD and enhances NF-κB signaling. Of note, arthritic inflammation was suppressed in Mib2-deficient mice. We further observed that the ankyrin repeat in MIB2 interacts with the third CAP domain in CYLD and that MIB2 catalyzes Lys-48-linked polyubiquitination of CYLD at Lys-338 and Lys-530. MIB2-dependent CYLD degradation activated NF-κB signaling via tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) stimulation and the linear ubiquitination assembly complex (LUBAC). Mib2-knockout mice had reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and exhibited suppressed inflammatory responses in the K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis model. Interestingly, MIB2 significantly enhanced the degradation of a CYLDP904L variant identified in an individual with MFT, although the molecular pathogenesis of the disease was not clarified here. Together, these results suggest that MIB2 enhances NF-κB signaling in inflammation by promoting the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of CYLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Uematsu
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kohki Kido
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Takahashi
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Chikako Takahashi
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yuta Yanagihara
- Division of Integrative Pathophysiology, PROS, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Noritaka Saeki
- Division of Integrative Pathophysiology, PROS, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yoshida
- Division of Integrative Pathophysiology, PROS, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masashi Maekawa
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, PROS, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Mamoru Honda
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Nishinokyo-Shimoaicho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8436, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kai
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Nishinokyo-Shimoaicho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8436, Japan
| | - Kouhei Shimizu
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, PROS, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yuuki Imai
- Division of Integrative Pathophysiology, PROS, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Fuminori Tokunaga
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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Fennell LM, Rahighi S, Ikeda F. Linear ubiquitin chain-binding domains. FEBS J 2018; 285:2746-2761. [PMID: 29679476 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin modification (ubiquitination) of target proteins can vary with respect to chain lengths, linkage type, and chain forms, such as homologous, mixed, and branched ubiquitin chains. Thus, ubiquitination can generate multiple unique surfaces on a target protein substrate. Ubiquitin-binding domains (UBDs) recognize ubiquitinated substrates, by specifically binding to these unique surfaces, modulate the formation of cellular signaling complexes and regulate downstream signaling cascades. Among the eight different homotypic chain types, Met1-linked (also termed linear) chains are the only chains in which linkage occurs on a non-Lys residue of ubiquitin. Linear ubiquitin chains have been implicated in immune responses, cell death and autophagy, and several UBDs - specific for linear ubiquitin chains - have been identified. In this review, we describe the main principles of ubiquitin recognition by UBDs, focusing on linear ubiquitin chains and their roles in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian M Fennell
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Austria
| | - Simin Rahighi
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP), Harry and Diane Health Science Campus, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Fumiyo Ikeda
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Austria
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Verhoeft KR, Ngan HL, Lui VWY. The cylindromatosis ( CYLD) gene and head and neck tumorigenesis. CANCERS OF THE HEAD & NECK 2016; 1:10. [PMID: 31093340 PMCID: PMC6460526 DOI: 10.1186/s41199-016-0012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Germline CYLD mutation is associated with the development of a rare inheritable syndrome, called the CYLD cutaneous syndrome. Patients with this syndrome are distinctly presented with multiple tumors in the head and neck region, which can grow in size and number over time. Some of these benign head and neck tumors can turn into malignancies in some individuals. CYLD has been identified to be the only tumor suppressor gene reported to be associated with this syndrome thus far. Here, we summarize all reported CYLD germline mutations associated with this syndrome, as well as the reported paired somatic CYLD mutations of the developed tumors. Interestingly, whole-exome sequencing (WES) studies of multiple cancer types also revealed CYLD mutations in many human malignancies, including head and neck cancers and several epithelial cancers. Currently, the role of CYLD mutations in head and neck carcinogenesis and other cancers is poorly defined. We hope that this timely review of recent findings on CYLD genetics and animal models for oncogenesis can provide important insights into the mechanism of head and neck tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Roberta Verhoeft
- 1Department of Clinical Oncology, Li-Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, SAR Hong Kong
| | - Hoi Lam Ngan
- 2School of Biomedical Sciences, Li-Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, SAR Hong Kong
| | - Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- 3School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, SAR Hong Kong
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Inherited cylindromas: lessons from a rare tumour. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16:e460-e469. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nagy N, Farkas K, Kemény L, Széll M. Phenotype-genotype correlations for clinical variants caused by CYLD mutations. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:271-8. [PMID: 25782638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brooke-Spiegler syndrome (BSS; OMIM 605041) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by skin appendageal neoplasms including cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and/or spiradenomas. In 1996, the gene locus for BSS was mapped to 16q12-13, and, in 2000, mutations in the cylindromatosis (CYLD) gene were determined to cause BSS, familial cylindromatosis (FC; OMIM 132700) and multiple familial trichoepithelioma type 1 (MFT1; OMIM 601606). The CYLD gene encodes an enzyme with deubiquitinase activity. To date, a total of 95 different diseases-causing mutations have been published for the CYLD gene. A summary of mutations identified in Hungarian patients and a review of previously published mutations are presented in this update. The majority of the sequence changes are frameshift (48%), nonsense (27%), missense (12%) and splice-site (11%) mutations; however, two in-frame deletions have also been reported. Most mutations are located in exons 9-20. Analysis of the identified CYLD gene mutations and the observed BSS, FC and MFT1 clinical phenotypes of the patients revealed significant genotype-phenotype correlations. Elucidation of these genotype-phenotype correlations is critical for the diagnosis of these rare monogenic skin diseases. In addition, characterizing these correlations may promote the understanding of their mechanisms and may hopefully contribute to the development of future therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Nagy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Dermatological Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Farkas
- Dermatological Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lajos Kemény
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Dermatological Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márta Széll
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Dermatological Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Wu JW, Xiao SX, Huo J, An JG, Ren JW. A novel frameshift mutation in the cylindromatosis (CYLD) gene in a Chinese family with multiple familial trichoepithelioma. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306:857-60. [PMID: 25234269 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple familial trichoepithelioma (MFT) (OMIM: 601606) is an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder characterized by numerous, skin-colored papules and nodules with pilar differentiation. Recently, several mutations in the cylindromatosis (CYLD) gene have been reported in MFT. In this study, a mutation analysis of the CYLD was conducted in a Chinese pedigree of typical MFT. Affected individuals were identified through probands from Shanxi Province, China. Lesional skin biopsy of the proband revealed the typical histopathological characteristics of trichoepithelioma. Individuals belonging to five consecutive generations were similarly affected, which indicated an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes using standard phenol/chloroform extraction method. All the coding exons (4-20) and exon-intron boundaries of the CYLD gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Direct sequencing of all PCR products amplified from the complete coding regions of the CYLD gene was performed to identify mutations. Sequencing of the CYLD gene was performed in a further 100 unrelated, unaffected control individuals to exclude the possibility of polymorphism. A novel heterozygous frameshift mutation c.1169_1170delCA (p.Thr390Argfs) was identified in exon 10 of the CYLD gene in the affected family members. This mutation was also detected in unaffected family members, but not in the unrelated, healthy individuals who were also analyzed. Our study expands the database on the CYLD gene mutations in MFT and should be useful in providing genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for families affected by MFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China,
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Three mutations of CYLD gene in Chinese families with multiple familial trichoepithelioma. Am J Dermatopathol 2013; 36:605-7. [PMID: 24247569 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e318297f825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Novel and recurrent germline and somatic mutations in a cohort of 67 patients from 48 families with Brooke-Spiegler syndrome including the phenotypic variant of multiple familial trichoepitheliomas and correlation with the histopathologic findings in 379 biopsy specimens. Am J Dermatopathol 2013; 35:34-44. [PMID: 23249834 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e31824e7658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brooke-Spiegler syndrome (BSS) is a rare, inherited, autosomal dominant disorder characterized by development of multiple adnexal cutaneous neoplasms including spiradenoma, cylindroma, spiradenocylindroma, and trichoepithelioma. The syndrome of multiple familial trichoepitheliomas (MFT) is considered a phenotypic variant of BSS in which patients present with trichoepitheliomas only. We studied germline and somatic mutations of the CYLD gene by direct sequencing in patients with BSS (n = 49) and MFT (n = 18) using peripheral blood and 90 samples of frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue selected from 379 available histology specimens. Germline CYLD mutations were found in 51 patients (76%) from 36 families (75%). Germline CYLD mutations were found in 43 of the 49 patients with BSS (88%) but in only 8 of 18 MFT cohort (44%). Twenty-one frameshift, 15 nonsense, 3 missense, and 4 splice site mutations were found in patients with BSS, whereas 1 frameshift, 5 nonsense, and 2 splice site mutations were identified in the MFT cohort. Five novel mutations were identified including 4 frameshift mutations (c.1027dupA/p.T343NfsX7, c.2155dupA/p.M719NfsX5, c.2288_2289delTT/p.F763X, and c.2641delG/p.D881TfsX32) and 1 nonsense mutation (c.2713C>T/p. Q905X). Of the 76 tumors from 32 patients with a germline CYLD mutation, 12 were spiradenomas, 15 spiradenocylindromas, 26 cylindromas, 15 trichoepitheliomas, and 7 were other tumor types. Somatic mutations were detected in 67 specimens of these 76 tumors (88%). Of the 67 somatic mutations, 21 (31%) represented a sequence alteration and 46 (69%) showed loss of heterozygosity. In the remaining 9 cases (12%), the somatic changes remained unknown. A germline CYLD mutation was not detected in 14 tumor samples from 8 patients. In these 14 tumors, somatic mutations were identified in 6 samples (43%), all consisting of sequence alterations (1 sample showed 2 different sequence alterations). In the remaining 8 samples (53%), neither germline nor somatic mutations were found in the lesional tissue. Our study increases the catalog of known CYLD mutations in patients with BSS/MFT to 86 and documents the variability of somatic mutations that may occur in them. We confirm the absence of firm genotype-phenotype correlations and the existence of a subset of patients with BSS/MFT who lack a demonstrable germline CYLD mutation. Further studies are needed to explain the reasons for this phenomenon.
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Zhao XY, Huang YJ, Liang YH, Huang L, Zhao Y, Zeng K. Multiple familial trichoepithelioma: report of a Chinese family not associated with a mutation in the CYLD gene and CYLD protein expression in the trichoepithelioma tumor tissue. Int J Dermatol 2013; 53:e279-81. [PMID: 23879700 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yan Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, China
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A clinicopathologic and molecular biologic study of patients presenting with few adnexal tumors (two to four) from the morphological spectrum of Brooke-Spiegler syndrome. Am J Dermatopathol 2012; 35:19-24. [PMID: 22588548 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e318255dd37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report 11 individuals, each presenting with few (2-4) adnexal neoplasms histologically confirmed as belonging to the spectrum of lesions typical for Brooke-Spiegler syndrome (BSS) and/or multiple familial trichoepitheliomas. These include spiradenoma, cylindroma, spiradenocylindroma, and trichoblastoma variants. Our objective was to clarify whether this is merely a sporadic, albeit unusual, occurrence of multiple neoplasms in these patients or whether they are related to BSS and its phenotypic variant, multiple familial trichoepithelioma. Six patients presented with 2 neoplasms, 4 had 3 lesions and the last had 4 lesions. In none was there any family history of similar lesions. The 28 neoplasms consisted of 7 spiradenomas, 6 cylindromas, 5 spiradenocylindromas, and 11 trichoblastomas (6 trichoepitheliomas and 5 with mixed patterns). In 1 patient only with 2 spiradenomas, both tumors harbored identical CYLD sequence alterations (c.1112C>A/S371X) in the CYLD gene and both showed loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 16q. The remaining cases yielded neither germ line nor somatic alterations in CYLD. It is concluded that the presentation with few (2-4) cylindromas, spiradenomas, spiradenocylindromas, and trichoepitheliomas is a sporadic occurrence, and that these patients do not have any relationship to BSS.
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Ying ZX, Ma HQ, Liu Y, Xiao SX, Wang YX, Wang GX. A novel mutation of CYLD in a Chinese family with multiple familial trichoepithelioma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 26:1420-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Multiple (familial) trichoepitheliomas: a clinicopathological and molecular biological study, including CYLD and PTCH gene analysis, of a series of 16 patients. Am J Dermatopathol 2011; 33:251-65. [PMID: 21389835 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181f7d373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple familial trichoepitheliomas (MFT) constitute an autosomally inherited syndrome possibly related to Brooke-Spiegler syndrome (BSS). Although some early studies suggested a role for the PTCH gene on chromosome 9q22.3 in the etiopathogenesis of MFT, recent studies of occasional patients with the MFT clinical phenotype identified mutations in the CYLD gene on chromosome 16q12-q13, a gene responsible for BSS. A systematic investigation of PTCH and CYLD mutations in patients with MFT has never been performed. Our main objective was to collect a reasonably large series of patients with MFT to (1) study the clinicopathological spectrum of the disease, (2) determine whether the PTCH gene is implicated in the pathogenesis of MFT, and if so (3) determine the relative frequency of CYLD and PTCH mutations, (4) establish if there may be any possible genotype-phenotype correlations, and (5) study the spectrum of somatic mutations. Clinical analysis including family histories, histopathological investigations, and molecular genetic studies were performed. There were 9 female and 7 male patients ranging in age from 11 to 63 years. They presented with multiple, small, discrete and sometimes confluent, skin-colored to pink, asymptomatic nodules preferentially located on the face, being especially prominent and confluent in the nasolabial folds and inner aspects of the eyebrows. A total of 66 conventional trichoepitheliomas (TEs) were studied microscopically. Aside from typical features of TE, some also exhibited variant morphological patterns including areas reminiscent of other benign adnexal neoplasms and melanocytic hyperplasia. In none of the 9 patients tested was a germline mutation of the PTCH gene identified. Germline CYLD mutations were detected in 6 of 13 patients tested (identical in 2 unrelated patients) including 2 novel mutations, whereas the remaining 7 individuals showed wild-type alleles. Two patients with germline wild-type CYLD showed, however, a somatic mutation in the gene (1 duplication, 1 substitution mutation). Neither CYLD nor PTCH germline mutations were found in the 5 patients in whom both genes were analyzed. MFT seems to be a phenotypic variant of BSS. The PTCH gene is rarely, if ever, involved in the pathogenesis of MFT. Absence of a germline mutation of the CYLD gene in cases harboring a somatic mutation may be explained by large deletions in the gene or by mutation in intronic sequences or in the promoter region. Considering our 5 patients with no mutation in either gene, the final possibility is that another, as yet undescribed gene (neither CYLD nor PTCH) is implicated in the pathogenesis of some patients with MFT.
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Brooke-Spiegler Syndrome: Report of 10 Patients From 8 Families With Novel Germline Mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 19:83-91. [DOI: 10.1097/pdm.0b013e3181ba2d96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang FX, Yang LJ, Li M, Zhang SL, Zhu XH. A novel missense mutation of CYLD gene in a Chinese family with multiple familial trichoepithelioma. Arch Dermatol Res 2009; 302:67-70. [PMID: 19911186 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-009-1003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002 Sungang West Road, 518039 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Blake PW, Toro JR. Update of cylindromatosis gene (CYLD) mutations in Brooke-Spiegler syndrome: novel insights into the role of deubiquitination in cell signaling. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:1025-36. [PMID: 19462465 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in the cylindromatosis (CYLD) gene have been described in families with cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and/or spiradenomas. Brooke-Spiegler syndrome (BSS) is the autosomal dominant predisposition to skin appendageal neoplasms including cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and/or spiradenomas. We review the clinical features, molecular genetics, and the animal models of BSS. To date, a total of 51 germline CYLD mutations have been reported, occurring in exons 9-20, in 73 families with diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds. Of 51 mutations, 86% are expected to lead to truncated proteins. The seven missense mutations reported to date occur only within the ubiquitin (Ub)-specific protease (USP) domain of the CYLD protein and most are associated exclusively with multiple familial trichoepithelioma (MFT). CYLD functions as a tumor suppressor gene. CYLD encodes a deubiquitinating (DUB) enzyme that negatively regulates the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. CYLD DUB activity is highly specific for lysine 63 (K63)-linked Ub chains but has been shown to act on K48-linked Ub chains as well. In 2008, the CYLD USP domain was crystallized, revealing that the truncated Fingers subdomain confers CYLD's unique specificity for K63-linked Ub chains. Recent work using animal models revealed new roles for CYLD in immunity, lipid metabolism, spermatogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, antimicrobial defense, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Blake
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland 20892-4562, USA
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Liang YH, Sun CS, Ye XY, Zhang W, Yang S, Zhang XJ. Novel substitution and frameshift mutations of CYLD in two Chinese families with multiple familial trichoepithelioma. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158:1156-8. [PMID: 18363762 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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